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1. Factors associated with the development of septic shock in patients with candidemia: a post hoc analysis from two prospective cohorts

Author

Matteo Bassetti, Antonio Vena, Marco Meroi, Celia Cardozo, Guillermo Cuervo, Daniele Roberto Giacobbe, Miguel Salavert, Paloma Merino, Francesca Gioia, Mario Fernández-Ruiz, Luis Eduardo López-Cortés, Benito Almirante, Laura Escolà-Vergé, Miguel Montejo, Manuela Aguilar-Guisado, Pedro Puerta-Alcalde, Mariona Tasias, Alba Ruiz-Gaitán, Fernando González, Mireia Puig-Asensio, Francesc Marco, Javier Pemán, Jesus Fortún, Jose Maria Aguado, Alejandro Soriano, Jordi Carratalá, Carolina Garcia-Vidal, Maricela Valerio, Assunta Sartor, Emilio Bouza, and Patricia Muñoz

Subjects
Candidemia, Septic shock, Intra-abdominal candidiasis, Risk factors, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Abstract Background Almost one third of the patients with candidemia develop septic shock. The understanding why some patients do and others do not develop septic shock is very limited. The objective of this study was to identify variables associated with septic shock development in a large population of patients with candidemia. Methods A post hoc analysis was performed on two prospective, multicenter cohort of patients with candidemia from 12 hospitals in Spain and Italy. All episodes occurring from September 2016 to February 2018 were analyzed to assess variables associated with septic shock development defined according to The Third International Consensus Definition for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). Results Of 317 candidemic patients, 99 (31.2%) presented septic shock attributable to candidemia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identifies the following factors associated with septic shock development: age > 50 years (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.03–6.41, p = 0.04), abdominal source of the infection (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.04–4.55, p = 0.04), and admission to a general ward at the time of candidemia onset (OR 0.21, 95% CI, 0.12–0.44, p = 0.001). Septic shock development was independently associated with a greater risk of 30-day mortality (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.08–4.24, p = 0.02). Conclusions Age and abdominal source of the infection are the most important factors significantly associated with the development of septic shock in patients with candidemia. Our findings suggest that host factors and source of the infection may be more important for development of septic shock than intrinsic virulence factors of organisms.

Published
2020
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2. Identification of Clinical Variants beyond the Exome in Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Author

Alejandro Soriano-Sexto, Diana Gallego, Fátima Leal, Natalia Castejón-Fernández, Rosa Navarrete, Patricia Alcaide, María L. Couce, Elena Martín-Hernández, Pilar Quijada-Fraile, Luis Peña-Quintana, Raquel Yahyaoui, Patricia Correcher, Magdalena Ugarte, Pilar Rodríguez-Pombo, and Belén Pérez

Subjects
allelic expression imbalance, differential gene expression, inherited metabolic disorders, multi-omics, targeted transcriptomics, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) constitute a huge group of rare diseases affecting 1 in every 1000 newborns. Next-generation sequencing has transformed the diagnosis of IEM, leading to its proposed use as a second-tier technology for confirming cases detected by clinical/biochemical studies or newborn screening. The diagnosis rate is, however, still not 100%. This paper reports the use of a personalized multi-omics (metabolomic, genomic and transcriptomic) pipeline plus functional genomics to aid in the genetic diagnosis of six unsolved cases, with a clinical and/or biochemical diagnosis of galactosemia, mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA), citrullinemia, or urea cycle deficiency. Eight novel variants in six genes were identified: six (four of them deep intronic) located in GALE, IDUA, PTS, ASS1 and OTC, all affecting the splicing process, and two located in the promoters of IDUA and PTS, thus affecting these genes’ expression. All the new variants were subjected to functional analysis to verify their pathogenic effects. This work underscores how the combination of different omics technologies and functional analysis can solve elusive cases in clinical practice.

Published
2022
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3. Acute liver failure due to visceral leishmaniasis in Barcelona: a case report

Author

Iratxe Martinez de Narvajas, Alba Díaz, Octavio Bassegoda, Adriá Carpio, Carla Fuster, María Eugenia Valls, Miriam J. Alvarez-Martínez, Carolina García-Vidal, Alejandro Soriano, José Antonio Martínez, and Juan Ambrosioni

Subjects
Visceral leishmaniasis, Liver failure, Leishmania, Leishmania infantum, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Leishmaniasis is an emerging infectious disease. Due to human migration and tourism, visceral leishmaniasis may become more common in non-endemic areas. In the Mediterranean basin, visceral leishmaniasis typically occurs in rural regions. Case presentation We present an unusual urban case of acute liver failure due to visceral leishmaniasis, following a prolonged fever of unknown origin. After obtaining negative results from the bone marrow aspirate, we performed a liver biopsy that elucidated the diagnosis. The liver involvement in visceral leishmaniasis may appear as chronic granulomatous hepatitis. However diffuse hepatitis process, a necro-inflammatory pattern, without forming granulomas were observed in the liver biopsy specimens in this case. Intracytoplasmic Leishmania amastigotes were observed in the liver biopsy specimens and a polymerase chain reaction confirmed the diagnosis. Only five pathological confirmed cases of acute hepatitis due to visceral leishmaniasis have been described so far, just two in adults and both from Barcelona. A revision of the literature is performed. Conclusions Acute hepatitis is an uncommon debut of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients. Furthermore there are only few cases in the literature that describe the histopathological changes that we found in this patient. In conclusion, in case of acute hepatitis leading to liver failure, leishmaniasis should be considered a differential diagnosis (even in non-endemic countries and without clear epidemiological exposure) and liver biopsy can elucidate the diagnosis.

Published
2019
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4. El complot mongol: la novela negra de México, tres pistas de lectura

Author

Alejandro Soriano-Giles

Subjects
novela policiaca mexicana, novela negra, rafael bernal, Language and Literature, Philosophy. Psychology. Religion
Abstract

El complot mongol es una novela policiaca fundamental dentro de la narrativa mexicana del siglo XX; sin ella no podría entenderse la evolución del género policiaco en nuestro país. Sin embargo, no existe un análisis de cómo la novela se incrustó en el género negro y por qué debe considerarse como la primera novela negra del país. Así pues, en nuestro artículo consideramos tres puntos clave o pistas de lectura, de acuerdo con las conceptualizaciones que Mempo Giardinelli menciona.

Published
2017

6. Al amor de Sor Juana

Author

Alejandro Soriano Vallès and Alejandro Soriano Vallès

Published
2022

7. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a booster regimen of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19 (ENSEMBLE2): results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

Author

Karin Hardt, An Vandebosch, Jerald Sadoff, Mathieu Le Gars, Carla Truyers, David Lowson, Ilse Van Dromme, Johan Vingerhoets, Tobias Kamphuis, Gert Scheper, Javier Ruiz-Guiñazú, Saul N Faust, Christoph D Spinner, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Johan Van Hoof, Macaya Douoguih, Frank Struyf, Brian T. Garibaldi, Timothy E. Albertson, Christian Sandrock, Janet S. Lee, Mark R. Looney, Victor F. Tapson, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Luis Humberto Anaya Velarde, Daniel Backenroth, Jisha Bhushanan, Börries Brandenburg, Vicky Cárdenas, Bohang Chen, Fei Chen, Polan Chetty, Pei-Ling Chu, Kimberly Cooper, Jerome Custers, Hilde Delanghe, Anna Duca, Tracy Henrick, Jarek Juraszek, Catherine Nalpas, Monika Peeters, Jose Pinheiro, Sanne Roels, Martin F. Ryser, Jose Salas, Samantha Santoro Matias, Ilse Scheys, Pallavi Shetty, Georgi Shukarev, Jeffrey Stoddard, Willem Talloen, NamPhuong Tran, Nathalie Vaissiere, Elisabeth van Son-Palmen, Jiajun Xu, Erin A. Goecker, Alexander L. Greninger, Keith R. Jerome, Pavitra Roychoudhury, Simbarashe G. Takuva, Jose Luis Accini Mendoza, Eric Achtyes, Habibul Ahsan, Azhar Alhatemi, Nancy Allen, Jose R. Arribas, Ghazaleh Bahrami, Lucia Bailon, Ali Bajwa, Jonathan Baker, Mira Baron, Susana Benet, Driss Berdaï, Patrick Berger, Todd Bertoch, Claire Bethune, Sybille Bevilacqua, Maria Silvia Biagioni Santos, Ian Binnian, Karen Bisnauthsing, Jean-Marc Boivin, Hilde Bollen, Sandrine Bonnet, Alberto M. Borobia, Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers, Phil Bright, Vianne Britten, Claire Brown, Amanda Buadi, Erik Buntinx, Lesley Burgess, Larry Bush, Maria Rosario Capeding, Quito Osuna Carr, Amparo Carrasco Mas, Hélène Catala, Katrina Cathie, T. Shawn Caudill, Fernando Cereto Castro, Kénora Chau, Steven Chavoustie, Marie Chowdhury, Nicolas Chronos, Paola Cicconi, Liliana Cifuentes, Sara Maria Cobo, Helen Collins, Hayley Colton, Carlos Rolando G. Cuaño, Valentino D'Onofrio, Paul Dargan, Thomas Darton, Peter Deane, Jose Luis Del Pozo, Inge Derdelinckx, Amisha Desai, Michael Dever, Beatriz Díaz-Pollán, Mark DiBuono, Matthew Doust, Christopher Duncan, Jose Maria Echave-Sustaeta, Frank Eder, Kimberly Ellis, Stanton Elzi, Stevan Emmett, Johannes Engelbrecht, Mim Evans, Theo Farah, Timothy Felton, João Pedro Ferreira, Catherine Floutier, Patrick Flume, Stacy Ford, Veronica Fragoso, Andrew Freedman, Emilia Frentiu, Christopher Galloway, Florence Galtier, Julia Garcia Diaz, Irene García García, Alcaide Garcia, Zoe Gardener, Pascale Gauteul, Steven Geller, Andrew Gibson, Claudia Gillet, Nicolas Girerd, Pierre-Olivier Girodet, Maria Tarcela Gler, Richard Glover, Herschel Don D. Go, Karishma Gokani, Damien Gonthier, Christopher Green, Richard Greenberg, Carl Griffin, Coert Grobbelaar, Adonis Guancia, Gloria Hakkarainen, James Harris, Michael Hassman, Deirdre Heimer, Elizabeth Hellstrom-Louw, Yoan Herades, Christopher Holroyd, Nazreen Hussen, Marie Grace Dawn Isidro, Yvonne Jackson, Manish Jain, Esaú Custódio João Filho, Daniel Johnson, Ben Jones, Natasha Joseph, Analyn Jumeras, Patricia Junquera, Johanna Kellett-Wright, Patrick Kennedy, Paul E. Kilgore, Kenneth Kim, Murray Kimmel, George Konis, Mark Kutner, Karine Lacombe, Odile Launay, Rajeka Lazarus, Samuel Lederman, Gigi Lefebvre, Katrina Lennon Collins, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Kenneth Wilson O. Lim, Muriel Lins, Edward Liu, Martin Llewelyn, Akbar Mahomed, Bernardo Porto Maia, Alícia Marín-Candon, Xavier Martínez-Gómez, Jean Benoit Martinot, Andrea Mazzella, Frank McCaughan, Louise McCormack, John McGettigan, Purvi Mehra, Rhonda Mejeur, Vicki Miller, Anthony Mills, Jose Molto Marhuenda, Prebashan Moodley, Marta Mora-Rillo, Beatriz Mothe, Daniel Mullan, Alasdair Munro, Paul Myers, Jeremy Nell, Tamara Newman Lobato Souza, Jane A. O'Halloran, Maria Dolores Ochoa Mazarro, Abigail Oliver, Jose Millan Onate Gutierrez, Jessica Ortega, Masaru Oshita, Susana Otero Romero, Jeffrey Scott Overcash, Daniel Owens, Alice Packham, Mihaela Pacurar, Leonardo Paiva de Sousa, Adrian Palfreeman, Christian José Pallares, Rahul Patel, Suchet Patel, Leslie Pelkey, Denise Peluso, Florentina Penciu, S. Jerry Pinto, Kevin Pounds, Joe Pouzar, Antoinette Pragalos, Rachel Presti, David Price, Ehsaan Qureshi, José Valdez Ramalho Madruga, Mayur Ramesh, Bruce Rankin, Béatrice Razat, Breno Riegel Santos, Robert Riesenberg, Ernie Riffer, Siobhan Roche, Katie Rose, Pietro Rosellini, Patrick Rossignol, Beth Safirstein, Hernan Salazar, Gregorio Sanchez Vallejo, Smrithi Santhosh, Enrique Seco-Meseguer, Michael Seep, Emma Sherry, Philip Short, Patrick Soentjens, Joel Solis, Alejandro Soriano Viladomiu, Caroline Sorli, Selwyn Spangenthal, Niamh Spence, Elaine Stephenson, Cynthia Strout, Ronald Surowitz, Kristy Michelle Taladua, David Tellalian, Claire Thalamas, Nang Thiriphoo, Judith Thomas, Nicholas Thomas, Guillermo Trout, Mikel Urroz, Bernard Veekmans, Laurent Veekmans, Ralph Elvi M. Villalobos, Sarah Warren, Brian Webster, Alexander White, Gail Williams, Hayes Williams, Barbara Wilson, Alan Winston, Martin Wiselka, and Marcus Zervos

Subjects
Adult, Vaccines, COVID-19 Vaccines, Immunogenicity, Vaccine, Infectious Diseases, Adolescent, Ad26COVS1, Double-Blind Method, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, COVID-19, Antibodies, Viral
Abstract

Despite the availability of effective vaccines against COVID-19, booster vaccinations are needed to maintain vaccine-induced protection against variant strains and breakthrough infections. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen) as primary vaccination plus a booster dose.ENSEMBLE2 is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial including crossover vaccination after emergency authorisation of COVID-19 vaccines. Adults aged at least 18 years without previous COVID-19 vaccination at public and private medical practices and hospitals in Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, France, Germany, the Philippines, South Africa, Spain, the UK, and the USA were randomly assigned 1:1 via a computer algorithm to receive intramuscularly administered Ad26.COV2.S as a primary dose plus a booster dose at 2 months or two placebo injections 2 months apart. The primary endpoint was vaccine efficacy against the first occurrence of molecularly confirmed moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 with onset at least 14 days after booster vaccination, which was assessed in participants who received two doses of vaccine or placebo, were negative for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR at baseline and on serology at baseline and day 71, had no major protocol deviations, and were at risk of COVID-19 (ie, had no PCR-positive result or discontinued the study before day 71). Safety was assessed in all participants; reactogenicity, in terms of solicited local and systemic adverse events, was assessed as a secondary endpoint in a safety subset (approximately 6000 randomly selected participants). The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04614948, and is ongoing.Enrolment began on Nov 16, 2020, and the primary analysis data cutoff was June 25, 2021. From 34 571 participants screened, the double-blind phase enrolled 31 300 participants, 14 492 of whom received two doses (7484 in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 7008 in the placebo group) and 11 639 of whom were eligible for inclusion in the assessment of the primary endpoint (6024 in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 5615 in the placebo group). The median (IQR) follow-up post-booster vaccination was 36·0 (15·0-62·0) days. Vaccine efficacy was 75·2% (adjusted 95% CI 54·6-87·3) against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 (14 cases in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 52 cases in the placebo group). Most cases were due to the variants alpha (B.1.1.7) and mu (B.1.621); endpoints for the primary analysis accrued from Nov 16, 2020, to June 25, 2021, before the global dominance of delta (B.1.617.2) or omicron (B.1.1.529). The booster vaccine exhibited an acceptable safety profile. The overall frequencies of solicited local and systemic adverse events (evaluated in the safety subset, n=6067) were higher among vaccine recipients than placebo recipients after the primary and booster doses. The frequency of solicited adverse events in the Ad26.COV2.S group were similar following the primary and booster vaccinations (local adverse events, 1676 [55·6%] of 3015 vs 896 [57·5%] of 1559, respectively; systemic adverse events, 1764 [58·5%] of 3015 vs 821 [52·7%] of 1559, respectively). Solicited adverse events were transient and mostly grade 1-2 in severity.A homologous Ad26.COV2.S booster administered 2 months after primary single-dose vaccination in adults had an acceptable safety profile and was efficacious against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19. Studies assessing efficacy against newer variants and with longer follow-up are needed.Janssen ResearchDevelopment.

Published
2022

8. OVE Country Product Protocol

Author

Alejandro Soriano, Luisa Riveros, Oliver Peña-Habib, and Andreia Barcellos

Abstract

The objective of this Protocol is to define the scope of the Office of Evaluation and Oversight's (OVE's) country products; the procedures regulating their planning, production, and dissemination; and the interactions with internal and external stakeholders that are particular to country products and need to be clarified beyond the standard procedures stipulated in the Inter-American Development Bank's (IDB's) Administrative Manual (particularly, in document AM-140-1).

Published
2023

10. Evaluación extendida del Programa de País: República Dominicana: 2013-2020

Author

Alejandro Soriano, Andrea Rojas-Hosse, Orlando Vaca, and Melanie Putic

Abstract

Este documento presenta la evaluación de la Oficina de Evaluación y Supervisión (OVE) sobre el Programa de País del Grupo del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) con la República Dominicana durante el período 2013-2020, lo que corresponde a dos periodos de planificación estratégica. Esta es la quinta evaluación independiente que realiza OVE del programa del Grupo BID en la República Dominicana. Las anteriores cubrieron los periodos 1991-2003 (documento RE-306); 2004-2008 (documento RE-371); 2010-2013 (documento RE-453) y 2013-2016 (documento RE-505). La presente evaluación, al igual que otras de este tipo, tiene por finalidad examinar la relación del Banco con la República Dominicana desde una perspectiva independiente e integral, y atiende al doble propósito de fortalecer la rendición de cuentas y compartir lecciones aprendidas de cara al apoyo futuro del Banco y, en especial, a la próxima Estrategia de País. La Evaluación del Programa de País examina de forma detenida el diseño, la implementación y los resultados de las operaciones aprobadas o activas entre 2013 y 2020, teniendo en cuenta el contexto nacional y los documentos estratégicos aplicables.

Published
2021

11. Impact of Remdesivir on the Treatment of COVID-19 During the First Wave in Spain

Author

José Sanz-Moreno, Álvaro Hidalgo-Vega, Antonio Castro-Gómez, Rocío Montejano, Robert Güerri-Fernández, Juan Carlos Figueira, Inés Pérez-Román, Santiago Grau, Almudena González-Domínguez, and Alejandro Soriano

Subjects
030213 general clinical medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Supplemental oxygen, Hospitalized patients, Remdesivir, Antiviral Agents, Bed occupancy, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Original Research, Retrospective Studies, National health, Alanine, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Mortality rate, COVID-19, Retrospective cohort study, General Medicine, Adenosine Monophosphate, Bed Occupancy, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Europe, Death toll, Spain, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, ICU, Emergency medicine, business
Abstract

Introduction Spain was one of the most affected countries during the first wave of COVID-19, having the highest mortality rate in Europe. The aim of this retrospective study is to estimate the impact that remdesivir—the first drug for COVID-19 approved in the EU—would have had in the first wave. Methods This study simulated the impact that remdesivir could have had on the Spanish National Health System (SNHS) capacity (bed occupancy) and the number of deaths that could have been prevented, based on two scenarios: a real-life scenario (without remdesivir) and an alternative scenario (with remdesivir). It considered the clinical results of the ACTT-1 trial in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia who required supplemental oxygen. The occupancy rates in general wards and ICUs were estimated in both scenarios. Results Remdesivir use could have prevented the admission of 2587 patients (43.75%) in the ICUs. It could have also increased the SNHS capacity in 5656 general wards beds and 1700 ICU beds, showing an increase in the number of beds available of 17.53% (95% CI 3.98%–24.42%) and 23.98% (95% CI 21.33%–28.22%), respectively, at the peak of the occupancy rates. Furthermore, remdesivir use could have prevented 7639 deaths due to COVID-19, which implies a 27.51% reduction (95% CI 14.25%–34.07%). Conclusions Remdesivir could have relieved the pressure on the SNHS and could have reduced the death toll, providing a better strategy for the management of COVID-19 during the first wave. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12325-021-01804-9.

Published
2021

12. Impact of remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 during the first wave in Spain

Author

Alejandro Soriano, Rocío Montejano, José Sanz Moreno, Juan Carlos Figueira, Santiago Grau, Robert Güerri-Fernández, Antonio Castro-Gomez, Inés Pérez-Román, Álvaro Hidalgo-Vega, and Almudena González-Domínguez

Abstract

Background: Spain was one of the most affected countries during the first wave of COVID-19, having the highest mortality rate in Europe. The aim of this retrospective study is to estimate the impact that remdesivir -the first drug for COVID-19 approved in EU- would have had in the first wave. Methods: This study estimated the impact on the Spanish National Health System (SNHS) capacity (bed occupancy), and the number of deaths that could have been prevented, based on two scenarios: a real-life scenario (without remdesivir), and an alternative scenario (with remdesivir). It considered the clinical results of the ACTT-1 trial in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia, who required supplemental oxygen. The occupancy rates in general wards and ICUs were estimated in both scenarios. Results: Remdesivir would have avoided the admission of 2,587 patients (43.75%) in the ICUs. It would have also increased the SNHS capacity in 5,656 general wards beds and 1,700 ICU beds, showing an increase in the number of beds available of 17.53% (95% CI: 3.98% - 24.42%), and 23.98% (95% CI: 21.33% - 28.22%), respectively, at the peak of the occupancy rates. Furthermore, remdesivir would have avoided 7,639 deaths due to COVID-19, which implies a 27.51% reduction (95% CI: 14.25% - 34.07%). Conclusions: Remdesivir would have relieved the pressure of the SNHS, and would have reduced the death toll, providing a better strategy for the management of COVID-19 during the first wave.

Published
2021

14. Sarilumab in patients admitted to hospital with severe or critical COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

Author

François-Xavier Lescure, Hitoshi Honda, Robert A Fowler, Jennifer Sloane Lazar, Genming Shi, Peter Wung, Naimish Patel, Owen Hagino, Ignacio J. Bazzalo, Marcelo M. Casas, Sebastián A. Nuñez, Yael Pere, Carlos M. Ibarrola, Marco A. Solis Aramayo, Maria C. Cuesta, Andrea E. Duarte, Pablo M. Gutierrez Fernandez, Maria A. Iannantuono, Erica A. Miyazaki, Javier P. Silvio, Dario G. Scublinsky, Alessandra Bales, Daniela Catarino, Elie Fiss, Sara Mohrbacher, Victor Sato, Antonio Baylao, Adilson Cavalcante, Francini Correa, Celso A. de Andrade, Juvencio Furtado, Nelson Ribeiro Filho, Valéria Telles, Leopoldo T. Trevelin, Ricardo Vipich, Rodrigo Boldo, Paula Borges, Suzana Lobo, Graziela Luckemeyer, Luana Machado, Maysa B. Alves, Ana C. Iglessias, Marianna M. Lago, Daniel W. Santos, Hugo Chapdelaine, Emilia L. Falcone, Rahima Jamal, Me-Linh Luong, Madeleine Durand, Stephane Doucet, François-Martin Carrier, Bryan A. Coburn, Lorenzo Del Sorbo, Sharon L. Walmsley, Sara Belga, Luke Y. Chen, Allison D. Mah, Theodore Steiner, Alissa J. Wright, J. Hajek, Neill Adhikari, Robert A. Fowler, Nick Daneman, Kosar A. Khwaja, Jason Shahin, Carolina Gonzalez, Rafael Silva, Marcelo Lindh, Gabriel Maluenda, Patricia Fernandez, Maite Oyonarte, Martin Lasso, Alexandre Boyer, Didier Bronnimann, Hoang-Nam Bui, Charles Cazanave, Helene Chaussade, Arnaud Desclaux, Mailys Ducours, Alexandre Duvignaud, Denis Malvy, Lisa Martin, Didier Neau, Duc Nguyen, Thierry Pistone, Gaetane Soubrane-Wirth, Julie Leitao, Clotilde Allavena, Charlotte Biron, Sabelline Bouchez, Benjamin Gaborit, Antoine Gregoire, Paul Le Turnier, Anne-Sophie Lecompte, Raphael Lecomte, Maeva Lefebvre, Francois Raffi, David Boutoille, Pascale H. Morineau, Romain Guéry, Emmanuel Chatelus, Nathalie Dumoussaud, Renaud Felten, Florina Luca, Bernard Goichot, Francis Schneider, Marie-Caroline Taquet, Matthieu Groh, Mathilde Roumier, Mathilde Neuville, Antoine Bachelard, Valentina Isernia, F-Xavier Lescure, Bao-Chau Phung, Anne Rachline, Aurelie Sautereau, Dorothee Vallois, Yves Bleher, Delphine Boucher, Clémentine Coudon, Jean Esnault, Thomas Guimard, Sophie Leautez-Nainville, Dominique Merrien, Marine Morrier, Pauline Motte-Vincent, Romain Gabeff, Hélène Leclerc, Céline Cozic, Romain Decours, Ronan Février, Gwenhael Colin, Sophie Abgrall, Dorothee Vignes, Raluca Sterpu, Mira Kuellmar, Melanie Meersch-Dini, Raphael Weiss, Alexander Zarbock, Christiane Antony, Marc Berger, Thorsten Brenner, Christian Taube, Frank Herbstreit, Sebastian Dolff, Margarethe Konik, Karsten Schmidt, Markus Zettler, Oliver Witzke, Boris Boell, Jorge Garcia Borrega, Philipp Koehler, Thomas Zander, Fabian Dusse, Othman Al-Sawaf, Philipp Köhler, Dennis Eichenauer, Matthias Kochanek, Alexander Shimabukuro-Vornhagen, Sibylle Mellinghoff, Annika Claßen, Jan-Michel Heger, Charlotte Meyer-Schwickerath, Paul Liedgens, Katrin Heindel, Ana Belkin, Asaf Biber, Mayan Gilboa, Itzchak Levy, Vladislav Litachevsky, Galia Rahav, Anat Finesod Wiedner, Tal Zilberman-Daniels, Yonatan Oster, Jacob Strahilevitz, Sigal Sviri, Elena M. Baldissera, Corrado Campochiaro, Giulio Cavalli, Lorenzo Dagna, Giacomo De Luca, Emanuel Della Torre, Alessandro Tomelleri, Davide Bernasconi De Luca, Amedeo F. Capetti, Massimo Coen, Maria V. Cossu, Massimo Galli, Andrea Giacomelli, Guido A. Gubertini, Stefano Rusconi, Giulia J. Burastero, Margherita Digaetano, Giovanni Guaraldi, Marianna Meschiari, Cristina Mussini, Cinzia Puzzolante, Sara Volpi, Marina Aiello, Alarico Ariani, Alfredo A. Chetta, Annalisa Frizzelli, Andrea Ticinesi, Domenico Tuttolomondo, Stefano Aliberti, Francesco B. Blasi, Marta F. Di Pasquale, Sofia Misuraca, Tommaso Pilocane, Edoardo Simonetta, Alessio M. Aghelmo, Claudio Angelini, Enrico Brunetta, Giorgio W. Canonica, Michele Ciccarelli, Sara Dal Farra, Maria De Santis, Sebastian Ferri, Marco Folci, Giacomo M. Guidelli, Enrico M. Heffler, Ferdinando Loiacono, Giacomo Malipiero, Giovanni Paoletti, Rosa Pedale, Francesca A. Puggioni, Francesca Racca, Aurora Zumbo, Morihiko Satou, Tatyana Lisun, Denis Protsenko, Nikolay Rubtsov, Irina Beloglazova, Daria Fomina, Mariana Lysenko, Sofia Serdotetskova, Vitali Firstov, Ivan Gordeev, Ilia Kokorin, Ksenia Komissarova, Nina Lapochkina, Elena Luchinkina, Valentin Malimon, Sevinch Mamedguseyinova, Ksenia Polubatonova, Natalia Suvorova, Jose Arribas, Alberto M. Borobia Perez, Fernando de la Calle Prieto, Juan Carlos Figueira, Rocio Motejano Sanchez, Marta Mora-Rillo, Concepcion Prados Sanchez, Javier Queiruga Parada, Francisco Fernandez Arnalich, Maria Guerro Barrientos, Alejandro Bendala Estrada, Aranzazu Caballero Marcos, Maria E. Garcia Leoni, Rita García-Martínez, Ana María Collado, Patricia Munoz Garcia, Ana Torres do Rego, María V. Villalba García, Almudena Burrillo, Maricela Valerio Minero, Paloma Gijon Vidaurreta, Sonsoles Infante Herrero, Elena Velilla, Marina Machado, Maria Olmedo, Blanca Pinilla, Benito Almirante Gragera, Maria de la Esperanza Cañas Ruano, Sofia Contreras Medina, Alejandro Cortés Herrera, Vicenç Falcó Ferrer, Ricard Ferrer Roca, Xavier Nuvials Casals, Esteve Ribera Pascuet, Paula Suanzes Diez, Pedro Rebollo Castro, Felipe Garcia Alcaide, Alejandro Soriano, Aina Oliver Caldes, Ana González Cordón, Celia Cardozo, Lorena De la Mora Cañizo, Romina Pena López, Sandra Chamorro, Clara Crespillo-Andujar, Rosa Escudero Sanchez, Jesús Fortún-Abete, Begoña Monge-Maillo, Ana Moreno Zamora, Francesca Norman, Matilde Sanchez Conde, Sergio Serrano Villar, Pilar Vizcarra, Lescure, F. -X., Honda, H., Fowler, R. A., Lazar, J. S., Shi, G., Wung, P., Patel, N., Hagino, O., Bazzalo, I. J., Casas, M. M., Nunez, S. A., Pere, Y., Ibarrola, C. M., Solis Aramayo, M. A., Cuesta, M. C., Duarte, A. E., Gutierrez Fernandez, P. M., Iannantuono, M. A., Miyazaki, E. A., Silvio, J. P., Scublinsky, D. G., Bales, A., Catarino, D., Fiss, E., Mohrbacher, S., Sato, V., Baylao, A., Cavalcante, A., Correa, F., de Andrade, C. A., Furtado, J., Ribeiro Filho, N., Telles, V., Trevelin, L. T., Vipich, R., Boldo, R., Borges, P., Lobo, S., Luckemeyer, G., Machado, L., Alves, M. B., Iglessias, A. C., Lago, M. M., Santos, D. W., Chapdelaine, H., Falcone, E. L., Jamal, R., Luong, M. -L., Durand, M., Doucet, S., Carrier, F. -M., Coburn, B. A., Del Sorbo, L., Walmsley, S. L., Belga, S., Chen, L. Y., Mah, A. D., Steiner, T., Wright, A. J., Hajek, J., Adhikari, N., Daneman, N., Khwaja, K. A., Shahin, J., Gonzalez, C., Silva, R., Lindh, M., Maluenda, G., Fernandez, P., Oyonarte, M., Lasso, M., Boyer, A., Bronnimann, D., Bui, H. -N., Cazanave, C., Chaussade, H., Desclaux, A., Ducours, M., Duvignaud, A., Malvy, D., Martin, L., Neau, D., Nguyen, D., Pistone, T., Soubrane-Wirth, G., Leitao, J., Allavena, C., Biron, C., Bouchez, S., Gaborit, B., Gregoire, A., Le Turnier, P., Lecompte, A. -S., Lecomte, R., Lefebvre, M., Raffi, F., Boutoille, D., Morineau, P. H., Guery, R., Chatelus, E., Dumoussaud, N., Felten, R., Luca, F., Goichot, B., Schneider, F., Taquet, M. -C., Groh, M., Roumier, M., Neuville, M., Bachelard, A., Isernia, V., Phung, B. -C., Rachline, A., Sautereau, A., Vallois, D., Bleher, Y., Boucher, D., Coudon, C., Esnault, J., Guimard, T., Leautez-Nainville, S., Merrien, D., Morrier, M., Motte-Vincent, P., Gabeff, R., Leclerc, H., Cozic, C., Decours, R., Fevrier, R., Colin, G., Abgrall, S., Vignes, D., Sterpu, R., Kuellmar, M., Meersch-Dini, M., Weiss, R., Zarbock, A., Antony, C., Berger, M., Brenner, T., Taube, C., Herbstreit, F., Dolff, S., Konik, M., Schmidt, K., Zettler, M., Witzke, O., Boell, B., Garcia Borrega, J., Koehler, P., Zander, T., Dusse, F., Al-Sawaf, O., Kohler, P., Eichenauer, D., Kochanek, M., Shimabukuro-Vornhagen, A., Mellinghoff, S., Classen, A., Heger, J. -M., Meyer-Schwickerath, C., Liedgens, P., Heindel, K., Belkin, A., Biber, A., Gilboa, M., Levy, I., Litachevsky, V., Rahav, G., Finesod Wiedner, A., Zilberman-Daniels, T., Oster, Y., Strahilevitz, J., Sviri, S., Baldissera, E. M., Campochiaro, C., Cavalli, G., Dagna, L., De Luca, Giacomo., Della Torre, E., Tomelleri, A., Bernasconi De Luca, D., Capetti, A. F., Coen, M., Cossu, M. V., Galli, M., Giacomelli, A., Gubertini, G. A., Rusconi, S., Burastero, G. J., Digaetano, M., Guaraldi, G., Meschiari, M., Mussini, C., Puzzolante, C., Volpi, S., Aiello, M., Ariani, A., Chetta, A. A., Frizzelli, A., Ticinesi, A., Tuttolomondo, D., Aliberti, S., Blasi, F. B., Di Pasquale, M. F., Misuraca, S., Pilocane, T., Simonetta, E., Aghelmo, A. M., Angelini, C., Brunetta, E., Canonica, G. W., Ciccarelli, M., Dal Farra, S., De Santis, M., Ferri, S., Folci, M., Guidelli, G. M., Heffler, E. M., Loiacono, F., Malipiero, G., Paoletti, G., Pedale, R., Puggioni, F. A., Racca, F., Zumbo, A., Satou, M., Lisun, T., Protsenko, D., Rubtsov, N., Beloglazova, I., Fomina, D., Lysenko, M., Serdotetskova, S., Firstov, V., Gordeev, I., Kokorin, I., Komissarova, K., Lapochkina, N., Luchinkina, E., Malimon, V., Mamedguseyinova, S., Polubatonova, K., Suvorova, N., Arribas, J., Borobia Perez, A. M., de la Calle Prieto, F., Figueira, J. C., Motejano Sanchez, R., Mora-Rillo, M., Prados Sanchez, C., Queiruga Parada, J., Fernandez Arnalich, F., Guerro Barrientos, M., Bendala Estrada, A., Caballero Marcos, A., Garcia Leoni, M. E., Garcia-Martinez, R., Collado, A. M., Munoz Garcia, P., Torres do Rego, A., Villalba Garcia, M. V., Burrillo, A., Valerio Minero, M., Gijon Vidaurreta, P., Infante Herrero, S., Velilla, E., Machado, M., Olmedo, M., Pinilla, B., Almirante Gragera, B., Canas Ruano, M. D. L. E., Contreras Medina, S., Cortes Herrera, A., Falco Ferrer, V., Ferrer Roca, R., Nuvials Casals, X., Ribera Pascuet, E., Suanzes Diez, P., Rebollo Castro, P., Garcia Alcaide, F., Soriano, A., Oliver Caldes, A., Gonzalez Cordon, A., Cardozo, C., De la Mora Canizo, L., Pena Lopez, R., Chamorro, S., Crespillo-Andujar, C., Escudero Sanchez, R., Fortun-Abete, J., Monge-Maillo, B., Moreno Zamora, A., Norman, F., Sanchez Conde, M., Serrano Villar, S., and Vizcarra, P.

Subjects
Male, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Critical Care, International Cooperation, Population, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Placebo, Severity of Illness Index, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Internal medicine, Intensive care, Severity of illness, medicine, Clinical endpoint, Humans, Immunologic Factors, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mortality, education, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, education.field_of_study, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Hazard ratio, COVID-19, Articles, Middle Aged, Receptors, Interleukin-6, Sarilumab, Treatment Outcome, 030228 respiratory system, Female, Drug Monitoring, Cytokine Release Syndrome, business
Abstract

Summary Background Elevated proinflammatory cytokines are associated with greater COVID-19 severity. We aimed to assess safety and efficacy of sarilumab, an interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor, in patients with severe (requiring supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula or face mask) or critical (requiring greater supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal support) COVID-19. Methods We did a 60-day, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational phase 3 trial at 45 hospitals in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Russia, and Spain. We included adults (≥18 years) admitted to hospital with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and pneumonia, who required oxygen supplementation or intensive care. Patients were randomly assigned (2:2:1 with permuted blocks of five) to receive intravenous sarilumab 400 mg, sarilumab 200 mg, or placebo. Patients, care providers, outcome assessors, and investigators remained masked to assigned intervention throughout the course of the study. The primary endpoint was time to clinical improvement of two or more points (seven point scale ranging from 1 [death] to 7 [discharged from hospital]) in the modified intention-to-treat population. The key secondary endpoint was proportion of patients alive at day 29. Safety outcomes included adverse events and laboratory assessments. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04327388; EudraCT, 2020-001162-12; and WHO, U1111-1249-6021. Findings Between March 28 and July 3, 2020, of 431 patients who were screened, 420 patients were randomly assigned and 416 received placebo (n=84 [20%]), sarilumab 200 mg (n=159 [38%]), or sarilumab 400 mg (n=173 [42%]). At day 29, no significant differences were seen in median time to an improvement of two or more points between placebo (12·0 days [95% CI 9·0 to 15·0]) and sarilumab 200 mg (10·0 days [9·0 to 12·0]; hazard ratio [HR] 1·03 [95% CI 0·75 to 1·40]; log-rank p=0·96) or sarilumab 400 mg (10·0 days [9·0 to 13·0]; HR 1·14 [95% CI 0·84 to 1·54]; log-rank p=0·34), or in proportions of patients alive (77 [92%] of 84 patients in the placebo group; 143 [90%] of 159 patients in the sarilumab 200 mg group; difference −1·7 [−9·3 to 5·8]; p=0·63 vs placebo; and 159 [92%] of 173 patients in the sarilumab 400 mg group; difference 0·2 [−6·9 to 7·4]; p=0·85 vs placebo). At day 29, there were numerical, non-significant survival differences between sarilumab 400 mg (88%) and placebo (79%; difference +8·9% [95% CI −7·7 to 25·5]; p=0·25) for patients who had critical disease. No unexpected safety signals were seen. The rates of treatment-emergent adverse events were 65% (55 of 84) in the placebo group, 65% (103 of 159) in the sarilumab 200 mg group, and 70% (121 of 173) in the sarilumab 400 mg group, and of those leading to death 11% (nine of 84) were in the placebo group, 11% (17 of 159) were in the sarilumab 200 mg group, and 10% (18 of 173) were in the sarilumab 400 mg group. Interpretation This trial did not show efficacy of sarilumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and receiving supplemental oxygen. Adequately powered trials of targeted immunomodulatory therapies assessing survival as a primary endpoint are suggested in patients with critical COVID-19. Funding Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.

Published
2021

16. Country Program Evaluation: El Salvador 2015-2019

Author

Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Galia Rabchinsky, Lina Pedraza, Marcela Magaña, Xiomara Rojas-Asqui, Inter-American Development Bank, Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Galia Rabchinsky, Lina Pedraza, Marcela Magaña, Xiomara Rojas-Asqui, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) is the fourth independent evaluation of the Inter-American Development Banks country program with El Salvador conducted by the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE). The evaluation is structured into four chapters plus supplementary annexes. Chapter I analyzes the general context in the country in the framework of the IDB Groups work. Chapter II examines the IDB Groups program in 2015-2019, with particular reference to the relevance of the country strategy and program, as well as the efficiency of their implementation. Chapter III evaluates the degree of progress toward the strategic objectives set out by the Bank in the country strategy for the 2015-2019 period and the IDB Groups contribution toward the achievement and sustainability of those objectives. Chapter IV presents conclusions and recommendations. Lastly, the annexes provide a breakdown of the portfolio and analyses in support of the CPE, including on the extent to which IDB Group Management implemented the recommendations from the previous CPE.

Published
2020

17. Country Program Evaluation: Panama 2015-2019

Author

Juan Manuel Puerta, Odette Maciel, Alejandro Soriano, Juan Felipe García, Stephany Maqueda Gassos, Anna Mortara, Thaís Soares, Inter-American Development Bank, Juan Manuel Puerta, Odette Maciel, Alejandro Soriano, Juan Felipe García, Stephany Maqueda Gassos, Anna Mortara, Thaís Soares, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

As part of its work program, the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) submits this country program evaluation (CPE) for the IDB Groups country strategy with Panama for the period 2015-2019. The CPE evaluates the IDB Groups relationship with the country, the effectiveness and value added of the country program, and the sustainability of the results achieved, with a view to developing useful recommendations for the IDB Groups new country strategy with Panama. This is OVEs fourth independent evaluation of the IDBs program with Panama.

Published
2020

18. Country Program Evaluation: Costa Rica 2015-2018

Author

María Eugenia Mújica, Abel Mejía, Xiomara Rojas-Asqui, Melanie Putic, César P. Bouillon, Jose Fajgenbaum, Galia Rabchinsky, Nadia Ramírez, Horst Wattenbach, Alejandro Soriano, Xiomara Mora-García, and Roland Michelitsch

Subjects
Inflation, Program evaluation, Economic growth, Politics, Political science, media_common.quotation_subject, Country, Work program, Developed country, media_common
Abstract

As part of its 2018-2019 annual work program, the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has evaluated the Country Program with Costa Rica 2015-2018. This is OVEs fifth independent evaluation of the Banks program with Costa Rica. Costa Rica has a stable political environment, has enjoyed solid growth and moderate inflation, and aspires to join the group of the worlds most developed countries. This evaluation serves as input for the new country strategy that the IDB and IDB Invest are currently preparing.

Published
2019

21. Country Program Evaluation: Paraguay 2014-2018

Author

Xiomara Rojas-Asqui, Juan Manuel Puerta, Miguel Soldano, Maria Elena Corrales, Galia Rabchinsky, Alejandro Soriano, Nadia Ramírez, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, and Thomas Reichmann

Subjects
Program evaluation, Economic growth, Political science
Published
2019

23. Approach Paper: Country Program Evaluation: Colombia 2015-2018

Author

Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, Stephany Maqueda Gassos, Jonathan Rose, Melanie Putic, Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Pablo Alonso, Juan Felipe García, and Lina Pedraza

Subjects
Program evaluation, Engineering management, Business
Published
2018

25. Country Program Evaluation: Costa Rica 2015-2018

Author

Roland Michelitsch, Alejandro Soriano, César P. Bouillon, Horst Wattenbach, Galia Rabchinsky, Nadia Ramírez, Abel Mejía-Betancourt, Jose Fajgenbaum, María Eugenia Mújica, Claudio Mora-García, Xiomara Rojas-Asqui, Melanie Putic, Inter-American Development Bank, Roland Michelitsch, Alejandro Soriano, César P. Bouillon, Horst Wattenbach, Galia Rabchinsky, Nadia Ramírez, Abel Mejía-Betancourt, Jose Fajgenbaum, María Eugenia Mújica, Claudio Mora-García, Xiomara Rojas-Asqui, Melanie Putic, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

As part of its 2018-2019 annual work program, the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has evaluated the Country Program with Costa Rica 2015-2018. This is OVEs fifth independent evaluation of the Banks program with Costa Rica. Costa Rica has a stable political environment, has enjoyed solid growth and moderate inflation, and aspires to join the group of the worlds most developed countries. This evaluation serves as input for the new country strategy that the IDB and IDB Invest are currently preparing.

Published
2019

26. Country Program Evaluation: Colombia 2015-2018

Author

Stephany Maqueda Gassos, Pablo Alonso, Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, Jonathan Rose, Juan Felipe García, Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Lina Pedraza, Thaís Soares, Inter-American Development Bank, Stephany Maqueda Gassos, Pablo Alonso, Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, Jonathan Rose, Juan Felipe García, Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Lina Pedraza, Thaís Soares, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

This document discusses the Office of Evaluation and Oversights (OVE) evaluation of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Country Program with Colombia for 2015-2018. This is OVEs fifth independent evaluation of the IDB Groups program with Colombia. This country program evaluation takes a close look at the design, implementation, and results of operations approved or active between 2015 and December 2018, while keeping in mind country circumstances and pertinent strategic documents. Colombia is an upper-middle-income country with a population of more than 45.5 million. In terms of per capita GDP, it is the wealthiest country in the Andean region. The services sector accounts for a significant share of GDP, while exports are strongly dependent on fuels and the extractive industries.

Published
2019

27. Country Program Evaluation: Paraguay 2014-2018

Author

Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Juan Manuel Puerta, Alejandro Soriano, Miguel Soldano, Maria Elena Corrales, Thomas Reichmann, Galia Rabchinsky, Nadia Ramirez Abarca, Xiomara Rojas-Asqui, Inter-American Development Bank, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Juan Manuel Puerta, Alejandro Soriano, Miguel Soldano, Maria Elena Corrales, Thomas Reichmann, Galia Rabchinsky, Nadia Ramirez Abarca, Xiomara Rojas-Asqui, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

This evaluation of the country program with Paraguay for the period 2014-2018 has been prepared as part of the work program of the Inter-American Development Bank’s Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) for 2018 as an input for preparation of the IDB Group’s future country strategy.This is OVE’s fourth independent evaluation of the Bank’s program with Paraguay.

Published
2019

28. A Review of IDB Group's Non Sovereign Guaranteed Problem Projects

Author

Alejandro Soriano, Roland Michelitsch, Roni Szwedzki, Juan Felipe García, Patricia Oliveira, Melanie Putic, Inter-American Development Bank, Alejandro Soriano, Roland Michelitsch, Roni Szwedzki, Juan Felipe García, Patricia Oliveira, Melanie Putic, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

This evaluation focuses on problem projects, defined narrowly as those “financially impaired” because they hold the possibility of financial losses. Problems may be defined as any departure from expected results, but when this departure relates to potential financial losses, accounting rules require that specific provisions be made. At the request of the Board, this evaluation seeks to learn from IDBG’s past problem projects – those with specific accounting provisions – and from comparator MDBs’ practices for avoiding and resolving problems.

Published
2019

29. IDB’s Ninth General Capital Increase: Implementation and Results

Author

Roni Szwedzki, Pablo Alonso, John Underwood, Andrea Florimon, Barbara Nunberg, Roland Michelitsch, Catherine Gwin, Verónica González-Diez, Ali Khadr, Ulrike Haarsager, Florencia Alejandre, Miguel Soldano, Victoria Elliott, Agustina Schijman, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Horst Wattenbach, Juan Manuel Puerta, María del Mar Carpanelli, Loreto Setien Santianez, Melanie Putic, María José Hernández, Juan Felipe García, Monika Huppi, Alejandro Soriano, Heidi Hennrich-Hanson, Regina Legarreta, Cheryl Gray, Galia Rabchinsky, Ana María Linares, and Alejandro Ahumada

Subjects
Ninth, Capital (economics), Financial system, Business, Callable bond
Abstract

In 2010 the IDB’s Board of Governors approved the 9th General Capital Increase (IDB-9), adding $70 billion in paid-in and callable capital to IDB’s existing $100 billion capital base. Governors tied the capital increase to a series of Bank reforms, further detailed in the “Report on the Ninth General Increase in the Resources of the Inter-American Development Bank” (“IDB-9 Agreement”). This evaluation reviews IDB’s implementation of the IDB-9 mandates and results to date. It follows the themes of OVE’s 2013 midterm evaluation (also mandated under IDB-9) and focuses more centrally on “the big picture” – to what extent IDB-9 mandates have been implemented, what has been achieved, and what challenges remain going forward.

Published
2018

30. Documento de enfoque: Evaluación del Programa de País: Paraguay 2014-2018

Author

Juan Manuel Puerta, Maria Elena Corrales, Galia Rabchinsky, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Alejandro Soriano, Thomas Reichmann, Nadia Ramírez, and Miguel Soldano

Abstract

Esta evaluacion sera la cuarta oportunidad en la cual OVE proveera una mirada independiente al programa del Banco con Paraguay. Este documento de enfoque define el alcance y los contenidos propuestos para la evaluacion del programa para el periodo 2014-2018. Esta evaluacion continuara proveyendo la rendicion de cuentas tipica de las anteriores evaluaciones de OVE, pero tendra un enfoque mayor en la evolucion de la relacion Banco-pais a lo largo del tiempo. Se describen brevemente los rasgos mas relevantes del contexto del pais durante el periodo de evaluacion y las lineas de accion de la estrategia del Banco en el pais, para formular las principales preguntas que seran tratadas en el CPE y proponer una metodologia de trabajo para su evaluacion.

Published
2018

31. Resumen ejecutivo: Evaluación de Programa de País: Nicaragua 2013-2017

Author

Nathaniel Russell, Alejandro Soriano, María José Hernández, Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, Nadia Ramirez Abarca, and Melanie Putic

Abstract

Este resumen ejecutivo presenta los principales hallazgos y las recomendaciones incluidas en el documento que evalua el programa del BID con Nicaragua. La evaluacion busca contribuir al proceso de elaboracion de la nueva estrategia de pais del Grupo BID, y analiza con una vision independiente la relacion de trabajo entre ambos, enfatizando tanto el analisis del cumplimiento de los objetivos propuestos, como la extraccion de lecciones aprendidas utiles para la estrategia futura.

Published
2018

32. Executive Summary: IDB’s Ninth General Capital Increase: Implementation and Results

Author

John Underwood, Verónica González-Diez, Ulrike Haarsager, Victoria Elliott, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Cheryl Gray, Ali Khadr, Galia Rabchinsky, María del Mar Carpanelli, Melanie Putic, María José Hernández, Catherine Gwin, Juan Manuel Puerta, Pablo Alonso, Roni Szwedzki, Ana María Linares, Agustina Schijman, Juan Felipe García, Miguel Soldano, Alejandro Ahumada, Roland Michelitsch, Heidi Hennrich-Hanson, Regina Legarreta, Andrea Florimon, Horst Wattenbach, Barbara Nunberg, Monika Huppi, Alejandro Soriano, Florencia Alejandre, and Loreto Setien Santianez

Subjects
Ninth, Executive summary, business.industry, Capital (economics), Political science, Accounting, business
Abstract

This executive summary sums up OVE´s evaluation "IDB’s Ninth General Capital Increase: Implementation and Results". This evaluation reviews IDB’s implementation of the IDB-9 mandates and results to date. It follows the themes of OVE’s 2013 midterm evaluation (also mandated under IDB-9) and focuses more centrally on “the big picture” – to what extent IDB-9 mandates have been implemented, what has been achieved, and what challenges remain going forward.

Published
2018

33. Approach Paper: Country Program Evaluation: Colombia 2015-2018

Author

Jonathan Rose, Pablo Alonso, Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, Stephany Maqueda Gassos, Juan Felipe García, Lina Pedraza, Melanie Putic, Inter-American Development Bank, Jonathan Rose, Pablo Alonso, Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, Stephany Maqueda Gassos, Juan Felipe García, Lina Pedraza, Melanie Putic, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

This is OVE’s fifth independent evaluation of the IDB Group’s program in Colombia. This approach paper is structured as follows: Section II provides a brief introduction to the macroeconomic, social, and institutional context surrounding implementation of the Bank’s country strategy, while Section III describes the objectives of the country strategy 2014-2018 and the IDB Group’s portfolio. Section IV introduces the approach to be taken in the evaluation, including the evaluation questions.

Published
2018

34. Country Program Evaluation: Nicaragua 2013-2017

Author

Alejandro Soriano, Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, Nadia Ramírez, Nathaniel Russell, María José Hernández, Melanie Putic, Inter-American Development Bank, Alejandro Soriano, Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, Nadia Ramírez, Nathaniel Russell, María José Hernández, Melanie Putic, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

This is the fourth time that OVE is evaluating the IDB’s program with Nicaragua. The evaluation will contribute to the preparation of the IDB Group’s new country strategy, which will replace the current strategy (document GN-2683, 2012). The evaluation brings an independent vision to an analysis of the IDB Group’s working relationship with the country, particularly its relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability, and focuses on assessing the achievement of the proposed objectives and extracting lessons learned that can be useful for the future strategy.

Published
2018

35. Approach Paper: Country Program Evaluation: Costa Rica 2015-2018

Author

Roland Michelitsch, Alejandro Soriano, César P. Bouillon, Horst Wattenbach, Galia Rabchinsky, Nadia Ramirez Abarca, Johanan Rivera, Abel Mejía-Betancourt, Jose Fajgenbaum, María Eugenia Mújica, Carlos Mora, Xiomara Rojas-Asqui, Inter-American Development Bank, Roland Michelitsch, Alejandro Soriano, César P. Bouillon, Horst Wattenbach, Galia Rabchinsky, Nadia Ramirez Abarca, Johanan Rivera, Abel Mejía-Betancourt, Jose Fajgenbaum, María Eugenia Mújica, Carlos Mora, Xiomara Rojas-Asqui, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

This approach paper defines the scope and objectives of the Costa Rica Country Program Evaluation (CPE) for the 2015-2018 period. This is the fifth independent evaluation by the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) that provides an independent look at the Bank’s program with Costa Rica.

Published
2018

36. IDB’s Ninth General Capital Increase: Implementation and Results

Author

Cheryl Gray, Pablo Alonso, Agustina Schijman, Alejandro Ahumada, Florencia Alejandre, María del Mar Carpanelli, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Victoria Elliott, Andrea Florimon, Juan Felipe García, Verónica M. Gonzalez Diez, Catherine Gwin, Ulrike Haarsager, María José Hernández, Monika Huppi, Ali Khadr, Regina Legarreta, Ana María Linares, Roland Michelitsch, Juan Manuel Puerta, Melanie Putic, Loreto Setien Santianez, Miguel Soldano, Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Horst Wattenbach, Inter-American Development Bank, Cheryl Gray, Pablo Alonso, Agustina Schijman, Alejandro Ahumada, Florencia Alejandre, María del Mar Carpanelli, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Victoria Elliott, Andrea Florimon, Juan Felipe García, Verónica M. Gonzalez Diez, Catherine Gwin, Ulrike Haarsager, María José Hernández, Monika Huppi, Ali Khadr, Regina Legarreta, Ana María Linares, Roland Michelitsch, Juan Manuel Puerta, Melanie Putic, Loreto Setien Santianez, Miguel Soldano, Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Horst Wattenbach, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

In 2010 the IDB’s Board of Governors approved the 9th General Capital Increase (IDB-9), adding $70 billion in paid-in and callable capital to IDB’s existing $100 billion capital base. Governors tied the capital increase to a series of Bank reforms, further detailed in the “Report on the Ninth General Increase in the Resources of the Inter-American Development Bank” (“IDB-9 Agreement”). This evaluation reviews IDB’s implementation of the IDB-9 mandates and results to date. It follows the themes of OVE’s 2013 midterm evaluation (also mandated under IDB-9) and focuses more centrally on “the big picture” – to what extent IDB-9 mandates have been implemented, what has been achieved, and what challenges remain going forward.

Published
2018

37. Approach Paper: Country Program Evaluation: Paraguay 2014-2018

Author

Juan Manuel Puerta, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Miguel Soldano, Alejandro Soriano, Nadia Ramírez, Thomas Reichmann, Maria Elena Corrales, Galia Rabchinsky, Inter-American Development Bank, Juan Manuel Puerta, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Miguel Soldano, Alejandro Soriano, Nadia Ramírez, Thomas Reichmann, Maria Elena Corrales, Galia Rabchinsky, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

This will be the fourth time that OVE provides an independent look at the Bank’s program with Paraguay. This approach paper spells out the scope and content proposed for the program evaluation for the 2014-2018 period. This evaluation will continue to provide the accountability typical of previous OVE evaluations, but will focus more heavily on how the relationship between the Bank and Paraguay has evolved over time.

Published
2018

38. Executive Summary: IDB’s Ninth General Capital Increase: Implementation and Results

Author

Cheryl Gray, Pablo Alonso, Agustina Schijman, Alejandro Ahumada, Florencia Alejandre, María del Mar Carpanelli, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Victoria Elliott, Andrea Florimon, Juan Felipe García, Verónica M. Gonzalez Diez, Catherine Gwin, Ulrike Haarsager, María José Hernández, Monika Huppi, Ali Khadr, Regina Legarreta, Ana María Linares, Roland Michelitsch, Juan Manuel Puerta, Melanie Putic, Loreto Setien Santianez, Miguel Soldano, Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Horst Wattenbach Loreto Setien Santianez, Inter-American Development Bank, Cheryl Gray, Pablo Alonso, Agustina Schijman, Alejandro Ahumada, Florencia Alejandre, María del Mar Carpanelli, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Victoria Elliott, Andrea Florimon, Juan Felipe García, Verónica M. Gonzalez Diez, Catherine Gwin, Ulrike Haarsager, María José Hernández, Monika Huppi, Ali Khadr, Regina Legarreta, Ana María Linares, Roland Michelitsch, Juan Manuel Puerta, Melanie Putic, Loreto Setien Santianez, Miguel Soldano, Alejandro Soriano, Roni Szwedzki, Horst Wattenbach Loreto Setien Santianez, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

This executive summary sums up OVE´s evaluation "IDB’s Ninth General Capital Increase: Implementation and Results". This evaluation reviews IDB’s implementation of the IDB-9 mandates and results to date. It follows the themes of OVE’s 2013 midterm evaluation (also mandated under IDB-9) and focuses more centrally on “the big picture” – to what extent IDB-9 mandates have been implemented, what has been achieved, and what challenges remain going forward.

