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5. Biodiversity loss reduces global terrestrial carbon storage

Author

Sarah R. Weiskopf, Forest Isbell, Maria Isabel Arce-Plata, Moreno Di Marco, Mike Harfoot, Justin Johnson, Susannah B. Lerman, Brian W. Miller, Toni Lyn Morelli, Akira S. Mori, Ensheng Weng, and Simon Ferrier

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Natural ecosystems store large amounts of carbon globally, as organisms absorb carbon from the atmosphere to build large, long-lasting, or slow-decaying structures such as tree bark or root systems. An ecosystem’s carbon sequestration potential is tightly linked to its biological diversity. Yet when considering future projections, many carbon sequestration models fail to account for the role biodiversity plays in carbon storage. Here, we assess the consequences of plant biodiversity loss for carbon storage under multiple climate and land-use change scenarios. We link a macroecological model projecting changes in vascular plant richness under different scenarios with empirical data on relationships between biodiversity and biomass. We find that biodiversity declines from climate and land use change could lead to a global loss of between 7.44-103.14 PgC (global sustainability scenario) and 10.87-145.95 PgC (fossil-fueled development scenario). This indicates a self-reinforcing feedback loop, where higher levels of climate change lead to greater biodiversity loss, which in turn leads to greater carbon emissions and ultimately more climate change. Conversely, biodiversity conservation and restoration can help achieve climate change mitigation goals.

Published
2024
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6. Global beta-diversity of angiosperm trees is shaped by Quaternary climate change

Author

Xu, Wu-Bing, Guo, Wen-Yong, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Schrodt, Franziska, Eiserhardt, Wolf L, Enquist, Brian J, Maitner, Brian S, Merow, Cory, Violle, Cyrille, Anand, Madhur, Belluau, Michaël, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A, Cerabolini, Bruno EL, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Cornelissen, J Hans C, Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, de Frutos, Angel, Dias, Arildo S, Giroldo, Aelton B, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G, Hattingh, Wesley, He, Tianhua, Hietz, Peter, Hough-Snee, Nate, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Komac, Benjamin, Kraft, Nathan JB, Kramer, Koen, Lavorel, Sandra, Lusk, Christopher H, Martin, Adam R, Ma, Ke-Ping, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Michaletz, Sean T, Minden, Vanessa, Mori, Akira S, Niinemets, Ülo, Onoda, Yusuke, Onstein, Renske E, Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D, Pisek, Jan, Pound, Matthew J, Robroek, Bjorn JM, Schamp, Brandon, Slot, Martijn, Sun, Miao, Sosinski, Ênio E, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A, Thiffault, Nelson, van Bodegom, Peter M, van der Plas, Fons, Zheng, Jingming, Svenning, Jens-Christian, and Ordonez, Alejandro

Subjects
Life Below Water, Climate Action, Humans, Phylogeny, Magnoliopsida, Climate Change, Biodiversity
Abstract

As Earth's climate has varied strongly through geological time, studying the impacts of past climate change on biodiversity helps to understand the risks from future climate change. However, it remains unclear how paleoclimate shapes spatial variation in biodiversity. Here, we assessed the influence of Quaternary climate change on spatial dissimilarity in taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional composition among neighboring 200-kilometer cells (beta-diversity) for angiosperm trees worldwide. We found that larger glacial-interglacial temperature change was strongly associated with lower spatial turnover (species replacements) and higher nestedness (richness changes) components of beta-diversity across all three biodiversity facets. Moreover, phylogenetic and functional turnover was lower and nestedness higher than random expectations based on taxonomic beta-diversity in regions that experienced large temperature change, reflecting phylogenetically and functionally selective processes in species replacement, extinction, and colonization during glacial-interglacial oscillations. Our results suggest that future human-driven climate change could cause local homogenization and reduction in taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of angiosperm trees worldwide.

Published
2023

7. A global biodiversity observing system to unite monitoring and guide action

Author

Gonzalez, Andrew, Vihervaara, Petteri, Balvanera, Patricia, Bates, Amanda E., Bayraktarov, Elisa, Bellingham, Peter J., Bruder, Andreas, Campbell, Jillian, Catchen, Michael D., Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Chase, Jonathan, Coops, Nicholas, Costello, Mark J., Czúcz, Bálint, Delavaud, Aurélie, Dornelas, Maria, Dubois, Grégoire, Duffy, Emmett J., Eggermont, Hilde, Fernandez, Miguel, Fernandez, Nestor, Ferrier, Simon, Geller, Gary N., Gill, Michael, Gravel, Dominique, Guerra, Carlos A., Guralnick, Robert, Harfoot, Michael, Hirsch, Tim, Hoban, Sean, Hughes, Alice C., Hugo, Wim, Hunter, Margaret E., Isbell, Forest, Jetz, Walter, Juergens, Norbert, Kissling, W. Daniel, Krug, Cornelia B., Kullberg, Peter, Le Bras, Yvan, Leung, Brian, Londoño-Murcia, Maria Cecilia, Lord, Jean-Michel, Loreau, Michel, Luers, Amy, Ma, Keping, MacDonald, Anna J., Maes, Joachim, McGeoch, Melodie, Mihoub, Jean Baptiste, Millette, Katie L., Molnar, Zsolt, Montes, Enrique, Mori, Akira S., Muller-Karger, Frank E., Muraoka, Hiroyuki, Nakaoka, Masahiro, Navarro, Laetitia, Newbold, Tim, Niamir, Aidin, Obura, David, O’Connor, Mary, Paganini, Marc, Pelletier, Dominique, Pereira, Henrique, Poisot, Timothée, Pollock, Laura J., Purvis, Andy, Radulovici, Adriana, Rocchini, Duccio, Roeoesli, Claudia, Schaepman, Michael, Schaepman-Strub, Gabriela, Schmeller, Dirk S., Schmiedel, Ute, Schneider, Fabian D., Shakya, Mangal Man, Skidmore, Andrew, Skowno, Andrew L., Takeuchi, Yayioi, Tuanmu, Mao-Ning, Turak, Eren, Turner, Woody, Urban, Mark C., Urbina-Cardona, Nicolás, Valbuena, Ruben, Van de Putte, Anton, van Havre, Basile, Wingate, Vladimir Ruslan, Wright, Elaine, and Torrelio, Carlos Zambrana

Published
2023
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9. High exposure of global tree diversity to human pressure

Author

Guo, Wen-Yong, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Schrodt, Franziska, Eiserhardt, Wolf L, Maitner, Brian S, Merow, Cory, Violle, Cyrille, Anand, Madhur, Belluau, Michaël, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A, Cerabolini, Bruno EL, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Cornelissen, J Hans C, Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, de Frutos, Angel, Dias, Arildo S, Giroldo, Aelton B, Guo, Kun, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G, Hattingh, Wesley, He, Tianhua, Hietz, Peter, Hough-Snee, Nate, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Klein, Tamir, Komac, Benjamin, Kraft, Nathan JB, Kramer, Koen, Lavorel, Sandra, Lusk, Christopher H, Martin, Adam R, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Michaletz, Sean T, Minden, Vanessa, Mori, Akira S, Niinemets, Ülo, Onoda, Yusuke, Peñuelas, Josep, Pillar, Valério D, Pisek, Jan, Robroek, Bjorn JM, Schamp, Brandon, Slot, Martijn, Sosinski, Ênio Egon, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A, Thiffault, Nelson, van Bodegom, Peter, van der Plas, Fons, Wright, Ian J, Xu, Wu-Bing, Zheng, Jingming, Enquist, Brian J, and Svenning, Jens-Christian

Subjects
Life on Land, Anthropogenic Effects, Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Humans, Phylogeny, Trees, biodiversity, conservation frameworks, land use, protected areas, tree species
Abstract

Safeguarding Earth's tree diversity is a conservation priority due to the importance of trees for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services such as carbon sequestration. Here, we improve the foundation for effective conservation of global tree diversity by analyzing a recently developed database of tree species covering 46,752 species. We quantify range protection and anthropogenic pressures for each species and develop conservation priorities across taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity dimensions. We also assess the effectiveness of several influential proposed conservation prioritization frameworks to protect the top 17% and top 50% of tree priority areas. We find that an average of 50.2% of a tree species' range occurs in 110-km grid cells without any protected areas (PAs), with 6,377 small-range tree species fully unprotected, and that 83% of tree species experience nonnegligible human pressure across their range on average. Protecting high-priority areas for the top 17% and 50% priority thresholds would increase the average protected proportion of each tree species' range to 65.5% and 82.6%, respectively, leaving many fewer species (2,151 and 2,010) completely unprotected. The priority areas identified for trees match well to the Global 200 Ecoregions framework, revealing that priority areas for trees would in large part also optimize protection for terrestrial biodiversity overall. Based on range estimates for >46,000 tree species, our findings show that a large proportion of tree species receive limited protection by current PAs and are under substantial human pressure. Improved protection of biodiversity overall would also strongly benefit global tree diversity.

