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espanolObjetivo El objetivo de este estudio es describir los hallazgos de una evaluacion odontologica protocolizada en pacientes con sindrome de Sjogren primario (SSp) atendidos en las consultas de reumatologia de la Comunidad de Madrid. Metodos Estudio descriptivo multicentrico en el que se incluyeron pacientes con SSp clasificados segun criterios del consenso Europeo-Americano de 2002. Se recogieron datos demograficos, clinicos y serologicos. Se realizo una exploracion oral, se recogio el flujo salival y el indice de caries CAOD. Los pacientes rellenaron la escala visual analogica para xerostomia, el cuestionario Oral Health Impact Profile-14 y un cuestionario de salud oral. Resultados Se reclutaron 61 pacientes. El 98% fueron mujeres y la edad media fue de 57 anos. El 52,5% presentaban signos orales patologicos (flujo salival no estimulado/sialografia/gammagrafia de glandulas salivales) y el 90,2% antiRo/antiLa+. El 92% de los pacientes referian xerostomia y un 61% hiposialia. Treinta y cinco pacientes presentaron lesiones de la mucosa oral. El indice CAOD fue de 16,97 ± 7,93 y la escala visual analogica para la xerostomia fue de 46,69 ± 14,43. Los resultados del Oral Health Impact Profile-14 fueron de 23,13 ± 14,16. Los pacientes con signos orales patologicos obtuvieron una puntuacion en el Oral Health Impact Profile-14 significativamente mayor (p = 0,03), al igual que los pacientes con afectacion del sistema nervioso periferico (p = 0,001). Conclusiones La prevalencia de xerostomia en esta cohorte de pacientes con SSp fue muy elevada y el 61% de los enfermos presentaron hiposialia. Mas de la mitad de los pacientes sufrieron lesiones orales. La salud oral presento un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes con SSp, siendo mayor en aquellos pacientes con signos orales objetivos patologicos y en los que presentaban afectacion del sistema nervioso periferico. EnglishObjective The aim of this study is to describe the findings of a protocolised odontological evaluation of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) treated in rheumatology units in the Community of Madrid. Methods Multicentric descriptive study in which pSS patients classified according to the American-European consensus of 2002 criteria were included. We collected the demographic, clinical and serological data of each patient. A complete oral examination was performed and salivary flow and the CAOD caries index were collected. The patients completed the visual analogue scale for xerostomia, the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 questionnaire and an oral health questionnaire. Results Sixty-one patients were recruited. Ninety-eight percent were women and the mean age of the patients was 57 years. Pathological oral signs (unstimulated salivary flow/salivary glands sialography/scintigraphy) were present in 52.5% of the patients, anti-Ro/anti-La were positive in 90.2%. Ninety-two percent of the patients reported xerostomia and 61% of the patients suffered from hyposialia. Thirty-five patients presented oral mucosa lesions. CAOD index was 16.97 ± 7.93 and visual analogue scale for xerostomia was 46.69 ± 14.43. The results of the OHIP-14 questionnaire were 23.13 ± 14.16. Patients with pathological oral signs obtained a significantly higher Oral Health Impact Profile-14 score (P = .03). We also found that patients with peripheral nervous system involvement obtained a significantly higher Oral Health Impact Profile-14 score (P = .001) Conclusions The presence of xerostomia in this cohort of pSS patients was high and hyposialia was present in 61% of the patients. Oral lesions appeared in more than half of the subjects. Oral health had a negative impact on the quality of life of patients with pSS, being higher in those with pathological objective oral signs and in those with peripheral nervous system involvement.

ObjectiveTo assess the incidence of amyloidosis and trends therein in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) over a long period (17 years).MethodsAn observational retrospective population-based matched cohort study was conducted. All the admissions of patients with SpA, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease (SpA-IBD) and reactive arthritis (ReA), reported between 1999 and 2015, were analysed and a control group matched by age, sex and year of admission was selected. Incidence rates for amyloidosis were calculated. Generalised linear models were used for trend analysis and unconditional logistic regression for calculating crude and adjusted ORs (AOR) to assess the association between amyloidosis and SpA.ResultsThe study database contained data on 107 140 admissions in each group. Between 1999 and 2015, 792 patients in the SpA cohort (0.7% of all admissions) had a diagnosis of amyloidosis versus 68 in the non-SpA cohort (0.1%) (pConclusionsIncidence of amyloidosis among patients with SpA has strongly decreased in Spain. Amyloidosis is most strongly associated with SpA-IBD while the strength of association with PsA and ReA is similar to that with AS.

The objective of the study was to assess the ESSDAI index characteristics in the SJOGRENSER cohort (Spanish Rheumatology Association’s registry of patients with Primary Sjogren Syndrome [PSS]). SJOGRENSER is a prospective multicentric study on a cohort of Spanish patients with PSS who meet the 2002 American–European consensus from rheumatology units. 298 variables were studied in patients for the inclusion of the study from an anonymous list from each department. The ESSDAI (EULAR Sjogren’s syndrome disease activity index) includes 12 domains and measures systematic activity in PSS patients. Each domain is divided into 3–4 levels, (0: no activity; 1: low activity; 2: moderate activity; 3: high activity) and is attributed a weight. Each domain score is obtained by multiplying the activity level by the weight assigned. According to ESSDAI: low activity

OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between spondyloarthritis (SpA) and sarcoidosis. METHODS An observational retrospective population-based matched cohort study was conducted. Using data from the Spanish Minimum Basic Data Set. All the admissions of patients with SpA reported between 1999 and 2015 were analysed and a control group matched by age, sex and year of admission was selected. Crude and age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates for sarcoidosis were calculated. Generalized linear models were used for trend analysis and unconditional logistic regression models for calculating crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) to assess the association between sarcoidosis and SpA. RESULTS The study database contained data on 214,280 hospitalisations: 107,140 admissions of patients with SpA and 107,140 of patients without SpA. Overall, 220 of the admissions were of patients with sarcoidosis: 133 (0.12%) in the SpA group and 87 (0.08%) in the non-SpA group (P

Objectives To investigate the prevalence, associated factors, and effects of primary renal disease on morbidity in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS).Methods All patients in the SJÖGRENSER (registry of adult SSp patients of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology) cohort were retrospectively investigated for the presence of clinically significant renal involvement directly related to pSS activity.Results Of the 437 patients investigated, 39 (9%) presented overt renal involvement during follow-up. Severe renal disease necessitating kidney biopsy was relatively rare (23%). Renal involvement may complicate pSS at any time during the disease course and is associated with severe disease (indicated by higher scores of involvement, activity, and damage), systemic multiorgan involvement, and a higher frequency of lymphoma. Multivariate analysis showed that older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.07), higher European League Against Rheumatism Sjogren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index scores (OR 1.1, CI 1.03–1.18), serum anti-La/SSB positivity (OR 6.65, CI 1.41–31.372), and non-vasculitic cutaneous involvement (OR 5.47, 1.03–29.02) were independently associated with this complication. Chronic renal failure developed in 23 of 39 patients (59%); only 1 of them progressed to end-stage renal disease necessitating renal replacement therapy. Patients with renal disease showed higher Sjögren’s syndrome disease damage index scores, higher rates of hospitalization due to disease activity and higher rates of clinically relevant comorbidities.Conclusion Renal involvement is an uncommon complication in pSS that was observed in 9% of patients. Although categorized as a non-negligible comorbidity, this condition shows a favorable prognosis.

This study aimed at determining socio-demographic and clinical factors of primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) associated with osteoporosis (OP) and fragility fracture. SJOGRENSER is a cross-sectional study of patients with pSS, classified according to American European consensus criteria developed in 33 Spanish rheumatology departments. Epidemiological, clinical, serological and treatment data were collected and a descriptive analysis was conducted. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using a binomial logistic regression to study the factors associated with OP and fragility fracture in pSS. 437 patients were included (95% women, with a median age of 58.6 years). 300 women were menopausal (76.4%). Prevalence of OP was 18.5% [in men (N = 21) this measured 19%]. A total of 37 fragility fractures were recorded. In the multivariate analysis, there was an association between OP and age: in the 51-64 age range (menopausal women), the OR measured 9.993 (95% CI 2301-43,399, p = 0.002); In the age 64 years group, OR was 20.610 (4.679-90.774, p 0.001); between OP and disease duration, OR was 1.046 (1.008-1085, p = 0.017); past treatment with corticosteroids, OR 2.548 (1.271-5.105, p = 0.008). Similarly, an association was found between fragility fractures and age: in the 51-64 age group, OR measured 5.068 (1.117-22,995, p = 0.035), age 64 years, OR was 7.674 (1.675-35,151, p 0.009); disease duration, OR 1.049 (CI 1.003-1097, p 0.036) and the ESSDAI index, OR 1.080 (1.029-1134, p = 0.002). Patients with pSS can develop osteoporosis and fragility fractures over the course of the disease. Age, corticosteroids treatment and disease duration were associated with the development of OP. Disease duration and ESSDAI were associated with the development of fractures in patients with pSS.

Background Primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the involvement of the exocrine glands, mainly salivary and lacrimal glands. Approximately half of patients will experience extraglandular complications throughout their evolution. Objectives To characterize the involvement of the nervous system (NS) in patients with pSS. Methods Multicenter cross-sectional study of a cohort of patients with pSS, constructed by random selection of pSS patients fulfilling the 2002 American-European Consensus Criteria for pSS1 from 33 rheumatology units. Through review of clinical records and interview with patients, demographic, clinical, analytical, therapeutic data and disease activity indexes were collected. Univariate analysis was done by Chi square test, Mann-Whitney U test and Student’s t test. Multivariate analysis was done by linear logistic regression. A p Results 437 patients were included (95% women, median age of 58 years). 65 patients developed NS involvement: 26 patients central NS, 31 peripheral NS and 8 both. Multivariate analysis showed association between NS involvement and atherosclerotic stroke (OR 10.4, 95% CI 2.8-38.5), ear disease (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.2) and myopathy (OR 6.5, 95% CI 1.3-31,6). Patients with NS involvement had higher probability of being treated with glucocorticoids (OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.5-7.2) and cyclophosphamide (OR 6.8, 95% CI 1.5-31). Conclusion 15% of patients with pSS develope NS involvement that is associated with atherosclerotic stroke, ear disease and myopathy. Reference [1] Vitali C. et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61:554 Disclosure of Interests Jose Luis Andreu: None declared, Carlos Sanchez-Piedra: None declared, Monica Fernandez Castro: None declared, Victor Martinez Taboada: None declared, Alejandro Olive: None declared, Jose Rosas Consultant for: Abbvie, Amgen, Bristol, Janssen, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, UCB Pharma, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Amgen, Bristol, Janssen, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, UCB Pharma, Raul Menor-Almagro: None declared, Beatriz Rodriguez Lozano: None declared, Angel Garcia-Aparicio: None declared, Francisco J Lopez-Longo: None declared, Sara Manrique Arija Speakers bureau: ABBvie, MSD, Janssen, Lillly, Roche, Pfyzer, Novartis., Jesus ALberto Garcia Vadillo: None declared, Susana Gil: None declared, Ruth Lopez Gonzalez: None declared, J. Narvaez Consultant for: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Carles Galisteo: None declared, Jorge Juan Gonzalez Martin: None declared, M E Ruiz: None declared, Inigo Rua-Figueroa: None declared, Oscar Illera: None declared, Lurdes Romani: None declared, Sheila Melchor: None declared, Begona Moreira: None declared, Enrique Raya: None declared, Jose M Pego-Reigosa: None declared, Natalia Cid Boza: None declared, Enrique Judez: None declared, Clara Moriano: None declared, Vicente Torrente: None declared, Hector Corominas: None declared, Blanca Garcia-Magallon: None declared, Carlos Guillen-Astete: None declared, Ivan Castellvi Consultant for: I received fees less than 5000USD as a consultant for Kern and Actelion, Paid instructor for: I received fees less than 2000USD as a instructor for Boehringer -Ingelheim, Novartis and Gebro, Speakers bureau: ND, Cristina Bohorquez: None declared, Javier Loricera: None declared, Joaquin Belzunegui: None declared

Objective: To compare the prevalence of the main comorbidities in two large cohorts of patients with Primary Sjogren's Syndrome (pSS) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), with focus on cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Methods: Cross-sectional multicenter study where the prevalence of more relevant comorbidities in two cohorts was compared. Patients under follow-up from the SJOGRENSER (Spanish Rheumatology Society Register of pSS) and RELESSER (Spanish Rheumatology Society Register of SLE) registries, and who fulfilled the 2002-AECG and 1997-ACR classification criteria, respectively, were included. A binomial logistic regression analysis was carried out to explore potential differences, making general adjustments for age, sex and disease duration and specific adjustments for each variable, including CV risk factors and treatments, when it was judged appropriate. Results: A total of 437 pSS patients (95% female) and 2,926 SLE patients (89% female) were included. Mean age: 58.6 (p55-p75: 50.0-69.9) and 45.1 years (36.4-56.3), respectively (p

Purpose T o analyse trends in hip fracture (HF) rates in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) over an extended time period (17 years). Methods T his observational retrospective survey was performed by reviewing data from the National Surveillance System for Hospital Data, which includes more than 98% of Spanish hospitals. All hospitalisations of patients with RA and HF that were reported from 1999 to 2015 were analysed. Codes were selected using the Ninth International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification: ICD-9-CM: RA 714.0 to 714.9 and HF 820.0 to 820.3. The crude and age-adjusted incidence rate of HF was calculated by age and sex strata over the last 17 years. General lineal models were used to analyse trends. Results Between 1999 and 2015, 6656 HFs occurred in patients with RA of all ages (84.25% women, mean age 77.5 and 15.75% men, mean age 76.37). The ageadjusted osteoporotic HF rate was 221.85/100 000 RA persons/ year (women 227.97; men 179.06). The HF incidence rate increased yearly by 3.1% (95% CI 2.1 to 4.0) during the 1999–2015 period (p, This work has a help for the research provided by the Society of Rheumatology of the Community of Madrid (SORCOM).

Background Plasma concentrations of lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), a lipoprotein with atherogenic and thrombogenic properties, have a strong genetic basis, although high concentrations of Lp(a) have also been reported in the context of inflammation, as in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Few studies evaluate the impact of biologic therapies (BT) on Lp(a) in RA, taking into account that with these new therapies a better control of inflammation is achieved. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the plasma concentrations of Lp(a) in Spanish RA patients on BT attending rheumatology outpatient clinics. Methods Baseline analysis of the CARdiovascular in rheuMAtology project, a 10-year prospective study, evaluating the risk of cardiovascular events in RA and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. RA patients were classified according to treatment: no biologic, anti-tumor necrosis factor, anti-interleukin-6 receptor tocilizumab (TCZ), and other biologic (rituximab or abatacept). A model of linear multivariate regression was built in which the dependent variable was Lp(a) concentration and the explanatory variable was BT. The model was adjusted for confounding factors. Results Seven hundred and seventy-five RA patients were analyzed. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly higher in TCZ-treated patients. Nevertheless, no significant difference in the atherogenic index between TCZ-treated patients and patients without BT was found. After adjusting for confounding factors, patients with BT had lower concentrations of Lp(a) than those without BT; however, only TCZ-treated patients achieved statistically significant differences (?: ?0.303, 95% confidence interval: ?0.558 to ?0.047; P = .02). Conclusions RA patients treated with TCZ show lower plasma concentrations of Lp(a) compared with patients without BT. This project has been supported by an unrestricted grant from Abbvie, Spain. The design, analysis, interpretation of results, and preparation of the article have been done independently of Abbvie. Dr González-Gay's studies have been supported by grants from “Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias” PI06/0024, PS09/00748, and PI12/00060 and RD12/0009/0013 (RIER) from “Instituto de Salud Carlos III” (ISCIII) (Spain).

Resumen La osteoporosis y la osteopenia son cada vez mas prevalentes en los pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), gracias al aumento de la supervivencia secundaria a la introduccion del tratamiento antirretroviral. En esta revision repasaremos los principales mecanismos patogenicos implicados y las estrategias de manejo clinico, diagnostico y terapeutico recomendados actualmente para estos pacientes. Los deficits nutricionales, los habitos toxicos y tanto el tratamiento antirretroviral como la propia infeccion, entre otros factores, predisponen a que los pacientes infectados por VIH tengan mayor riesgo de fractura que la poblacion general. La activacion de la osteoclastogenesis por mediacion del sistema RANK, el aumento de la apoptosis osteoblastica y la desregulacion del eje vitamina D-PTH son 3 de los mecanismos fundamentales implicados en la fisiopatologia de estas alteraciones oseas. El diagnostico se debe realizar de forma precoz, descartando siempre causas de osteoporosis secundarias reversibles, muy frecuentes en esta poblacion. El manejo y tratamiento debe incluir estrategias para la correccion del estilo de vida y farmacos antirresortivos en los casos con mayor riesgo de fractura. Los unicos con eficacia probada en los pacientes infectados son el alendronato y el zoledronato.

To compare the prevalence of the main comorbidities in 2 large cohorts of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with a focus on cardiovascular (CV) diseases.This was a cross-sectional multicenter study where the prevalence of more relevant comorbidities in 2 cohorts was compared. Patients under followup from SJOGRENSER (Spanish Rheumatology Society Registry of Primary SS) and RELESSER (Spanish Rheumatology Society Registry of SLE), and who fulfilled the 2002 American-European Consensus Group and 1997 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria, respectively, were included. A binomial logistic regression analysis was carried out to explore potential differences, making general adjustments for age, sex, and disease duration and specific adjustments for each variable, including CV risk factors and treatments, when appropriate.A total of 437 primary SS patients (95% female) and 2,926 SLE patients (89% female) were included. The mean age was 58.6 years (interquartile range [IQR] 50.0-69.9 years) for primary SS patients and 45.1 years (IQR 36.4-56.3 years) for SLE patients (P 0.001), and disease duration was 10.4 years (IQR 6.0-16.7 years) and 13.0 years (IQR 7.45-19.76 years), respectively (P 0.001). Smoking, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension were associated less frequently with primary SS (odds ratio [OR] 0.36 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.28-0.48], 0.74 [95% CI 0.58-0.94], and 0.50 [95% CI 0.38-0.66], respectively) as were life-threatening CV events (i.e., stroke or myocardial infarction; OR 0.57 [95% CI 0.35-0.92]). Conversely, lymphoma was associated more frequently with primary SS (OR 4.41 [95% CI 1.35-14.43]). The prevalence of severe infection was lower in primary SS than in SLE (10.1% versus 16.9%; OR 0.54 [95% CI 0.39-0.76]; P 0.001).Primary SS patients have a consistently less serious CV comorbidity burden and a lower prevalence of severe infection than those with SLE. In contrast, their risk of lymphoma is greater.

Resumen La fascitis necrotizante es una infeccion rapidamente progresiva de la piel y de los tejidos blandos que suele asociarse con una importante toxicidad sistemica. Su incidencia se ha incrementado durante los ultimos anos, afectando actualmente a uno de cada 100.000 habitantes en nuestro medio. Supone la forma mas grave de infeccion de partes blandas, debido a la rapida destruccion y necrosis tisular y al desarrollo, en un tercio de los pacientes, de shock y fracaso multiorganico. Aunque existen factores predisponentes para su aparicion, principalmente en la fascitis tipo I o polimicrobiana, en muchas ocasiones se trata de pacientes jovenes sin comorbilidad asociada, como sucede en los casos de fascitis necrotizante tipo II o estreptococica. El diagnostico es esencialmente clinico y en los casos de alta sospecha no debe retrasarse la exploracion quirurgica, ya que su pronostico depende en gran medida de un diagnostico precoz y de un tratamiento agresivo inmediato. Pese al mejor conocimiento de su etiopatogenia y a la disponibilidad de herramientas terapeuticas mas eficientes, su mortalidad apenas se ha modificado en los ultimos anos, superando el 25%. El tratamiento se basa en soporte hemodinamico, tratamiento quirurgico extenso y precoz, y antibioterapia empirica.

Objective Due to increasing improvement in the diagnosis, evaluation and management of osteoporosis and the development of new tools and drugs, the Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER) has promoted the development of recommendations based on the best evidence available. These recommendations should be a reference to rheumatologists and other health professionals involved in the treatment of patients with osteoporosis. Methods Recommendations were developed following a nominal group methodology and based on a systematic review. The level of evidence and the degree of recommendation were classified according to the model proposed by the Center for Evidence Based Medicine at Oxford. The level of agreement was established through Delphi technique. Evidence from previous consensus and available clinical guidelines was used. Results We have produced recommendations on diagnosis, evaluation and management of osteoporosis. These recommendations include the glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, premenopausal and male osteoporosis. Conclusions We present the SER recommendations related to the biologic therapy risk management.

Resumen Objetivo Dado el creciente avance en el diagnostico como evaluacion y tratamiento de la osteoporosis, y la incorporacion de nuevas herramientas y medicamentos, desde la Sociedad Espanola de Reumatologia (SER) se ha impulsado el desarrollo de recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia posible. Estas deben de servir de referencia para reumatologos y otros profesionales de la salud implicados en el tratamiento de pacientes con osteoporosis. Metodos Las recomendaciones se emitieron siguiendo la metodologia de grupos nominales. El nivel de evidencia y el grado de recomendacion se clasificaron segun el modelo del Center for Evidence Based Medicine de Oxford y el grado de acuerdo se extrajo por tecnica Delphi. Se utilizo toda la informacion de consensos previos y guias de practica clinica disponibles. Resultados Se realizan recomendaciones sobre el diagnostico, la evaluacion y el tratamiento en pacientes con osteoporosis. Estas recomendaciones incluyen la osteoporosis secundaria a glucocorticoides, la osteoporosis premenopausica y la del varon. Conclusiones Se presentan las recomendaciones SER sobre el diagnostico, la evaluacion y el manejo de pacientes con osteoporosis.

El calcio y la vitamina D son elementos esenciales en la salud de nuestros huesos por lo que las diferentes sociedades cientificas recomiendan la necesidad de aportar diariamente 1.000mg de calcio y 800 UI de vitamina D. La mayoria de la poblacion con osteoporosis no ingiere con los alimentos esta cantidad de calcio y ademas presenta niveles insuficientes de vitamina D, por lo que se recomienda aportar suplementos de estos elementos a los osteoporoticos deficitarios. Los suplementos de calcio y vitamina D mejoran la eficacia de los farmacos anabolicos y anticatabolicos y pueden tener por si un pequeno efecto reductor en el numero de fracturas. Los suplementos solo de calcio no han demostrado en los pacientes con osteoporosis eficacia antifractuaria y en las mujeres ancianas sanas pueden incrementar el riesgo cardiovascular, por lo que no se recomienda su utilizacion generalizada. Se recomienda aportar suplementos de vitamina D a las personas con niveles de 25-OH vitamina D inferiores a 30 ng/ml, en especial a los ancianos y a los pacientes osteoporoticos por su capacidad de frenar el remodelado producido por el hiperparatiroidismo secundario y disminuir la perdida de masa osea. Los suplementos de vitamina D pueden reducir las fracturas y disminuir las caidas en las personas ancianas institucionalizadas. Ademas, estos suplementos de vitamina D pueden tener otros efectos beneficiosos extraoseos debido a las funciones reguladoras de la respuesta inmunitaria y de la diferenciacion y proliferacion celular que la vitamina D realiza. Ensayos que han comenzado a realizarse en estos ultimos anos nos indicaran de forma evidente los efectos beneficiosos de los suplementos de vitamina D en mortalidad, riesgo cardiovascular, desarrollo de tumores y prevencion de infecciones

Resumen El objetivo de este documento es dar a conocer a la comunidad cientifica y a los profesionales que tratan a pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) las alteraciones osteoarticulares mas relevantes, asi como su diagnostico y tratamiento. Estas recomendaciones han sido consensuadas por un panel de expertos del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida (PNS) y del grupo de Estudio de Sida (GESIDA). Para ello se han revisado los resultados sobre eficacia y seguridad de ensayos clinicos y estudios de cohortes y de farmacocinetica publicados en revistas biomedicas (PubMed y Embase) o presentados a congresos. Se han definido tres niveles de evidencia segun la procedencia de los datos: nivel A, estudios aleatorizados y controlados; nivel B, estudios de cohortes o de casos y controles; y nivel C, estudios descriptivos u opinion de expertos. En cada una de las situaciones se ha decidido recomendar, considerar o no recomendar. La disminucion de la densidad de la masa osea es la afectacion mas frecuente en el paciente con infeccion por el VIH. Afecta principalmente durante el primer ano de tratamiento con terapia antirretroviral (del 2 al 4%), con recuperacion parcial posterior. Estaria recomendada la realizacion de un DXA a pacientes con infeccion por el VIH mayores de 50 anos y/o que presenten factores de riesgo o antecedentes de fracturas oseas. El tratamiento con bifosfonatos ha demostrado ser eficaz. Las infecciones osteoarticulares son mas frecuentes que en poblacion no infectada. Por ello, se debe tener en cuenta el nivel de inmunosupresion, la practica de riesgo y el tratamiento antirretroviral para un correcto enfoque diagnostico y terapeutico. Las pruebas analiticas y de imagen recomendadas en los procesos musculo-esqueleticos en el sujeto con VIH son las mismas que en la poblacion general. En pediatria, la osteonecrosis y la disminucion de la densidad mineral osea son las alteraciones mas frecuentes. Es necesario un diagnostico precoz de las alteraciones oseas. Hay que incidir en evitar los factores de riesgo modificables e iniciar tratamiento cuando sea necesario. Los bifosfonatos se han mostrado eficaces en la osteoporosis.

Fundamento y objetivo La disminucion de la densidad mineral osea (DMO) es una complicacion de la fibrosis quistica (FQ) que se observa al aumentar la esperanza de vida de estos pacientes. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido valorar la evolucion de la DMO tras la instauracion de un protocolo de prevencion y tratamiento de la osteoporosis. Pacientes y metodo Realizamos un estudio prospectivo en 21 pacientes adultos (10 mujeres y 11 varones) con FQ de una unidad multidisciplinaria, con una edad media de 24,3 anos (extremos, 19-44). Se evaluaron los resultados de la DMO segun los diferentes tratamientos administrados y se relaciono el cambio relativo anual en el porcentaje de la DMO con los observados en la funcion pulmonar, indice de masa corporal y puntuaciones radiologica de Brasfield y clinica de Shwachman, durante un periodo de seguimiento medio de 3 anos. Las 3 pautas de tratamiento instauradas fueron: medidas preventives generales, suplementos de calcio y vitamina D, y alendronato a dosis de 10 mg diarios con suplementos de calcio y vitamina D. Resultados Inicialmente se observo que el 14,2% de los pacientes con FQ presentaban una disminucion acusada de la masa osea respecto a la poblacion control de su misma edad y sexo, con una puntuacion Z inferior a –2 desviaciones estandar en columna lumbar y/o femur total. Otro 38% presentaban descensos de la puntuacion Z entre –1 y –2 desviaciones estandar. La disminucion anual progresiva de la DMO durante los 3 anos fue generalizada en todas las areas anatomicas analizadas: –0,52% (1,87) en columna lumbar, –1,17% (1,91) en femur total y –2,16% (2,65) en cuello de femur. En femur el porcentaje de cambio relativo anual de DMO se relaciono con el observado en el volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (p Conclusiones Nuestro trabajo confirma que los pacientes adultos jovenes espanoles con FQ tienen una disminucion de la DMO respecto a la poblacion control y que, a lo largo de la enfermedad, esta disminucion es progresiva. Esta perdida de masa osea no se previene con medidas generales ni con suplementos de calcio y vitamina D, y unicamente en los pacientes tratados con alendronato se produce un aumento de la DMO.