Published
2018

39. Approach Paper: A Review of IDB Group's Non-Sovereign Guaranteed Problem Projects

Author

Roni Szwedzki, Melanie Putic, Alejandro Soriano, Patricia Oliveira, and Roland Michelitsch

Subjects
Corporate finance, Engineering, Sovereignty, business.industry, Accounting, Operations management, Work program, business, Credit risk
Abstract

As part of the Office of Evaluation and Oversight’s 2017 work program, the Board asked OVE to review IDBG’s recent history of impaired projects, with an eye toward identifying lessons from past experience. These include the experiences and processes of the former Structured and Corporate Finance Department (SCF) and the Opportunities for the Majority Initiative (OMJ) in IDB and processes in the old IIC, as well as the ones now being adopted by the new IIC. The objective of the evaluation is to shed light on factors that might have affected the extent of NSG losses in IDB and IIC in the past, with an eye to gathering lessons that might be useful going forward.

Published
2017

41. Comparative Study of Equity Investing in Development Finance Institutions

Author

Rocio Funes Aguilera, Ernesto Cuestas, Patricia Sadeghi, Alejandro Soriano, Danya Churanek, Jack Glen, and Roland Michelitsch

Subjects
Private equity fund, Finance, Equity risk, ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION, business.industry, Equity (finance), Private equity firm, Business, Benchmarking, Corporation, Equity capital markets, Investment fund
Abstract

The Board of Executive Directors of the Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC) requested that the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) produce this technical study to inform IIC's future equity business. The core content of this study is a comparative benchmarking of equity strategies, results and processes of selected DFIs and other comparators. The study focuses on practical strategic, organizational and operational issues of use to IIC.

Published
2017

42. Approach Paper: Country Program Evaluation: Nicaragua 2013 - 2017

Author

Alejandro Soriano, Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, María José Hernández, Nadia Ramirez Abarca, Nathaniel Russell, Patricia Sadeghi, Inter-American Development Bank, Alejandro Soriano, Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, María José Hernández, Nadia Ramirez Abarca, Nathaniel Russell, Patricia Sadeghi, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

This Country Program Evaluation will evaluate the IDB’s program with Nicaragua during the period 2013-2017. The evaluation includes an analysis of operations approved in 2013-2017 as well as others approved previously but with significant undisbursed balances at the beginning of 2013.

Published
2017

43. Approach Paper: A Review of IDB Group's Non-Sovereign Guaranteed Problem Projects

Author

Alejandro Soriano, Roland Michelitsch, Roni Szwedzki, Patricia Oliveira, Melanie Putic, Inter-American Development Bank, Alejandro Soriano, Roland Michelitsch, Roni Szwedzki, Patricia Oliveira, Melanie Putic, and Inter-American Development Bank

Abstract

As part of the Office of Evaluation and Oversight’s 2017 work program, the Board asked OVE to review IDBG’s recent history of impaired projects, with an eye toward identifying lessons from past experience. These include the experiences and processesof the former Structured and Corporate Finance Department (SCF) and the Opportunities for the Majority Initiative (OMJ) in IDB and processes in the old IIC, as well as the ones now being adopted by the new IIC. The objective of the evaluation is to shed light on factors that might have affected the extent of NSG losses in IDB and IIC in the past, with an eye to gathering lessons that might be useful going forward.

Published
2017

44. Approach Paper: Comparative Study of Equity Investing in Development Finance Institutions

Author

Alejandro Soriano, Roland Michelitsch, Rocio Funes Aguilera, Danya Churanek, and Ernesto Cuestas

Subjects
Private equity fund, Finance, Equity risk, Private equity, ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION, business.industry, Private equity secondary market, Equity (finance), Private equity firm, Business, Equity capital markets, Club deal
Abstract

The Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC) Board of Executive Directors mandated OVE to produce a technical study to inform IIC's future equity business. The core content of this study will be a comparative benchmarking of equity strategies, results and processes of selected Development Finance Institutions and other comparators.

Published
2016

45. Documento de enfoque: Estudio de supervisión: Evaluación del gasto administrativo en el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo

Author

Maria Fernanda Rodrigo, Pablo Alonso, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Jonathan Rose, Alejandro Soriano, Monika Huppi, Miguel Soldano, Nayda Ávalos, and Ernesto Cuestas

Abstract

El Directorio Ejecutivo del BID esta interesado en explorar maneras de que el Banco continue reduciendo los costos e incrementando la eficiencia. Como parte del programa de trabajo de OVE y la discusion presupuestaria para 2016-2017, el Directorio solicito que OVE incluya en su programa para 2016 una revision del gasto administrativo del Banco, con el objetivo de ayudar al Directorio y la Administracion a identificar oportunidades de reduccion de costos. Este proceso no pretende ser una evaluacion en si, sino una actividad que se corresponde en terminos mas generales con el mandato de supervision de OVE. El objetivo de OVE es arrojar luz sobre los patrones y las tendencias de gasto para ayudar al Directorio y la Administracion a desempenar sus funciones de toma de decisiones y gobernanza.

Published
2016

47. Evaluation of IDB Group's Work through Financial Intermediaries: Leasing & Factoring Background Report

Author

Mauricio Torres, Alejandro Soriano, and Roland Michelitsch

Subjects
Actuarial science, Latin Americans, Factoring, Work (electrical), business.industry, Financial intermediary, Accounting, Evaluation period, business
Abstract

This background paper on leasing and factoring supports a more comprehensive evaluation of the work of the Inter-American Development Bank Group through financial intermediaries in Latin America and the Caribbean and seeks to provide more detailed information on IDBG's operations supporting A2F through L&F. It covers the 43 FI operations supporting L&F, accounting for almost 1 out of every 10 FI operations IDBG approved during the evaluation period.

Published
2016

48. Evaluation of IDB Group's Work through Financial Intermediaries: Trade Finance Background Report

Author

Roni Szwedzki, Roland Michelitsch, and Alejandro Soriano

Subjects
Credit line, Economic growth, Latin Americans, Trade facilitation, Work (electrical), Financial intermediary, Financial system, Sample (statistics), Business, Trade finance
Abstract

This background paper has been prepared in conjunction with a comprehensive evaluation of the work of the Inter-American Development Bank Group through financial intermediaries in Latin America and the Caribbean. This paper analyses a sample of trade finance program operations in the IDBG.

Published
2016

50. Evaluation of IDB Group's Work through Financial Intermediaries

Author

Juan Felipe Murcia, Eva Bolza-Schunemann, Alejandro Soriano, Ana Ramirez-Goldin, María Camila García Jiménez, Rafael Alcántara, Mauricio Torres, Rocio Funes Aguilera, Nathaniel Russell, Raphael Seiwald, Marco Aurelio González Revatta, Roland Michelitsch, Felipe Vargas, Scott Stevenson, Jose Claudio Linhares Pires, Nora D'Alessio, Roni Szwedzki, Maria Cabrera, Ernesto Cuestas, and Danya Churanek

Subjects
Finance, Economic growth, Latin Americans, Trade facilitation, Factoring, Work (electrical), business.industry, Stable income, Financial sustainability, Financial intermediary, Access to finance, Business
Abstract

This evaluation assesses the lending of the Inter-American Development Bank Group (IDBG) through financial intermediaries (FIs) from 2005 to 2014. It focuses on FI operations, an instrument IDBG uses to increase access to finance (A2F) in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) by supporting lending by regulated FIs (mostly commercial banks) to relevant beneficiaries. IDBG used FI operations intensively during the period. IDBG Management considers such operations to be a cost-effective mechanism to reach a large number of relevant beneficiaries. They are also a source of significant and relatively stable income for IDBG, and are thus important to its financial sustainability and growth. This is the first comprehensive evaluation the Office of Evaluation and Oversight has conducted on FI operations.

Published
2016

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