Published
2022

10. Publisher Correction: Clarifying the effect of biodiversity on productivity in natural ecosystems with longitudinal data and methods for causal inference

Author

Dee, Laura E., Ferraro, Paul J., Severen, Christopher N., Kimmel, Kaitlin A., Borer, Elizabeth T., Byrnes, Jarrett E. K., Clark, Adam Thomas, Hautier, Yann, Hector, Andrew, Raynaud, Xavier, Reich, Peter B., Wright, Alexandra J., Arnillas, Carlos A., Davies, Kendi F., MacDougall, Andrew, Mori, Akira S., Smith, Melinda D., Adler, Peter B., Bakker, Jonathan D., Brauman, Kate A., Cowles, Jane, Komatsu, Kimberly, Knops, Johannes M. H., McCulley, Rebecca L., Moore, Joslin L., Morgan, John W., Ohlert, Timothy, Power, Sally A., Sullivan, Lauren L., Stevens, Carly, and Loreau, Michel

Published
2023
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12. Clarifying the effect of biodiversity on productivity in natural ecosystems with longitudinal data and methods for causal inference

Author

Dee, Laura E., Ferraro, Paul J., Severen, Christopher N., Kimmel, Kaitlin A., Borer, Elizabeth T., Byrnes, Jarrett E. K., Clark, Adam Thomas, Hautier, Yann, Hector, Andrew, Raynaud, Xavier, Reich, Peter B., Wright, Alexandra J., Arnillas, Carlos A., Davies, Kendi F., MacDougall, Andrew, Mori, Akira S., Smith, Melinda D., Adler, Peter B., Bakker, Jonathan D., Brauman, Kate A., Cowles, Jane, Komatsu, Kimberly, Knops, Johannes M. H., McCulley, Rebecca L., Moore, Joslin L., Morgan, John W., Ohlert, Timothy, Power, Sally A., Sullivan, Lauren L., Stevens, Carly, and Loreau, Michel

Published
2023
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14. Grand challenges in biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research in the era of science–policy platforms require explicit consideration of feedbacks

Author

O'Connor, Mary I, Mori, Akira S, Gonzalez, Andrew, Dee, Laura E, Loreau, Michel, Avolio, Meghan, Byrnes, Jarrett EK, Cheung, William, Cowles, Jane, Clark, Adam T, Hautier, Yann, Hector, Andrew, Komatsu, Kimberly, Newbold, Tim, Outhwaite, Charlotte L, Reich, Peter B, Seabloom, Eric, Williams, Laura, Wright, Alexandra, and Isbell, Forest

Subjects
Life on Land, Biodiversity, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Feedback, Humans, Policy, feedbacks, grand challenges, biodiversity, science-policy, ecosystem functioning, socioecological systems, science–policy, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract

Feedbacks are an essential feature of resilient socio-economic systems, yet the feedbacks between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human wellbeing are not fully accounted for in global policy efforts that consider future scenarios for human activities and their consequences for nature. Failure to integrate feedbacks in our knowledge frameworks exacerbates uncertainty in future projections and potentially prevents us from realizing the full benefits of actions we can take to enhance sustainability. We identify six scientific research challenges that, if addressed, could allow future policy, conservation and monitoring efforts to quantitatively account for ecosystem and societal consequences of biodiversity change. Placing feedbacks prominently in our frameworks would lead to (i) coordinated observation of biodiversity change, ecosystem functions and human actions, (ii) joint experiment and observation programmes, (iii) more effective use of emerging technologies in biodiversity science and policy, and (iv) a more inclusive and integrated global community of biodiversity observers. To meet these challenges, we outline a five-point action plan for collaboration and connection among scientists and policymakers that emphasizes diversity, inclusion and open access. Efforts to protect biodiversity require the best possible scientific understanding of human activities, biodiversity trends, ecosystem functions and-critically-the feedbacks among them.

Published
2021

15. Stories from the Field: Fostering Positive Peer Relationships

Author

Transforming Education, Cervantes, D. J., and Gutierrez, Akira S.

Abstract

In order to further understand what educators can do - and are doing - to build strong relationships, Transforming Education (TransformEd) has produced a series of briefs or "stories from the field" that are intended to share student and educator perspectives about developing and sustaining strong relationships within the classroom and throughout the school. These briefs emerged after a series of visits to school campuses across the country in which students reported having strong social-emotional skills and favorable perceptions of the school environment. The goal of these visits was to learn directly from students, teachers, and administrators about the practices and supports being implemented that may be leading to more favorable school culture and stronger student social-emotional competencies and mindsets. The briefs are grounded in student, teacher, and leader voice; present the latest research on the importance of building strong connections in the classroom and school; and provide additional resources that school teachers and leaders can easily implement in their schools to foster stronger relationships with students, among students, and with staff. This second brief focuses on ways teachers can support positive peer interactions in the classroom, through intentional relationship-building and social perspective-taking. It discusses the research on the importance of strong peer relationships, the perspectives of educators and students in the schools TransformEd visited, and evidence-based best practices for building positive peer relationships. [For the first brief in the series, "Stories from the Field: Building Strong Teacher-Student Relationships in the Classroom," see ED601206.]

Published
2019

16. Stories from the Field: Building Strong Teacher-Student Relationships in the Classroom

Author

Transforming Education, Gutierrez, Akira S., and Buckley, Katie H.

Abstract

In order to further understand what educators can do - and are doing - to build strong relationships, Transforming Education (TransformEd) has produced a series of briefs or "stories from the field" that are intended to share student and educator perspectives about developing and sustaining strong relationships within the classroom and throughout the school. The briefs emerged after a series of visits to school campuses across the country in which students reported having strong social-emotional skills and favorable perceptions of the school environment. The goal of these visits was to learn directly from students, teachers, and administrators about the practices and supports being implemented that may be leading to more favorable school culture and stronger student social-emotional competencies and mindsets. The briefs are grounded in student, teacher, and leader voice; present the latest research on the importance of building strong connections in the classroom and school; and provide additional resources that school teachers and leaders can easily implement in their schools to foster stronger relationships with students, among students, and with staff. This brief focuses on ways teachers can develop and sustain strong relationships with their students, based on the theoretical underpinnings of the importance of this component, the perspectives of educators and students in the schools TransformEd visited, and evidence-based best practices.

Published
2019

17. Centering Educators' Expertise: Learning about Innovative Approaches to Social-Emotional Learning from School Partners in the Boston Charter Research Collaborative

Author

Transforming Education, Harvard University, Center for Education Policy Research (CEPR), Gutierrez, Akira S., Krachman, Sara B., and Buckley, Katie H.

Abstract

Grounding research-practice partnerships in educators' expertise can offer us insight into innovative approaches that schools are using to foster student SEL. Our efforts in facilitating the Boston Charter Research Collaborative (BCRC) educator convenings align with the Aspen SEAD recommendations for forging strong, mutually-beneficial partnerships, and yield important insights about novel approaches, resources, and uses of data related to students' social-emotional development. In our latest working paper from the Boston Charter Research Collaborative, we share lessons learned and recommendations for putting educators at the forefront of research-practice partnerships. We also share strategies and resources in use by BCRC educators from Roxbury Preparatory Charter School, Match Charter Public School, KIPP Massachusetts, and Boston Collegiate Charter School.

Published
2019

18. Mindfulness in the Classroom: Learning from a School-Based Mindfulness Intervention through the Boston Charter Research Collaborative

Author

Transforming Education, Harvard University, Center for Education Policy Research (CEPR), Gutierrez, Akira S., Krachman, Sara B., Scherer, Ethan, West, Martin R., and Gabrieli, John D.

Abstract

This paper, authored in collaboration with researchers from Harvard University's Center for Education Policy Research and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, reviews findings from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) at a partner school, focused on understanding the effects of a direct-to-student intervention on students' mindfulness development. In the RCT (publication in press), middle school students were randomly selected to participate either in the mindfulness intervention or a coding training. About half of the students also took part in brain imaging before and after the intervention. We found that students who participated in the mindfulness program reported less perceived stress and demonstrated improvements in sustained attention. Brain imaging of participants also revealed less reactivity in the amygdala, a brain structure associated with emotion and stress. These findings suggest the potential value of mindfulness interventions for helping students manage stress and improve their attention, two skills related to self-regulation. The paper describes the study in greater detail and provides additional information about the role of mindfulness in education. We also include recommendations and resources for educators seeking to integrate mindfulness practices into the classroom.

Published
2019

19. Leaf-level coordination principles propagate to the ecosystem scale

Author

Ulisse Gomarasca, Mirco Migliavacca, Jens Kattge, Jacob A. Nelson, Ülo Niinemets, Christian Wirth, Alessandro Cescatti, Michael Bahn, Richard Nair, Alicia T. R. Acosta, M. Altaf Arain, Mirela Beloiu, T. Andrew Black, Hans Henrik Bruun, Solveig Franziska Bucher, Nina Buchmann, Chaeho Byun, Arnaud Carrara, Adriano Conte, Ana C. da Silva, Gregory Duveiller, Silvano Fares, Andreas Ibrom, Alexander Knohl, Benjamin Komac, Jean-Marc Limousin, Christopher H. Lusk, Miguel D. Mahecha, David Martini, Vanessa Minden, Leonardo Montagnani, Akira S. Mori, Yusuke Onoda, Josep Peñuelas, Oscar Perez-Priego, Peter Poschlod, Thomas L. Powell, Peter B. Reich, Ladislav Šigut, Peter M. van Bodegom, Sophia Walther, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ian J. Wright, and Markus Reichstein

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Fundamental axes of variation in plant traits result from trade-offs between costs and benefits of resource-use strategies at the leaf scale. However, it is unclear whether similar trade-offs propagate to the ecosystem level. Here, we test whether trait correlation patterns predicted by three well-known leaf- and plant-level coordination theories – the leaf economics spectrum, the global spectrum of plant form and function, and the least-cost hypothesis – are also observed between community mean traits and ecosystem processes. We combined ecosystem functional properties from FLUXNET sites, vegetation properties, and community mean plant traits into three corresponding principal component analyses. We find that the leaf economics spectrum (90 sites), the global spectrum of plant form and function (89 sites), and the least-cost hypothesis (82 sites) all propagate at the ecosystem level. However, we also find evidence of additional scale-emergent properties. Evaluating the coordination of ecosystem functional properties may aid the development of more realistic global dynamic vegetation models with critical empirical data, reducing the uncertainty of climate change projections.

Published
2023
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20. Vegetation as a key driver of the distribution of microbial generalists that in turn shapes the overall microbial community structure in the low Arctic tundra

Author

Shu-Kuan Wong, Yingshun Cui, Seong-Jun Chun, Ryo Kaneko, Shota Masumoto, Ryo Kitagawa, Akira S. Mori, An Suk Lim, and Masaki Uchida

Subjects
Tundra ecological network, Habitat generalist, Habitat specialist, Vascular plant, Tundra ecosystem, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Abstract Understanding the variability of microbial niches and their interaction with abiotic and biotic factors in the Arctic can provide valuable insights into microbial adaptations to extreme environments. This study investigates the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities obtained from sites with varying vegetation coverage and soil biogeochemical properties in the low Arctic tundra and explores how bacteria interact under different environmental parameters. Our findings reveal differences in bacterial composition and abundance among three bacterial niche breadths (specialists, common taxa, and generalists). Co-occurrence network analysis revealed Rhizobiales and Ktedonobacterales as keystone taxa that connect and support other microbes in the habitat. Low-elevation indicators, such as vascular plants and moisture content, were correlated with two out of three generalist modular hubs and were linked to a large proportion of generalists’ distribution (18%). Structural equation modeling revealed that generalists’ distribution, which influenced the remaining microbial communities, was mainly regulated by vegetation coverage as well as other abiotic and biotic factors. These results suggest that elevation-dependent environmental factors directly influence microbial community structure and module formation through the regulation of generalists’ distribution. Furthermore, the distribution of generalists was mainly affected by macroenvironment filtering, whereas the distribution of specialists was mainly affected by microenvironment filtering (species-engineered microbial niche construction). In summary, our findings highlight the strong top–down control exerted by vegetation on generalists’ distribution, which in turn shapes the overall microbial community structure in the low Arctic tundra.

Published
2023
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21. Clarifying the effect of biodiversity on productivity in natural ecosystems with longitudinal data and methods for causal inference

Author

Laura E. Dee, Paul J. Ferraro, Christopher N. Severen, Kaitlin A. Kimmel, Elizabeth T. Borer, Jarrett E. K. Byrnes, Adam Thomas Clark, Yann Hautier, Andrew Hector, Xavier Raynaud, Peter B. Reich, Alexandra J. Wright, Carlos A. Arnillas, Kendi F. Davies, Andrew MacDougall, Akira S. Mori, Melinda D. Smith, Peter B. Adler, Jonathan D. Bakker, Kate A. Brauman, Jane Cowles, Kimberly Komatsu, Johannes M. H. Knops, Rebecca L. McCulley, Joslin L. Moore, John W. Morgan, Timothy Ohlert, Sally A. Power, Lauren L. Sullivan, Carly Stevens, and Michel Loreau

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Causal effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions can be estimated using experimental or observational designs — designs that pose a tradeoff between drawing credible causal inferences from correlations and drawing generalizable inferences. Here, we develop a design that reduces this tradeoff and revisits the question of how plant species diversity affects productivity. Our design leverages longitudinal data from 43 grasslands in 11 countries and approaches borrowed from fields outside of ecology to draw causal inferences from observational data. Contrary to many prior studies, we estimate that increases in plot-level species richness caused productivity to decline: a 10% increase in richness decreased productivity by 2.4%, 95% CI [−4.1, −0.74]. This contradiction stems from two sources. First, prior observational studies incompletely control for confounding factors. Second, most experiments plant fewer rare and non-native species than exist in nature. Although increases in native, dominant species increased productivity, increases in rare and non-native species decreased productivity, making the average effect negative in our study. By reducing the tradeoff between experimental and observational designs, our study demonstrates how observational studies can complement prior ecological experiments and inform future ones.

Published
2023
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22. Author Correction: A global biodiversity observing system to unite monitoring and guide action

Author

Gonzalez, Andrew, Vihervaara, Petteri, Balvanera, Patricia, Bates, Amanda E., Bayraktarov, Elisa, Bellingham, Peter J., Bruder, Andreas, Campbell, Jillian, Catchen, Michael D., Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Chase, Jonathan, Coops, Nicholas, Costello, Mark J., Czúcz, Bálint, Delavaud, Aurélie, Dornelas, Maria, Dubois, Grégoire, Duffy, Emmett J., Eggermont, Hilde, Fernandez, Miguel, Fernandez, Nestor, Ferrier, Simon, Geller, Gary N., Gill, Michael, Gravel, Dominique, Guerra, Carlos A., Guralnick, Robert, Harfoot, Michael, Hirsch, Tim, Hoban, Sean, Hughes, Alice C., Hugo, Wim, Hunter, Margaret E., Isbell, Forest, Jetz, Walter, Juergens, Norbert, Kissling, W. Daniel, Krug, Cornelia B., Kullberg, Peter, Le Bras, Yvan, Leung, Brian, Londoño-Murcia, Maria Cecilia, Lord, Jean-Michel, Loreau, Michel, Luers, Amy, Ma, Keping, MacDonald, Anna J., Maes, Joachim, McGeoch, Melodie, Mihoub, Jean Baptiste, Millette, Katie L., Molnar, Zsolt, Montes, Enrique, Mori, Akira S., Muller-Karger, Frank E., Muraoka, Hiroyuki, Nakaoka, Masahiro, Navarro, Laetitia, Newbold, Tim, Niamir, Aidin, Obura, David, O’Connor, Mary, Paganini, Marc, Pelletier, Dominique, Pereira, Henrique, Poisot, Timothée, Pollock, Laura J., Purvis, Andy, Radulovici, Adriana, Rocchini, Duccio, Roeoesli, Claudia, Schaepman, Michael, Schaepman-Strub, Gabriela, Schmeller, Dirk S., Schmiedel, Ute, Schneider, Fabian D., Shakya, Mangal Man, Skidmore, Andrew, Skowno, Andrew L., Takeuchi, Yayioi, Tuanmu, Mao-Ning, Turak, Eren, Turner, Woody, Urban, Mark C., Urbina-Cardona, Nicolás, Valbuena, Ruben, Van de Putte, Anton, van Havre, Basile, Wingate, Vladimir Ruslan, Wright, Elaine, and Torrelio, Carlos Zambrana

Published
2023
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23. Insights from the Field: Facilitating Dialogue and Learning within a Research-Practice Partnership on Social-Emotional Learning. A Working Paper

Author

Transforming Education, Gutierrez, Akira S., and Krachman, Sara Bartolino

Abstract

The Boston Charter Research Collaborative (BCRC) is a multiyear research-practice partnership (RPP) among six high-performing charter management organizations (CMOs). These organizations combine their expertise to conduct research and improve practice to support the development of students' social-emotional competencies (SEC) and the cognitive skills that are not directly captured by academic assessments. Research suggests that the surveys used to assess students' SEC in the BCRC provide valid reports of student mindsets, skills, and habits. Further, student scores from those SEC surveys are predictive of both academic and behavioral outcomes, suggesting that SEC are important contributors to students' academic success. Considering the promising findings that have emerged thus far from this RPP, this white paper seeks to address challenges common among RPPs, including: (1) finding effective ways to bridge the research-practice gap by building a common language around using new types of data to address urgent problems of practices; and (2) facilitating practitioner-centered dialogue about the data and its implications. The authors found that it is valuable to engage in practitioner-focused conversations that are grounded in data while deeply leveraging practitioners' expertise. Doing so can help researchers and educators collaborate to share actionable insights with one another and identify additional questions that require further exploration.

Published
2018

24. Science education practices for deaf and hard-of-hearing students in Indonesia

Author

Atika Iva Nandya A., Putranta Himawan P., Kawai Norimune K., Hayashida Masashi H., and Shinkai Akira S.

Subjects
deaf and hard-of-hearing students, education practices, inclusive education, science education, Special aspects of education, LC8-6691
Abstract

Introduction. Traditionally, the curriculum for deaf learners mainly involved language acquisition at the expense of other academic subjects. Currently, their subjects also include other disciplines, like science, to enrich students' knowledge related to human life. Objective. This study aims to describe the implementation of school science practices and identifies the challenges in improving science education in special schools for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students as a guide for improving inclusive education of these students. Methods. The sample included four principals and six classroom science teachers from five DHH schools, using purposive sampling in the five schools that provide education for DHH students in three regencies of Regional V Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia. Data were gathered through interviews, field observations, and artifacts. Results. The teachers use various teaching strategies and rely on visual and handson activities for DHH students. The schools provide sign language interpreters and speech-development programs as support for teachers and DHH students. All teachers need professional development in teaching collaboration opportunities to develop their expertise in teaching DHH students. The policy implementation, instructional strategies, resources, and teacher qualifications were found to be extrinsic factors. Conclusion. The teachers need support from the government to include them in relevant training programs and prepare teachers with special or inclusive education knowledge by adding courses in university-level education for all prospective teachers. The results are insightful for DHH students, science educators, and policymakers.

Published
2023
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27. Global relationships in tree functional traits

Author

Daniel S. Maynard, Lalasia Bialic-Murphy, Constantin M. Zohner, Colin Averill, Johan van den Hoogen, Haozhi Ma, Lidong Mo, Gabriel Reuben Smith, Alicia T. R. Acosta, Isabelle Aubin, Erika Berenguer, Coline C. F. Boonman, Jane A. Catford, Bruno E. L. Cerabolini, Arildo S. Dias, Andrés González-Melo, Peter Hietz, Christopher H. Lusk, Akira S. Mori, Ülo Niinemets, Valério D. Pillar, Bruno X. Pinho, Julieta A. Rosell, Frank M. Schurr, Serge N. Sheremetev, Ana Carolina da Silva, Ênio Sosinski, Peter M. van Bodegom, Evan Weiher, Gerhard Bönisch, Jens Kattge, and Thomas W. Crowther

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Understanding patterns in woody plant trait relationships and trade-offs is challenging. Here, by applying machine learning and data imputation methods to a global database of georeferenced trait measurements, the authors unravel key relationships in tree functional traits at the global scale.

Published
2022
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28. Dimensions of invasiveness : Links between local abundance, geographic range size, and habitat breadth in Europe’s alien and native floras

Author

Fristoe, Trevor S., Chytrý, Milan, Dawson, Wayne, Essl, Franz, Heleno, Ruben, Kreft, Holger, Maurel, Noëlie, Pergl, Jan, Pyšek, Petr, Seebens, Hanno, Weigelt, Patrick, Vargas, Pablo, Yang, Qiang, Attorre, Fabio, Bergmeier, Erwin, Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Biurrun, Idoia, Boch, Steffen, Bonari, Gianmaria, Botta-Dukát, Zoltán, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Čarni, Andraž, Carranza, Maria Laura, Catford, Jane A., Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Ciccarellia, Daniela, Ćušterevskab, Renata, de Rondec, Iris, Dengler, Jürgen, Golub, Valentin, Haveman, Rense, Hough-Snee, Nate, Jandt, Ute, Jansen, Florian, Kuzemko, Anna, Küzmič, Filip, Lenoir, Jonathan, Macanović, Armin, Marcenò, Corrado, Martin, Adam R., Michaletz, Sean T., Mori, Akira S., Niinemets, Ülo, Peterka, Tomáš, Pielech, Remigiusz, Rašomavičius, Valerijus, Rūsiņa, Solvita, Dias, Arildo S., Šibíková, Mária, Šilc, Urban, Stanisci, Angela, Jansen, Steven, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Swacha, Grzegorz, van der Plas, Fons, Vassilev, Kiril, and van Kleunen, Mark

Published
2021

29. Global relationships in tree functional traits

Author

Maynard, Daniel S., Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia, Zohner, Constantin M., Averill, Colin, van den Hoogen, Johan, Ma, Haozhi, Mo, Lidong, Smith, Gabriel Reuben, Acosta, Alicia T. R., Aubin, Isabelle, Berenguer, Erika, Boonman, Coline C. F., Catford, Jane A., Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., Dias, Arildo S., González-Melo, Andrés, Hietz, Peter, Lusk, Christopher H., Mori, Akira S., Niinemets, Ülo, Pillar, Valério D., Pinho, Bruno X., Rosell, Julieta A., Schurr, Frank M., Sheremetev, Serge N., da Silva, Ana Carolina, Sosinski, Ênio, van Bodegom, Peter M., Weiher, Evan, Bönisch, Gerhard, Kattge, Jens, and Crowther, Thomas W.

Published
2022
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31. Beyond resilience: Responses to changing climate and disturbance regimes in temperate forest landscapes across the Northern Hemisphere.

Author

Dollinger, Christina, Rammer, Werner, Suzuki, Kureha F., Braziunas, Kristin H., Keller, Timon T., Kobayashi, Yuta, Mohr, Johannes, Mori, Akira S., Turner, Monica G., and Seidl, Rupert

Subjects
CLIMATE change mitigation, FOREST resilience, ECOLOGICAL disturbances, TEMPERATE forests, FOREST dynamics
Abstract

Copyright of Global Change Biology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2024
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32. Forest monitoring data of 45 plots across the Japanese archipelago during 1980–2021

Author

Yoshikawa, Tetsuro, primary, Totsu, Kumiko, additional, Takeuchi, Yayoi, additional, Kadoya, Taku, additional, Enoki, Tsutomu, additional, Fujii, Sakae, additional, Fukamachi, Atsuko S., additional, Hirota, Mitsuru, additional, Hoshizaki, Kazuhiko, additional, Iiyama, Naoki, additional, Ishikawa, Yukio, additional, Itô, Hiroki, additional, Kobayashi, Hajime, additional, Kohyama, Takashi S., additional, Konno, Yasuo, additional, Makita, Akifumi, additional, Mori, Akira S., additional, Nagamatsu, Dai, additional, Nakashizuka, Tohru, additional, Namikawa, Kanji, additional, Noguchi, Mahoko, additional, Sakimoto, Michinori, additional, Ozaki, Yoshinobu, additional, Seino, Tatsuyuki, additional, Sugita, Hisashi, additional, Suzuki, Jun‐Ichirou, additional, Suzuki, Ryo O., additional, Suzuki, Satoshi N., additional, Takahashi, Koichi, additional, Tateno, Ryunosuke, additional, Watanabe, Ryuichi, additional, Yamashita, Tamon, additional, Yoshida, Tomohiro, additional, Ishihara, Masae I., additional, Kenta, Tanaka, additional, Nakamura, Masahiro, additional, and Hiura, Tsutom, additional

Published
2024
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33. Prolonged impacts of past agriculture and ungulate overabundance on soil fungal communities in restored forests

Author

Shinichi Tatsumi, Shunsuke Matsuoka, Saori Fujii, Kobayashi Makoto, Takashi Osono, Forest Isbell, and Akira S. Mori

Subjects
biotic homogenization, community assembly, DNA metabarcoding, ecosystem restoration, forest biodiversity, soil microbes, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Microbial ecology, QR100-130
Abstract

Abstract Soil fungi can help improve ecosystem restoration, yet our understanding of how they reassemble in degraded land is limited. Here, using DNA metabarcoding, we studied the fungal community structure in reforested sites following agricultural abandonment and ungulate overabundance. Two treatments, namely “reforestation using different numbers of tree species” and “deer exclusion,” have been applied for multiple decades in the study sites. We found that local fungal richness (alpha diversity) and total fungal richness (gamma diversity) were 1.9–2.9 and 1.3–1.9 times greater, respectively, in reforested stands than in natural forests. These results were regardless of the number of tree species planted in the reforested stands. Conversely, reforested stands had a spatially homogenized community structure with relatively lower degrees of compositional dissimilarity among sites within each stand (beta diversity). These findings were attributable to lower environmental heterogeneity, stronger dispersal limitation, and a comparatively shorter time since the onset of community assembly in reforested stands. Deer exclosures had no detectable effect on fungal community structure. Overall, the agricultural legacy in fungal community structure appears to have persisted for decades, even under proactive restoration of aboveground vegetation. Direct human intervention belowground may therefore be necessary for the recovery of soil biota once altered.

Published
2021
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36. Publisher Correction: Clarifying the effect of biodiversity on productivity in natural ecosystems with longitudinal data and methods for causal inference

Author

Laura E. Dee, Paul J. Ferraro, Christopher N. Severen, Kaitlin A. Kimmel, Elizabeth T. Borer, Jarrett E. K. Byrnes, Adam Thomas Clark, Yann Hautier, Andrew Hector, Xavier Raynaud, Peter B. Reich, Alexandra J. Wright, Carlos A. Arnillas, Kendi F. Davies, Andrew MacDougall, Akira S. Mori, Melinda D. Smith, Peter B. Adler, Jonathan D. Bakker, Kate A. Brauman, Jane Cowles, Kimberly Komatsu, Johannes M. H. Knops, Rebecca L. McCulley, Joslin L. Moore, John W. Morgan, Timothy Ohlert, Sally A. Power, Lauren L. Sullivan, Carly Stevens, and Michel Loreau

Subjects
Science
Published
2023
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42. Decoupled phylogenetic and functional diversity in European grasslands

Author

Večeřa, Martin, Axmanová, Irena, Chytrý, Milan, Divíšek, Jan, Ndiribe, Charlotte, Velasco Mones, Gonzalo, Čeplová, Natálie, Aćić, Svetlana, Bahn, Michael, Bergamini, Ariel, Boenisch, Gerhard, Biurrun, Idoia, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A., Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., Cornelissen, Johannes H. C., Dengler, Jürgen, Jansen, Florian, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Kozub, Łukasz, Kuzemko, Anna, Minden, Vanessa, Mitchell, Rachel M., Moeslund, Jesper E., Mori, Akira S., Niinemets, Ülo, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rūsiņa, Solvita, Šilc, Urban, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., van Bodegom, Peter M., Vassilev, Kiril, Weiher, Evan, Wright, Ian J., Lososová, Zdeňka, Večeřa, Martin, Axmanová, Irena, Chytrý, Milan, Divíšek, Jan, Ndiribe, Charlotte, Velasco Mones, Gonzalo, Čeplová, Natálie, Aćić, Svetlana, Bahn, Michael, Bergamini, Ariel, Boenisch, Gerhard, Biurrun, Idoia, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Byun, Chaeho, Catford, Jane A., Cerabolini, Bruno E. L., Cornelissen, Johannes H. C., Dengler, Jürgen, Jansen, Florian, Jansen, Steven, Kattge, Jens, Kozub, Łukasz, Kuzemko, Anna, Minden, Vanessa, Mitchell, Rachel M., Moeslund, Jesper E., Mori, Akira S., Niinemets, Ülo, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rūsiņa, Solvita, Šilc, Urban, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., van Bodegom, Peter M., Vassilev, Kiril, Weiher, Evan, Wright, Ian J., and Lososová, Zdeňka

Abstract

The relationship between phylogenetic diversity (PD) and functional diversity (FD) is important for understanding the mechanisms of community assembly. The traditional view assumes a coupled (positively correlated) relationship between these two diversity measures, suggesting that competitive exclusion and environmental filtering are important drivers of both phylogenetic and functional structure of communities. In contrast, there is evidence that communities might deviate from this pattern, exhibiting either phylogenetic overdispersion connected with trait convergence (decoupled PD) or functional overdispersion connected with phylogenetic clustering (decoupled FD). In this study, we examined the relationship between PD and FD within vascular-plant communities in European grasslands, focusing on decoupled PD-FD patterns. We hypothesized that the decoupled patterns are connected with past or current environmental changes and are rarer in comparison with the coupled PD-FD pattern, reflecting long-term relatively stable environments. We used 81,484 plots (communities) of European dry, mesic, wet and alpine grasslands, containing 4,119 angiosperm species, and data on six functional traits relevant for different plant functions and habitats (plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content, seed mass and lateral spreading distance). Functional diversity was evaluated in two ways – as a single combined measure and as variability in each trait separately. We found various PD-FD patterns across different habitats, traits and regions, with the coupled pattern widespread but not universal. In many communities, we detected the tendency towards decoupled PD, likely caused by environmental filtering of phylogenetically diverse species pools. This was most pronounced in dry grasslands, and also in wet and alpine grasslands when FD based on plant height, leaf area or seed mass was considered. In contrast, the tendency towards decoupled FD was detected only in mes

Published
2024

43. Hill–Chao numbers allow decomposing gamma multifunctionality into alpha and beta components

Author

Chao, Anne, Chiu, Chun Huo, Hu, Kai Hsiang, van der Plas, Fons, Cadotte, Marc W., Mitesser, Oliver, Thorn, Simon, Mori, Akira S., Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Eisenhauer, Nico, Bässler, Claus, Delory, Benjamin M., Feldhaar, Heike, Fichtner, Andreas, Hothorn, Torsten, Peters, Marcell K., Pierick, Kerstin, von Oheimb, Goddert, Müller, Jörg, Chao, Anne, Chiu, Chun Huo, Hu, Kai Hsiang, van der Plas, Fons, Cadotte, Marc W., Mitesser, Oliver, Thorn, Simon, Mori, Akira S., Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Eisenhauer, Nico, Bässler, Claus, Delory, Benjamin M., Feldhaar, Heike, Fichtner, Andreas, Hothorn, Torsten, Peters, Marcell K., Pierick, Kerstin, von Oheimb, Goddert, and Müller, Jörg

Abstract

Biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) research has provided strong evidence and mechanistic underpinnings to support positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning, from single to multiple functions. This research has provided knowledge gained mainly at the local alpha scale (i.e. within ecosystems), but the increasing homogenization of landscapes in the Anthropocene has raised the potential that declining biodiversity at the beta (across ecosystems) and gamma scales is likely to also impact ecosystem functioning. Drawing on biodiversity theory, we propose a new statistical framework based on Hill–Chao numbers. The framework allows decomposition of multifunctionality at gamma scales into alpha and beta components, a critical but hitherto missing tool in BEF research; it also allows weighting of individual ecosystem functions. Through the proposed decomposition, new BEF results for beta and gamma scales are discovered. Our novel approach is applicable across ecosystems and connects local- and landscape-scale BEF assessments from experiments to natural settings.

Published
2024

44. Hill-Chao numbers allow decomposing gamma multifunctionality into alpha and beta components

Author

Chao, Anne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-8101, Chiu, Chun-Huo; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7096-2278, Hu, Kai-Hsiang, van der Plas, Fons; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4680-543X, Cadotte, Marc W; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5816-7693, Mitesser, Oliver; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3607-877X, Thorn, Simon; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-3060, Mori, Akira S; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8422-1198, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-590X, Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720, Bässler, Claus; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8177-8997, Delory, Benjamin M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1190-8060, Feldhaar, Heike; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-5126, Fichtner, Andreas; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0499-4893, Hothorn, Torsten; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-0471, Peters, Marcell K; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-0827, Pierick, Kerstin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1313-4601, von Oheimb, Goddert; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7408-425X, Müller, Jörg; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1409-1586, Chao, Anne; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-8101, Chiu, Chun-Huo; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7096-2278, Hu, Kai-Hsiang, van der Plas, Fons; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4680-543X, Cadotte, Marc W; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5816-7693, Mitesser, Oliver; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3607-877X, Thorn, Simon; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-3060, Mori, Akira S; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8422-1198, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9566-590X, Eisenhauer, Nico; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-6720, Bässler, Claus; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8177-8997, Delory, Benjamin M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1190-8060, Feldhaar, Heike; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-5126, Fichtner, Andreas; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0499-4893, Hothorn, Torsten; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-0471, Peters, Marcell K; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-0827, Pierick, Kerstin; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1313-4601, von Oheimb, Goddert; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7408-425X, and Müller, Jörg; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1409-1586

Abstract

Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research has provided strong evidence and mechanistic underpinnings to support positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning, from single to multiple functions. This research has provided knowledge gained mainly at the local alpha scale (i.e. within ecosystems), but the increasing homogenization of landscapes in the Anthropocene has raised the potential that declining biodiversity at the beta (across ecosystems) and gamma scales is likely to also impact ecosystem functioning. Drawing on biodiversity theory, we propose a new statistical framework based on Hill-Chao numbers. The framework allows decomposition of multifunctionality at gamma scales into alpha and beta components, a critical but hitherto missing tool in BEF research; it also allows weighting of individual ecosystem functions. Through the proposed decomposition, new BEF results for beta and gamma scales are discovered. Our novel approach is applicable across ecosystems and connects local- and landscape-scale BEF assessments from experiments to natural settings.

Published
2024

45. Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally

Author

Smith, Melinda D., Wilkins, Kate D., Holdrege, Martin C., Wilfahrt, Peter, Collins, Scott L., Knapp, Alan K., Sala, Osvaldo E., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Phillips, Richard P., Yahdjian, Laura, Gherardi, Laureano A., Ohlert, Timothy, Beier, Claus, Fraser, Lauchlan H., Jentsch, Anke, Loik, Michael E., Maestre, Fernando T., Power, Sally A., Yu, Qiang, Felton, Andrew J., Munson, Seth M., Luo, Yiqi, Abdoli, Hamed, Abedi, Mehdi, Alados, Concepción L., Alberti, Juan, Alon, Moshe, An, Hui, Anacker, Brian, Anderson, Maggie, Auge, Harald, Bachle, Seton, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Batbaatar, Amgaa, Bauerle, Taryn, Beard, Karen H., Behn, Kai, Beil, Ilka, Biancari, Lucio, Blindow, Irmgard, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, Borer, Elizabeth T., Bork, Edward W., Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, Byrne, Kerry M., Cahill, James F., Calvo, Dianela A., Carbognani, Michele, Cardoni, Augusto, Carlyle, Cameron N., Castillo-Garcia, Miguel, Chang, Scott X., Chieppa, Jeff, Cianciaruso, Marcus V., Cohen, Ofer, Cordeiro, Amanda L., Cusack, Daniela F., Dahlke, Sven, Daleo, Pedro, D'Antonio, Carla M., Dietterich, Lee H., Doherty, Tim S., Dubbert, Maren, Ebeling, Anne, Eisenhauer, Nico, Fischer, Felícia M., Forte, Tai G.W., Gebauer, Tobias, Gozalo, Beatriz, Greenville, Aaron C., Guidoni-Martins, Karlo G., Hannusch, Heather J., Haugum, Siri Vatsø, Hautier, Yann, Hefting, Mariet, Henry, Hugh A.L., Hoss, Daniela, Iribarne, Oscar, Isbell, Forest, Johnson, Yari, Jordan, Samuel, Kelly, Eugene F., Kimmel, Kaitlin, Kreyling, Juergen, Kröel-Dulay, György, Ingrisch, Johannes, Kröpfl, Alicia, Kübert, Angelika, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Lamb, Eric G., Larsen, Klaus Steenberg, Larson, Julie, Leder, Cintia V., Linstädter, Anja, Liu, Jielin, Liu, Shirong, Lodge, Alexandra G., Longo, Grisel, Loydi, Alejandro, Luan, Junwei, Lawson, Jason, Lubbe, Frederick Curtis, Macfarlane, Craig, Mackie-Haas, Kathleen, Malyshev, Andrey V., Maturano-Ruiz, Adrián, Merchant, Thomas, Metcalfe, Daniel B., Mori, Akira S., Mudongo, Edwin, Newman, Gregory S., Nielsen, Uffe N., Nimmo, Dale, Niu, Yujie, Nobre, Paola, O'Connor, Rory C., Ogaya, Romà, Oñatibia, Gastón R., Orbán, Ildikó, Osborne, Brooke, Otfinowski, Rafael, Pärtel, Meelis, Penuelas, Josep, Peri, Pablo L., Peter, Guadalupe, Petraglia, Alessandro, Picon-Cochard, Catherine, Pillar, Valério D., Piñeiro-Guerra, Juan Manuel, Ploughe, Laura W., Plowes, Robert M., Portales-Reyes, Cristy, Prober, Suzanne M., Pueyo, Yolanda, Reed, Sasha C., Ritchie, Euan G., Rodríguez, Dana Aylén, Rogers, William E., Roscher, Christiane, Sánchez, Ana M., Santos, Bráulio A., Scarfó, María Cecilia, Seabloom, Eric W., Shi, Baoku, Souza, Lara, Stampfli, Andreas, Standish, Rachel J., Sternberg, Marcelo, Sun, Wei, Sünnemann, Marie, Tedder, Michelle, Thorvaldsen, Pål, Tian, Dashuan, Tielbörger, Katja, Valdecantos, Alejandro, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vankoughnett, Mathew R., Velle, Liv Guri, Wang, Changhui, Wang, Yi, Wardle, Glenda M., Werner, Christiane, Wei, Cunzheng, Wiehl, Georg, Williams, Jennifer L., Wolf, Amelia A., Zeiter, Michaela, Zhang, Fawei, Zhu, Juntao, Zong, Ning, Zuo, Xiaoan, Smith, Melinda D., Wilkins, Kate D., Holdrege, Martin C., Wilfahrt, Peter, Collins, Scott L., Knapp, Alan K., Sala, Osvaldo E., Dukes, Jeffrey S., Phillips, Richard P., Yahdjian, Laura, Gherardi, Laureano A., Ohlert, Timothy, Beier, Claus, Fraser, Lauchlan H., Jentsch, Anke, Loik, Michael E., Maestre, Fernando T., Power, Sally A., Yu, Qiang, Felton, Andrew J., Munson, Seth M., Luo, Yiqi, Abdoli, Hamed, Abedi, Mehdi, Alados, Concepción L., Alberti, Juan, Alon, Moshe, An, Hui, Anacker, Brian, Anderson, Maggie, Auge, Harald, Bachle, Seton, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Batbaatar, Amgaa, Bauerle, Taryn, Beard, Karen H., Behn, Kai, Beil, Ilka, Biancari, Lucio, Blindow, Irmgard, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, Borer, Elizabeth T., Bork, Edward W., Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, Byrne, Kerry M., Cahill, James F., Calvo, Dianela A., Carbognani, Michele, Cardoni, Augusto, Carlyle, Cameron N., Castillo-Garcia, Miguel, Chang, Scott X., Chieppa, Jeff, Cianciaruso, Marcus V., Cohen, Ofer, Cordeiro, Amanda L., Cusack, Daniela F., Dahlke, Sven, Daleo, Pedro, D'Antonio, Carla M., Dietterich, Lee H., Doherty, Tim S., Dubbert, Maren, Ebeling, Anne, Eisenhauer, Nico, Fischer, Felícia M., Forte, Tai G.W., Gebauer, Tobias, Gozalo, Beatriz, Greenville, Aaron C., Guidoni-Martins, Karlo G., Hannusch, Heather J., Haugum, Siri Vatsø, Hautier, Yann, Hefting, Mariet, Henry, Hugh A.L., Hoss, Daniela, Iribarne, Oscar, Isbell, Forest, Johnson, Yari, Jordan, Samuel, Kelly, Eugene F., Kimmel, Kaitlin, Kreyling, Juergen, Kröel-Dulay, György, Ingrisch, Johannes, Kröpfl, Alicia, Kübert, Angelika, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Lamb, Eric G., Larsen, Klaus Steenberg, Larson, Julie, Leder, Cintia V., Linstädter, Anja, Liu, Jielin, Liu, Shirong, Lodge, Alexandra G., Longo, Grisel, Loydi, Alejandro, Luan, Junwei, Lawson, Jason, Lubbe, Frederick Curtis, Macfarlane, Craig, Mackie-Haas, Kathleen, Malyshev, Andrey V., Maturano-Ruiz, Adrián, Merchant, Thomas, Metcalfe, Daniel B., Mori, Akira S., Mudongo, Edwin, Newman, Gregory S., Nielsen, Uffe N., Nimmo, Dale, Niu, Yujie, Nobre, Paola, O'Connor, Rory C., Ogaya, Romà, Oñatibia, Gastón R., Orbán, Ildikó, Osborne, Brooke, Otfinowski, Rafael, Pärtel, Meelis, Penuelas, Josep, Peri, Pablo L., Peter, Guadalupe, Petraglia, Alessandro, Picon-Cochard, Catherine, Pillar, Valério D., Piñeiro-Guerra, Juan Manuel, Ploughe, Laura W., Plowes, Robert M., Portales-Reyes, Cristy, Prober, Suzanne M., Pueyo, Yolanda, Reed, Sasha C., Ritchie, Euan G., Rodríguez, Dana Aylén, Rogers, William E., Roscher, Christiane, Sánchez, Ana M., Santos, Bráulio A., Scarfó, María Cecilia, Seabloom, Eric W., Shi, Baoku, Souza, Lara, Stampfli, Andreas, Standish, Rachel J., Sternberg, Marcelo, Sun, Wei, Sünnemann, Marie, Tedder, Michelle, Thorvaldsen, Pål, Tian, Dashuan, Tielbörger, Katja, Valdecantos, Alejandro, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vankoughnett, Mathew R., Velle, Liv Guri, Wang, Changhui, Wang, Yi, Wardle, Glenda M., Werner, Christiane, Wei, Cunzheng, Wiehl, Georg, Williams, Jennifer L., Wolf, Amelia A., Zeiter, Michaela, Zhang, Fawei, Zhu, Juntao, Zong, Ning, and Zuo, Xiaoan

Abstract

Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of short-term (~1 y) drought events—the most common duration of drought—globally. Yet the impact of this intensification of drought on ecosystem functioning remains poorly resolved. This is due in part to the widely disparate approaches ecologists have employed to study drought, variation in the severity and duration of drought studied, and differences among ecosystems in vegetation, edaphic and climatic attributes that can mediate drought impacts. To overcome these problems and better identify the factors that modulate drought responses, we used a coordinated distributed experiment to quantify the impact of short-term drought on grassland and shrubland ecosystems. With a standardized approach, we imposed ~a single year of drought at 100 sites on six continents. Here we show that loss of a foundational ecosystem function—aboveground net primary production (ANPP)—was 60% greater at sites that experienced statistically extreme drought (1-in-100-y event) vs. those sites where drought was nominal (historically more common) in magnitude (35% vs. 21%, respectively). This reduction in a key carbon cycle process with a single year of extreme drought greatly exceeds previously reported losses for grasslands and shrublands. Our global experiment also revealed high variability in drought response but that relative reductions in ANPP were greater in drier ecosystems and those with fewer plant species. Overall, our results demonstrate with unprecedented rigor that the global impacts of projected increases in drought severity have been significantly underestimated and that drier and less diverse sites are likely to be most vulnerable to extreme drought., Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of short-term (~1 y) drought events—the most common duration of drought—globally. Yet the impact of this intensification of drought on ecosystem functioning remains poorly resolved. This is due in part to the widely disparate approaches ecologists have employed to study drought, variation in the severity and duration of drought studied, and differences among ecosystems in vegetation, edaphic and climatic attributes that can mediate drought impacts. To overcome these problems and better identify the factors that modulate drought responses, we used a coordinated distributed experiment to quantify the impact of short-term drought on grassland and shrubland ecosystems. With a standardized approach, we imposed ~a single year of drought at 100 sites on six continents. Here we show that loss of a foundational ecosystem function—aboveground net primary production (ANPP)—was 60% greater at sites that experienced statistically extreme drought (1-in-100-y event) vs. those sites where drought was nominal (historically more common) in magnitude (35% vs. 21%, respectively). This reduction in a key carbon cycle process with a single year of extreme drought greatly exceeds previously reported losses for grasslands and shrublands. Our global experiment also revealed high variability in drought response but that relative reductions in ANPP were greater in drier ecosystems and those with fewer plant species. Overall, our results demonstrate with unprecedented rigor that the global impacts of projected increases in drought severity have been significantly underestimated and that drier and less diverse sites are likely to be most vulnerable to extreme drought.

Published
2024

47. Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally

Author

Smith, Melinda D., primary, Wilkins, Kate D., additional, Holdrege, Martin C., additional, Wilfahrt, Peter, additional, Collins, Scott L., additional, Knapp, Alan K., additional, Sala, Osvaldo E., additional, Dukes, Jeffrey S., additional, Phillips, Richard P., additional, Yahdjian, Laura, additional, Gherardi, Laureano A., additional, Ohlert, Timothy, additional, Beier, Claus, additional, Fraser, Lauchlan H., additional, Jentsch, Anke, additional, Loik, Michael E., additional, Maestre, Fernando T., additional, Power, Sally A., additional, Yu, Qiang, additional, Felton, Andrew J., additional, Munson, Seth M., additional, Luo, Yiqi, additional, Abdoli, Hamed, additional, Abedi, Mehdi, additional, Alados, Concepción L., additional, Alberti, Juan, additional, Alon, Moshe, additional, An, Hui, additional, Anacker, Brian, additional, Anderson, Maggie, additional, Auge, Harald, additional, Bachle, Seton, additional, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, additional, Bahn, Michael, additional, Batbaatar, Amgaa, additional, Bauerle, Taryn, additional, Beard, Karen H., additional, Behn, Kai, additional, Beil, Ilka, additional, Biancari, Lucio, additional, Blindow, Irmgard, additional, Bondaruk, Viviana Florencia, additional, Borer, Elizabeth T., additional, Bork, Edward W., additional, Bruschetti, Carlos Martin, additional, Byrne, Kerry M., additional, Cahill Jr., James F., additional, Calvo, Dianela A., additional, Carbognani, Michele, additional, Cardoni, Augusto, additional, Carlyle, Cameron N., additional, Castillo-Garcia, Miguel, additional, Chang, Scott X., additional, Chieppa, Jeff, additional, Cianciaruso, Marcus V., additional, Cohen, Ofer, additional, Cordeiro, Amanda L., additional, Cusack, Daniela F., additional, Dahlke, Sven, additional, Daleo, Pedro, additional, D'Antonio, Carla M., additional, Dietterich, Lee H., additional, S. Doherty, Tim, additional, Dubbert, Maren, additional, Ebeling, Anne, additional, Eisenhauer, Nico, additional, Fischer, Felícia M., additional, Forte, T'ai G. W., additional, Gebauer, Tobias, additional, Gozalo, Beatriz, additional, Greenville, Aaron C., additional, Guidoni-Martins, Karlo G., additional, Hannusch, Heather J., additional, Vatsø Haugum, Siri, additional, Hautier, Yann, additional, Hefting, Mariet, additional, Henry, Hugh A. L., additional, Hoss, Daniela, additional, Ingrisch, Johannes, additional, Iribarne, Oscar, additional, Isbell, Forest, additional, Johnson, Yari, additional, Jordan, Samuel, additional, Kelly, Eugene F., additional, Kimmel, Kaitlin, additional, Kreyling, Juergen, additional, Kröel-Dulay, György, additional, Kröpfl, Alicia, additional, Kübert, Angelika, additional, Kulmatiski, Andrew, additional, Lamb, Eric G., additional, Larsen, Klaus Steenberg, additional, Larson, Julie, additional, Lawson, Jason, additional, Leder, Cintia V., additional, Linstädter, Anja, additional, Liu, Jielin, additional, Liu, Shirong, additional, Lodge, Alexandra G., additional, Longo, Grisel, additional, Loydi, Alejandro, additional, Luan, Junwei, additional, Curtis Lubbe, Frederick, additional, Macfarlane, Craig, additional, Mackie-Haas, Kathleen, additional, Malyshev, Andrey V., additional, Maturano-Ruiz, Adrián, additional, Merchant, Thomas, additional, Metcalfe, Daniel B., additional, Mori, Akira S., additional, Mudongo, Edwin, additional, Newman, Gregory S., additional, Nielsen, Uffe N., additional, Nimmo, Dale, additional, Niu, Yujie, additional, Nobre, Paola, additional, O'Connor, Rory C., additional, Ogaya, Romà, additional, Oñatibia, Gastón R., additional, Orbán, Ildikó, additional, Osborne, Brooke, additional, Otfinowski, Rafael, additional, Pärtel, Meelis, additional, Penuelas, Josep, additional, Peri, Pablo L., additional, Peter, Guadalupe, additional, Petraglia, Alessandro, additional, Picon-Cochard, Catherine, additional, Pillar, Valério D., additional, Piñeiro-Guerra, Juan Manuel, additional, Ploughe, Laura W., additional, Plowes, Robert M., additional, Portales-Reyes, Cristy, additional, Prober, Suzanne M., additional, Pueyo, Yolanda, additional, Reed, Sasha C., additional, Ritchie, Euan G., additional, Rodríguez, Dana Aylén, additional, Rogers, William E., additional, Roscher, Christiane, additional, Sánchez, Ana M., additional, Santos, Bráulio A., additional, Cecilia Scarfó, María, additional, Seabloom, Eric W., additional, Shi, Baoku, additional, Souza, Lara, additional, Stampfli, Andreas, additional, Standish, Rachel J., additional, Sternberg, Marcelo, additional, Sun, Wei, additional, Sünnemann, Marie, additional, Tedder, Michelle, additional, Thorvaldsen, Pål, additional, Tian, Dashuan, additional, Tielbörger, Katja, additional, Valdecantos, Alejandro, additional, van den Brink, Liesbeth, additional, Vandvik, Vigdis, additional, Vankoughnett, Mathew R., additional, Guri Velle, Liv, additional, Wang, Changhui, additional, Wang, Yi, additional, Wardle, Glenda M., additional, Werner, Christiane, additional, Wei, Cunzheng, additional, Wiehl, Georg, additional, Williams, Jennifer L., additional, Wolf, Amelia A., additional, Zeiter, Michaela, additional, Zhang, Fawei, additional, Zhu, Juntao, additional, Zong, Ning, additional, and Zuo, Xiaoan, additional

Published
2024
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48. Hill–Chao numbers allow decomposing gamma multifunctionality into alpha and beta components

Author

Chao, Anne, primary, Chiu, Chun‐Huo, additional, Hu, Kai‐Hsiang, additional, van der Plas, Fons, additional, Cadotte, Marc W., additional, Mitesser, Oliver, additional, Thorn, Simon, additional, Mori, Akira S., additional, Scherer‐Lorenzen, Michael, additional, Eisenhauer, Nico, additional, Bässler, Claus, additional, Delory, Benjamin M., additional, Feldhaar, Heike, additional, Fichtner, Andreas, additional, Hothorn, Torsten, additional, Peters, Marcell K., additional, Pierick, Kerstin, additional, von Oheimb, Goddert, additional, and Müller, Jörg, additional

Published
2023
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50. General destabilizing effects of eutrophication on grassland productivity at multiple spatial scales

Author

Yann Hautier, Pengfei Zhang, Michel Loreau, Kevin R. Wilcox, Eric W. Seabloom, Elizabeth T. Borer, Jarrett E. K. Byrnes, Sally E. Koerner, Kimberly J. Komatsu, Jonathan S. Lefcheck, Andy Hector, Peter B. Adler, Juan Alberti, Carlos A. Arnillas, Jonathan D. Bakker, Lars A. Brudvig, Miguel N. Bugalho, Marc Cadotte, Maria C. Caldeira, Oliver Carroll, Mick Crawley, Scott L. Collins, Pedro Daleo, Laura E. Dee, Nico Eisenhauer, Anu Eskelinen, Philip A. Fay, Benjamin Gilbert, Amandine Hansar, Forest Isbell, Johannes M. H. Knops, Andrew S. MacDougall, Rebecca L. McCulley, Joslin L. Moore, John W. Morgan, Akira S. Mori, Pablo L. Peri, Edwin T. Pos, Sally A. Power, Jodi N. Price, Peter B. Reich, Anita C. Risch, Christiane Roscher, Mahesh Sankaran, Martin Schütz, Melinda Smith, Carly Stevens, Pedro M. Tognetti, Risto Virtanen, Glenda M. Wardle, Peter A. Wilfahrt, and Shaopeng Wang

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Eutrophication has been shown to weaken diversity-stability relationships in grasslands, but it is unclear whether the effect depends on scale. Analysing a globally distributed network of grassland sites, the authors show a positive role of beta diversity and spatial asynchrony as drivers of stability but find that nitrogen enrichment weakens the diversity-stability relationships at different spatial scales.

Published
2020
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