Fundamento y objetivo El aumento de la supervivencia de los pacientes con fibrosis quistica (FQ) ha originado un incremento de complicaciones relacionadas con la edad adulta. El objetivo del presente estudio fue valorar la densidad mineral osea (DMO) de los pacientes de una Unidad de FQ de adultos y relacionar estos resultados con diversas variables clinicas Pacientes y metodo Se realizo un estudio transversal y prospectivo, con un periodo de reclutamiento entre 1999 y 2002 en el que se incluyo a 33 pacientes con FQ (18 varones), con una edad media (DE) de 23,06 (6,12) anos. A todos los pacientes se les realizo una encuesta dietetica de 3 dias donde se precisaba la ingestion de calcio y vitamina D, un balance metabolico que incluia calcio, fosforo, fosfatasa alcalina, 25-OH vitamina D y estudio densitometrico de columna lumbar y cadera. Las puntuaciones Z obtenidas en la densitometria se relacionaron con la edad, el sexo, la presencia de insuficiencia pancreatica, la colonizacion por Pseudomonas aeruginosa, toma de glucocorticoides, variables de funcion pulmonar, puntuaciones clinica de Shwachman y radiologica de Brasfield, calcemia, calciuria, fosfatemia, fosfaturia, fosfatasa alcalina e ingestion de calcio y vitamina D Resultados El 54,5% de los enfermos presentaron disminucion de la DMO (3, osteoporosis y 15, osteopenia). La edad, el uso continuado de glucocorticoides inhalados, la puntuacion clinica de Shwachman y la funcion pulmonar fueron las variables que se relacionaron con los valores de Z obtenidos. El 63,15% de los enfermos tenian disminuidos los valores de vitamina D Conclusiones Los pacientes adultos espanoles con FQ presentan una alta prevalencia de osteoporosis, osteopenia e hipovitaminosis D. Por estos motivos, el estudio de la enfermedad osea debe incluirse dentro de los examenes complementarios de los pacientes adultos con FQ

Calcium and vitamin D are essential for the health of our bones and various scientific societies recommend an intake of 1,000 mg of calcium and 800 IU of vitamin D daily. Most people with osteoporosis do not eat food with this amount of calcium and also have insufficient levels of vitamin D, so supplements are recommended to provide osteoporotic patients with these amounts. Calcium supplements and vitamin D improve the effectiveness of anabolic and anti-catabolic agents and may have a small effect in reducing the number of fractures. Calcium supplements alone have not shown efficacy preventing fractures in patients with osteoporosis and may increase cardiovascular risk in healthy elderly women and is therefore not recommended for widespread use. Vitamin D supplements are recommended in persons with 25-OH vitamin D levels below 30 ng/ml, in particular the elderly and osteoporotic patients, due to its ability to halt the remodeling resulting from secondary hyperparathyroidism and reduce the loss of bone mass. Vitamin D supplements could help reduce falls and fractures in the institutionalized elderly. In addition, supplements of vitamin D may have other beneficial effects due to extra-osseous regulatory functions on the immune response and cell differentiation and proliferation that is associated with vitamin D. Trials begun in recent years clearly indicate a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplements on mortality, cardiovascular risk,development of tumors and prevention of infections.

The prognostic value of measuring hand bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with early arthritis (EA) has been recently assessed. In this work, we evaluate the reproducibility of measuring juxta-articular BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the second to fifth metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. We obtained whole hand (WH) and MCP joint BMD measurements from 16 healthy subjects and from 22 patients with EA. The coefficient of variation, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and smallest detectable difference (SDD) were calculated. The coefficient of variation ranged from 1.3% to 0.7% at MCP joints and from 1.4% to 0.9% in the WH measurements, respectively. The intra- and interobserver ICC for both WH and MCP joints ranged from 0.97 to 0.99. The SDD at the different anatomical locations analyzed ranged from 0.006 to 0.022g/cm 2 in healthy controls and from 0.005 to 0.010g/cm 2 in EA. Interestingly, patients who fulfilled rheumatoid arthritis criteria showed a lower bone mass than those with undifferentiated arthritis. Therefore, BMD measurements obtained by DXA at MCP joints were reproducible and it might be useful in the study of patients with EA.

