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The article discusses preoperative cardiac pulmonary risk prediction tools such as the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Considerations include the history of the patient and the Duke Activity Status Index, the diagnostic and prognostic CPET and measurement of the anaerobic threshold of the patient. Noted are functional walking tests for reducing mortality including the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT).

First aid training as provided by the St John Ambulance Brigade appeared to be related to reduced incidence of accidents at work. It was also related to heightened safety awareness in a community which was not, however, accompanied by changes in relevant behaviour. A model of factors affecting safety is discussed. In the comment following, Philip Powell draws attention to some risks of defective data and the faulty conclusions that inadequate information may lead to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]