Preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing.

The article discusses preoperative cardiac pulmonary risk prediction tools such as the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Considerations include the history of the patient and the Duke Activity Status Index, the diagnostic and prognostic CPET and measurement of the anaerobic threshold of the patient. Noted are functional walking tests for reducing mortality including the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT).