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Acknowledgments: The authors would like to express their thanks to Saint-Gobain Placo Iberica, S.A., for the information and data of the study area provided for the realization of this work. Thanks are also due to the company’s personnel for the facilities provided to carry out the work, and thanks to the three anonymous reviewers for their helpful and constructive reviews of the manuscript., In this study, we conduct an investigation of the Sorbas Basin (Almería, Spain) on the Messinian gypsum unit using geophysical prospecting methods. Geophysical electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) methods were applied to study the subsurface of this gypsum unit, the exploitation of which could be of interest economically, with different commercial specifications for alabastrine and selenitic gypsums. For the interpretation of the different ERT images, the data for the surface geology, borehole cores, and seismic refraction conducted at a point within the ERT profiles were used. The results obtained from this investigation can be used as a reference for other similar studies in other regions. It was observed that selenitic gypsum is more resistive than alabastrine gypsum; therefore, the diagenetic processes of dehydration (anhydritization) and hydration (gypsification) increase the “percolation” phenomenon through possibly ensuring a greater connectivity of the shale matrix. Fracturing and moisture can be used to fully determine the resistivity of the purest and most resistive gypsum, to the point of considerably lowering the resistivity in an entire area affected by fracturing. The use of different tests with different lengths for the same profile can help one better understand the structure of the gypsum body in the subsurface, especially when there are shale intercalations or more- or less-pure levels of gypsum that do not reach a value of a few meters in thickness, because these thinner levels of a few meters are not defined in the ERT images when the test is performed at depths of up to 75 m.

In the External Zones of the Betic Cordillera (S Spain), upper Muschelkalk (Ladinian) facies have been known for decades; however, so far there is no stratigraphic record of Anisian deposits. In the present study, new biostratigraphic data from a carbonate succession in the easternmost Subbetic domain reveal a Pelsonian-Illyrian (Anisian) age. The nautiloids Germanonautilus salinarius and Germanonautilus saharonicus are documented for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula, and together with the brachiopod Tetractinella trigonella and the bivalves Neoschizodus orbicularis and Myophoria vulgaris they represent marker fossils of Anisian deposits previously described from many other basins, both in the Germanic and Alpine realms. The co-occurrence of the nautiloid G. saharonicus and the bivalve Gervillia joleaudi at the top of the studied succession serves as correlation tool for the first faunal migration event from the Sephardic towards the Subbetic domain. The palynomorph assemblage, including the monosaccate pollen grain Cristianisporites triangulatus, provides further evidence of a late Anisian age. An integrated study of fossil assemblages and sedimentary facies reveals tidal and very shallow-marine environments that characterize an extensive epicontinental platform in the western Tethys along the paleo-margin of the Iberian Massif. Two thin shale intervals represent two distinct transgressive phases, correlative to the Pelsonian maximum-flooding zone recorded in other European basins. The new findings contribute to the ongoing paleogeographic reconstruction of epicontinental platform settings which developed during the Middle Triassic in the Peri-Tethyan realm. This study was supported by Projects PID2019-104625RB-I00 and PGC2018-098272-B-I00, PID2020-114381GB-I00 (Secretaría de Estado de I + D + I, Spain), B-RNM-072-UGR18 (FEDER Andalucía), P18-RT- 074, and RNM-208 (Junta de Andalucía).

To examine the effects of a time-matched endurance vs. concurrent training on circulating IL-6, IL-13, IL-15, IL-15Ra, FGF21 levels in postmenopausal women with obesity, and to determine these myokines response to endurance training pre- and postmenopause. Thirty-five sedentary postmenopausal women with obesity were randomly divided into endurance training (EN1

Objective: Beetroot juice is a source of dietary nitrate (NO3-) recognized as a potential ergogenic aid to enhance tolerance during endurance exercise of submaximal-to-maximal intensity. However, little is known about the effects of beetroot juice on exercise performance in intermittent sports such as tennis. The present study aimed to determine the effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on movement patterns during a competitive tennis match in professional players. Methods: In a double-blind and randomized experiment, nine professional tennis players performed two experimental trials 3 h after ingesting either 70 mL of a commercially-available concentrated beetroot juice (6.4 mmol NO3-) or placebo (0.005 mmol NO3-). In each experimental trial, players completed a 3-set tennis match and two performance tests (i.e., serve speed and isometric handgrip strength) before and after the match. Match-play running performance was recorded using wearable GPS and accelerometer units. Results: In comparison to the placebo trial, the acute beetroot juice supplementation did not modify any match-play running performance (p = 0.178 to 0.997, d = 0.01 to 0.42). Furthermore, beetroot juice supplementation did not alter the pre-to-post match change in serve speed (p = 0.663, ηp 2 = 0.03) or isometric handgrip strength (p = 0.219, ηp 2 = 0.18). Conclusions: The current results indicated that acute ingestion of a commercialized shot of nitrate-rich beetroot juice (70 mL containing 6.4 mmol of NO3-) did not produce any performance benefit on tennis matchplay. Thus, acute beetroot juice supplementation seems an ergogenic aid with little value to enhance physical performance in professional tennis players. SIN FINANCIACIÓN 3.071 JCR (2021) Q3, 56/90 Nutrition & Dietetics 0.564 SJR (2021) Q2, 64/131 Nutrition and Dietetics No data IDR 2021 UEM

This study aimed to determine if time-of-day could influence physical volleyball performance in females and to explore the relationship between chronotype and volleyball-specific performance. Fifteen young female athletes participated in a randomized counterbalanced trial, performing a neuromuscular test battery in the morning (9:00 h) and the evening (19:00 h) that consisted of volleyball standing spike, straight leg raise, dynamic balance, vertical jump, modified agility T-test and isometric handgrip tests. Chronotype was determined by the morningness-eveningness questionnaire. Compared to the morning, an increased performance was found in the standing spike (4.5%, p = .002, ES = 0.59), straight leg raise test (dominant-limb) (6.5%, p = .012, ES = 0.40), dynamic balance (non-dominant-limb) (5.0%, p = .010, ES = 0.57) and modified T-test (2.1%, p = .049, ES = 0.45) performance in the evening; while no statistical differences were reported in vertical jump tests or isometric handgrip strength. Moreover, no associations were found between chronotype and neuromuscular performance (r = −0.368–0.435, p = .052–0.439). Time-of-day affected spike ball velocity, flexibility in the dominant-limb, dynamic balance in the non-dominant-limb and agility tests. However, no association was reported among these improvements and the chronotype. Therefore, although the chronotype may not play critical role in volleyball-specific performance, evening training/matches schedules could benefit performance in semi-professional female volleyball players. pre-print 271 KB

In Spain, students pursuing a career in athletic training, physical education, or scientific evaluation of sports enroll in a bachelor’s degree in sports sciences. This degree provides knowledge and skills in a broad array of sports settings and promotes research-based interdisciplinary knowledge. However, the student’s syllabus rarely includes specific academic training on anti-doping regulations or doping prevention. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-doping knowledge of the students undertaking a bachelor’s degree in sports sciences in Spanish universities. One thousand two hundred and thirty-three bachelor students in sport science (907 males, 322 females, and 4 participants with non-binary sex) from 26 Spanish universities completed a validated questionnaire about general anti-doping knowledge. The questionnaire is an adapted version of the Play True Quiz of the World Anti-Doping Agency and contains 37 multiple-choice questions. The score obtained in the questionnaire was transformed into a 0–100-point scale. The questionnaire was distributed among students within each university by a faculty member and it was filled out online. Students obtained a score of 65.8 ± 10.10 points (range = 32–92 points). There was an effect of the course in the score obtained (p < 0.001). Students of the first course (63.6 ± 9.5 points) had lower scores than the remaining courses (p < 0.037) while the students of the fourth course obtained the highest scores (68.7 ± 9.5 points; p < 0.019). The students with an itinerary on sports performance were the respondents with the highest anti-doping knowledge (67.2 ± 10.2) points, followed by the students with an itinerary on health (66.7 ± 9.5 points). The knowledge of basic anti-doping rules and doping prevention strategies of the bachelor students in sports sciences in Spain was suboptimal. Increasing doping prevention information in the syllabus of the bachelor’s degree in sports sciences is essential as these future professionals will directly work with populations at risk of doping.

Low-grade systemic inflammation leads to critical alterations of several tissues and organs that can promote the appearance of non-communicable diseases, a risk that is increased in adults with obesity. Exercise training may counteract low-grade systemic inflammation, but there is a lack of consensus on how cytokines are modulated by training in adults with obesity. This study aimed of examining the effects of exercise training on circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in adults with overweight and obesity, and whether exercise-induced fat mass reduction could mediate that effect. The search was conducted on Medline (Pubmed), SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases from January 1998 to August 2021, using keywords pertaining to inflammation, exercise, and obesity. A total of 27 studies were selected, in which the circulating concentration levels of cytokines were analyzed. Endurance training (ET) decreased circulating CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α levels. TNF-α was reduced after resistance and concurrent training (CT), while IL-10 increased after resistance training (RT). Changes in IL-10 and CRP coincided with fat mass reduction, while decreased TNF-α levels were concomitant with changes in IL-6 and IL-10. Exercise training may reduce systemic low-grade inflammation profile in adults with overweight and obesity.

El mantenimiento de un óptimo estado de salud es un tema de relevancia que ha llevado a científicos/as y clínicos/as a estudiar, investigar e innovar con el fin de disminuir las brechas y vacíos existentes de conocimiento. Actualmente, la epidemiología nutricional es un área de investigación que cobra cada día más importancia, cuyo objeto de estudio se centra fundamentalmente en el rol de la alimentación en el proceso salud-enfermedad. A partir del estudio del consumo dietético y su relación con las enfermedades crónicas, se ha observado que la dieta es uno de los factores modificables que influyen directamente en la prevención de estas enfermedades1. Además, el interés en estudiar la relación de la dieta con enfermedades transmisibles ha aumentado considerablemente. Por ello, estimar la ingesta alimentaria o evaluar patrones de consumo de alimentos en diferentes poblaciones es fundamental en la práctica de la dietética.

Background: No consensus exists on how to average data to optimize (Formula presented.) O2max assessment. Although the (Formula presented.) O2max value is reduced with larger averaging blocks, no mathematical procedure is available to account for the effect of the length of the averaging block on (Formula presented.) O2max. Aims: To determine the effect that the number of breaths or seconds included in the averaging block has on the (Formula presented.) O2maxvalue and its reproducibility and to develop correction equations to standardize (Formula presented.) O2max values obtained with different averaging strategies. Methods: Eighty-four subjects performed duplicate incremental tests to exhaustion (IE) in the cycle ergometer and/or treadmill using two metabolic carts (Vyntus and Vmax N29). Rolling breath averages and fixed time averages were calculated from breath-by-breath data from 6 to 60 breaths or seconds. Results: (Formula presented.) O2max decayed from 6 to 60 breath averages by 10% in low fit ((Formula presented.) O2max ' 40 mL kg−1 min−1) and 6.7% in trained subjects. The (Formula presented.) O2max averaged from a similar number of breaths or seconds was highly concordant (CCC ' 0.97). There was a linear-log relationship between the number of breaths or seconds in the averaging block and (Formula presented.) O2max (R2 ' 0.99, P ' 0.001), and specific equations were developed to standardize (Formula presented.) O2max values to a fixed number of breaths or seconds. Reproducibility was higher in trained than low-fit subjects and not influenced by the averaging strategy, exercise mode, maximal respiratory rate, or IE protocol. Conclusions: The (Formula presented.) O2maxdecreases following a linear-log function with the number of breaths or seconds included in the averaging block and can be corrected with specific equations as those developed here.