Reduction of bone mineral density (BMD) is a complication of cystic fibrosis (CF) which is observed in parallel to the increment of life expectancy in these patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of BMD following the application of a protocol for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.We performed a multidisciplinary prospective study in 21 adult patients with CF with a mean age of 24.3 (r: 19-44) years. We evaluated BMD results depending on the treatment schedule, and the annual relative change of BMD percentage was correlated with changes observed in respiratory function, corporal mass index (CMI), Brasfield radiologic score and Shwachman clinical score for a 3 years follow up period. Three regimens of treatment were applied: general measurements, supplementation of calcium and vitamin D, and 10 daily mg of alendronate plus calcium and vitamin D supplements.Basal assessment showed that 14.2% of CF patients had a marked diminution of bone mass with respect to an age and sex matched control population, with a Z score of-2 DE in lumbar vertebral and/or total femur. Another 38% showed a lessening of Z score between -1 and -2.5 DE. We observed a progressive annual reduction of BMD in all the anatomic areas analyzed: -0.52% (1.87) in lumbar spine, -1.17% (1.91) in total femur and -2.16% (2.65) in neck femur. The hip BMD annual decrement was related to that observed in FEV1. Only patients treated with alendronate did not suffer progressive BMD lose. Treatment with a combination of calcium, vitamin D and alendronate was more efficient in hip BMD than calcium plus vitamin D alone (p0.05). Also, this combination was better than no treatment at hip and femoral neck levels (p0.05).Our work confirms that Spanish young adults patients with CF show low control matched BMD, and that it even worsens at follow-up. This decrement is not adequately halted with preventive treatment with supplements of calcium and vitamin D, and only patients treated with alendronate show increments of their BMD.

Due to recent medical advances, patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) can expect longer survival rates and, as a result, face previously unreported complications such as osteoporosis. Our goal was to determine the mineral bone density in young adult patients with CF attended in the adult CF Unit, and correlate these findings with other clinical variables of interest in this patient population.We carried out a transversal study from 1999 to 2002 of 34 patients with CF (19 males and 15 females. Mean age 23 years). Upon enrollment in the study, patient gender and age were recorded along with Schwachman and Brasfield scores, pulmonary function test results (spirometry) and sputum analysis, phosphorus and calcium balance, vitamin D intake, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) findings of the spinal column (L2-L4) and femur.54.5% of all study patients were found to have an abnormal mineral bone density. Fifteen patients met criteria for osteopenia and 3 for osteoporosis. Age, treatment with inhaled corticosteroids, and pulmonary function test results correlated with bone density.DEXA scans should be performed in young adults with CF at least once during the course of their illness on the basis of the high prevalence of mineral bone density abnormalities in this population.

Introduction: Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteoporosis is a frequent complication in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. However, little information exists about the consequences of GC use in patients with early arthritis. Here we describe the variables underlying the use of GC in early arthritis, as well as its effect on bone-mineral density. Methods: Data from 116 patients in our early arthritis register were analyzed (90 women; median age, 52.5 years, interquartile range (IQR, 38.5-66); 6-month median disease duration at entry (IQR, 4-9)). In this register, the clinical and treatment information was recorded systematically, including the cumulative GC dose. Lumbar spine, hip, and forearm bone-mineral density (BMD) measurements were performed at entry and after a 2-year follow-up. A multivariate analysis was performed to establish the variables associated with the use of GCs, as well as those associated with variations in BMD. Results: Of the patients with early arthritis studied, 67% received GCs during the 2-year follow-up. GCs were more frequently prescribed to elderly patients, those with higher basal disease activity and disability, and patients with positive rheumatoid factor. When adjusted for these variables, GCs were less frequently prescribed to female patients. The use of GCs was associated with an increase of BMD in the ultradistal region of the forearm, although it induced a significant loss of BMD in the medial region of the forearm. No relevant effect of GC was noted on the BMD measured at other locations. Conclusions: The frequent use of GCs as a bridge therapy in patients with early arthritis does not seem to be associated with relevant loss of bone mass. Moreover, cumulative GC administration might be associated with an increase of juxtaarticular BMD., This work was funded by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III: FIS 05/2044, to I G-A, and FIS 03/0911, to A G-V. The work of I G-A was funded in part by a grant to promote the research work in the Spanish National Health Service from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Programa de Intensificacion de la Labor Investigadora).; Over the past 5-year period, Dr. I. Gonzalez-Alvaro has received unrestricted research funds from Abbott Laboratories, Sanofi-Aventis, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. All these research projects bear no relation to this work.