Volcanic rocks of the Zamoranos Formation exposed in the Betic Cordillera of southern Spain reveal Late Triassic CAMP volcanism extending from southwest to southeast of the Iberian massif. Comparison with volcanic rocks from the Upper Triassic of the Algarve region in Portugal enables correlation between these different magmatic provinces based on the striking geochemical similarity. The studied mafic magmatic rocks in the Betic Cordillera reveal three volcanic episodes during the deposition of the Zamoranos Formation with two types of geochemical affinity: alkaline (Group 1) and sub-alkaline (Group 2 and 3). The sub-alkaline rocks resemble the studied Triassic rocks of Portugal and the magmatism described as CAMP on a global scale. In the present study, the identification of alkaline rocks preceding the main CAMP sub-alkaline phase by ca. 15 Ma, is the first evidence of alkaline precursors prior to CAMP magmatism and indicates a change from a prior deeper enriched mantle source to a subsequent, shallower one. The temporal evolution of alkaline magmatism followed by a CAMP-type sub-alkaline magmatism is best explained in a context of initial rifting during Norian-Rhaetian times. It is inferred that rifting gradually developed from west to east in the southern area of Iberia., This research was funded by Projects PID2019-104625RB-I00 and PGC2018-098272-B-I00 (Secretaría de Estado de I+D+I, Spain), B-RNM-072-UGR18 ( FEDER Andalucía), RNM-208 and P18-RT-4074 (Junta de Andalucía). A.C. acknowledges the research grant provided by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for a post-doctoral fellowship at Bochum and the Juan de la Cierva program funded by The Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain).

This study was supported by Projects PID2019- 104625RB-I00 and PGC2018-098272-B-I00 (Secretaría de Estado de I+D+I, Spain), B-RNM-072-UGR18 (FEDER Andalucía), P18-RT-4074, and RNM-208 (Junta de Andalucía). Thanks to C. Sanz de Galdeano for his support in the field at the Alfarnate outcrop. We gratefully acknowledge the constructive comments of two anonymous reviewers., This paper describes various soft-sediment deformation structures present in the Triassic deposits of the Betic External Zone (Southern Iberian). These structures, together with variations in deposit thicknesses, internal angular unconformities, and synsedimentary faults, point to intense tectonic activity from the Middle to Late Triassic related to a stage of rifting. The Middle–Late Triassic in the Betic External Zone shows a sedimentary record represented by Muschelkalk and Keuper facies. In the Ladinian Muschelkalk, carbonates appear slumps, breccias, load casts, slide and parallel shear sur faces, and tsunamites. In the sandstones of the Carnian Keuper facies, different seismite beds and ball and pillow structures can be discerned. Above these deposits, the carbonate Zamoranos Formation of the Rhaetian displays volcaniclastic rocks with conglomerates, slumps and synsedimentary faults. All these features and magmatism suggest some tectonic activity, possibly related to the breakup of Pangaea, especially at the end Triassic. We highlight the features that indicate this tectonic activity over time and discuss the factors that triggered the development of these structures, along with the conditions that made this possible., Secretaría de Estado de I+D+I B-RNM-072-UGR18, European Regional Development Fund P18-RT-4074, RNM-208, Junta de Andalucía

Much of the eastern sector of the Mesozoic Iberian basin belongs to the ‘Mediterranean type’ Triassic. This type is characterized by a Middle Triassic stratigraphic record comprised of two carbonate Muschelkalk units (lower and upper) separated by a detrital-evaporite middle Muschelkalk unit. In the present study areas, the two first marine flooding episodes of the Middle Triassic led to the deposition of extensive shallow-water carbonates on a block-controlled epicontinental platform in the lower and upper Muschelkalk units. These carbonates were part of third-order transgressive–regressive sequences. The two carbonate sequences display similar vertical facies and stratigraphic sub-unit arrangements. The base of the two sequences is marked by a (lower) carbonate-marl alternation, which was deposited in mixed tidal flat-to-lagoon settings. In the middle of the sequences, the carbonate character is predominant and facies associations mainly suggest shallow waters and high environmental variability. The change from a transgressive to regressive trend occurs in the middle of the sequences, although the position of the maximum flooding zone can vary from one to another stratigraphic section. The tops of the sequences show two different lithological assemblages, which are coeval and grade laterally to each other. One assemblage is a ‘carbonate terminal complex’ formed by tidal flat and sabkha deposits, which is predominant in the lower Muschelkalk unit. The other assemblage is a lagoon-peritidal (upper) carbonate-marl alternation, predominant in the upper unit. Together, the two sequences suggest a complex platform morphology with a mosaic facies distribution, which evolved from a not very high energy ramp-like profile (transgressive phases, TST) to a lower energy rimmed shelf, ending with tidal/lagoon environments (regressive phases, HST). Facies associations, however, suggest somewhat deeper depositional settings for the upper than lower Muschelkalk unit. Here we compare the two carbonate units in the study areas with those described in the literature from other Triassic basins of Eastern Iberia and the SW Germanic Basin, all forming part of the Peri-Tethys area of the Tethyan Realm., Funding text 1 This study was supported by Projects PID2019-104625RB-100 and PGC2018-098272-B-I00 (Secretaría de Estado de I+D+I, Spain), B-RNM-072-UGR18 (FEDER Andalucía), P18-RT-4074, RNM-208 (Junta de Andalucía), and 2017SGR-824 (SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY) of the Catalan Government (Departament d'Innovació, Unversitats i Empresa). The authors thank Annette Götz (Landesamt für Bergbau, Energie und Geologie, Geozentrum Hannover) for her comments on micropaleontology identification and suggestions regarding the writing of the manuscript, Policarp Garay Martín for supplying relevant geological documentation for the Alt Palància area, Eusebio García for valuable field assistance, Joan Guimerà, Ramón Mercedes, Ramón Salas, Juan Diego Martín Martín (Universitat de Barcelona) for fruitful discussions on the Triassic of the northern Valencian Country and Catalunya, and Fotini Pomoni-Papaioannou and an anonymous reviewer for significantly improving the manuscript.

Background: Epidemiologic studies have reported associations between weight fluctuations and postmenopausal breast cancer risk; however, the biological markers involved in this association are unknown. This study aimed to explore the associations between breast cancer–related biomarkers and weight regain following exercise-induced weight loss. Methods: From the 400 participants included in the Breast Cancer and Exercise Trial in Alberta, a total of 214 lost weight during the intervention and had follow-up blood samples, body composition, and covariate measurements. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 12 months (end of the study), and 24 months (follow-up). Results: During follow-up, weight regain was 1.80 kg [95% confidence interval (CI): –0.40–3.90], and was significantly associated with increases in estradiol [treatment effect ratio (TER) = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04], estrone (TER = 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.03), free estradiol (TER = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02–1.05), the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (TER = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02–1.05), and insulin (TER = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04), and decreases in sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG; TER = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97–0.99) levels. Nonstatistically significant associations were found for glucose and C-reactive protein. Furthermore, a statistically significant linear trend of increasing levels for all biomarkers, and decreasing SHBG, across weight regain categories was found. Conclusions: These results suggest that weight regain following exercise-induced weight loss is associated with breast cancer–related biomarker changes in postmenopausal women. Impact: These findings provide evidence to support the importance of developing effective strategies to prevent weight regain and, consequently, decrease postmenopausal breast cancer risk via changes in adiposity-related biomarkers.

Se reconoce como Conflicto de Interés (COI), al conjunto de condiciones en las que el juicio profesional en relación a un interés primario, tiende a ser indebidamente influenciado por un interés secundario (como por ejemplo el beneficio económico)1 . Esta situación no es ajena a los procesos editoriales de revistas científicas, estando presente desde la producción de manuscritos por los/as autores/as, la revisión por pares y las gestiones de los/as miembros de los equipos editoriales.

Exercise may reduce the risk of breast cancer through adiposity changes, but the dose-response effects of exercise volume on adiposity markers are unknown in postmenopausal women. We aimed to compare the dose-response effects of prescribed aerobic exercise volume on adiposity outcomes. Data from the Alberta Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention (ALPHA) and Breast Cancer and Exercise Trial in Alberta (BETA) were pooled for this analysis (N = 720). These were 12-month randomized controlled trials, where participants were randomized to 225 min/week (mid-volume) of aerobic exercise versus usual inactive lifestyle (ALPHA), or 150 min/week (low-volume) versus 300 min/week (high-volume) (BETA). Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured using DXA and intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat area were assessed with computed tomography. After 12 months of aerobic exercise, increasing exercise volumes from no exercise/control to 300 min/week resulted in statistically significant reductions in BMI, weight, fat mass, fat percentage, intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat area (P

Obesity is a major health problem, and although caloric restriction and exercise are successful strategies to lose adipose tissue in obese individuals, a simultaneous decrease in skeletal muscle mass, negatively effects metabolism and muscle function. To deeper understand molecular events occurring in muscle during weight-loss, we measured the expressional change in human skeletal muscle following a combination of severe caloric restriction and exercise over 4 days in 15 Swedish men. Key metabolic genes were regulated after the intervention, indicating a shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) was the most consistently upregulated gene following the energy-deficit exercise. Circulating levels of N1-methylnicotinamide (MNA), the product of NNMT activity, were doubled after the intervention. The fasting-fed state was an important determinant of plasma MNA levels, peaking at ~18 h of fasting and being lowest ~3 h after a meal. In culture, MNA was secreted by isolated human myotubes and stimulated lipolysis directly, with no effect on glucagon or insulin secretion. We propose that MNA is a novel myokine that enhances the utilization of energy stores in response to low muscle energy availability. Future research should focus on applying MNA as a biomarker to identify individuals with metabolic disturbances at an early stage.

This paper deals with the Middle Triassic-to-earliest Jurassic evaporite sedimentation in the epicontinental, eastern Iberian platform. This deposition occurred under extensional regime during the westwards migration of the Neotethys Ocean at the start of the Pangea break-up. Although attention is focused on the evaporitic episodes recorded in the Epicontinental (Germanic) Triassic of the platform, the evaporite units in the carbonatic Alpine Triassic are also considered. In the Epicontinental Triassic, up to six evaporitic episodes, which alternated with three carbonatic episodes and a siliciclastic one, occurred between the Anisian and the Lower Hettangian. The evaporitic episodes may be divided into two groups. The stratigraphic units of the older group have similar characteristics in salinity and facies, and were formed in chloride-rich, evaporitic mudflats. In the younger group, the salinity and depositional features display considerable differences and the environments evolved from evaporitic mudflats to extensive salterns. The different evolutive trends in the evaporites of the two groups suggest major re-structuration of the platform after the sedimentation of the siliciclastic units of the middle Keuper (Carnian Humide Episode). Progressive marine influence in the assemblage of the six evaporitic episodes is deduced from the changing nature of the evaporites and their host sediment. All the evaporite units accumulated as transgressive and highstand systems tracts. The close relationship between evaporite units and thick accumulation suggests that the structural control played a major role in the sedimentation. In the Alpine Triassic, the presence of evaporites interbedded in the allochthonous carbonate units is documented. Lateral correlation of the evaporite units of the Epicontinental and the Alpine types of Triassic allows us to reconstruct the facies continuum across the original Iberian platform. Such a west-to-east transect illustrates the palaeogeography, structural evolution, and major depositional controls in the platform during the period under study. The deduced evaporitic pattern could be applied to other Triassic platforms which acted as epeiric seaways for the westward advance of the Neotethys.