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We conduct a pre-registered field experiment with low-income grocery shoppers to study how behavioral interventions can improve the effectiveness of healthy food subsidies. Our unique design enables us to elicit choices and deliver subsidies both before and at the point of purchase. We examine the effects of two non-restrictive changes to the choice environment: giving shoppers a choice over the type of subsidy they receive and introducing a waiting period before the shopping trip to prompt deliberation about the food purchase decision. Combined, our interventions substantially improve the effectiveness of subsidies, increasing healthy purchases by 61% relative to a choice-less subsidy restricted to healthy food, and 199% relative to an un-subsidized control group. We discuss how these low-cost, scalable interventions can help mitigate nutritional inequality.

Between March and August 2020, S&P and Moody’s downgraded approximately 25$\%$ of collateral feeding into CLOs and only 2$\%$ of tranche values, with rating actions concentrating in junior tranches. Both S&P and Moody’s modeling indicate that the impacts should have been considerably larger, especially for higher-rated tranches. Neither changes in correlation nor the accumulation of pre-COVID-19 protective cushions can explain the downgrade asymmetry on upper tranches. Instead, CLO managers repositioned their collateral pools to dampen the negative credit shock and rating agencies incorporated qualitative adjustments in their CLO ratings. Important potential policy and market implications from these findings are discussed. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.

Problem definition: This paper investigates and compares two types of food safety auditing structures: decentralized and centralized audits. Academic/practical relevance: Decentralized food safety auditing systems are common among developing economies, that is, different tiers of a food supply chain are audited by separate government agencies. Such an auditing structure has been widely criticized as ineffective at mitigating food safety risks. Some developing countries began implementing centralized auditing systems as a remedy for the mis-coordination across local auditing agencies. We compare food safety outcomes and economical payoffs of the two auditing systems. Methodology: We study a parsimonious game-theoretic model of a one-supplier, one-buyer supply chain and two agencies auditing each tier of the supply chain, respectively. Under decentralized audits, each of the two agencies minimizes its individual cost, and their decisions are sequential; under centralized audits, the agencies minimize total agency cost and make auditing commitment up front. Results: We identify forces that drive equilibrium decisions under decentralized audits. The penalty-shield effect of an agency’s auditing capability may lead to risky behavior by the supplier. The free-riding effect between the two agencies may lead to less auditing. A centralized commitment makes the agencies the leader in the game at the expense of them losing the flexibility to respond to the actions of supply chain members. The common objective under centralization strengthens the incentives for at least one agency to conduct an audit, but it may also induce the lower-cost, less-capable agency to audit. Hence, centralized audits can be detrimental to performance regarding both food safety outcomes and system payoff. Managerial implications: Changing the auditing structure from decentralization to centralization may fail to improve food safety and system payoff insofar as it may replace one form of inefficiency with another. Addressing the new inefficiencies should be part of the ongoing effort to enhance the efficacy of centralized audits. History: This paper has been accepted for the Manufacturing & Service Operations Management Special Section on Responsible Research in Operations Management. Funding: The work of D. Shi was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 72102205]. Supplemental Material: The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.1058 .

Sometimes agents choose to occupy environments that are neither traditionally rewarding nor worth exploring, but which rather promise to help minimise uncertainty related to what they can control. Selecting environments that afford inferences about agency seems a foundational aspect of environment selection dynamics – if an agent can’t form reliable beliefs about what they can and can’t control, then they can’t act efficiently to achieve rewards. This relatively neglected aspect of environment selection is important to study so that we can better understand why agents occupy certain environments over others – something that may also be relevant for mental and developmental conditions, such as autism. This online experiment investigates the impact of uncertainty about agency on the way participants choose to freely move between two environments, one that has greater irreducible variability and one that is more complex to model. We hypothesise that increasingly erroneous predictions about the expected outcome of agency-exploring actions can be a driver of switching environments, and we explore which type of environment agents prefer. Results show that participants actively switch between the two environments following increases in prediction error, and that the tolerance for prediction error before switching is modulated by individuals’ autism traits. Further, we find that participants more frequently occupy the variable environment, which is predicted by greater accuracy and higher confidence than the complex environment. This is the first online study to investigate relatively unconstrained ongoing foraging dynamics in support of judgements of agency, and in doing so represents a significant methodological advance.

With the rapid growth of e-commerce, agency selling is currently gaining popularity among online retailers (e-tailers). Prior research implicitly abstracts away cross-brand pass-through under traditional wholesale selling (i.e., how the retail price of another brand adjusts to changes in a given brand’s wholesale price) and suggests that a shift to agency selling benefits e-tailers but harms suppliers. As an important counterweight to this result, we discover that an e-tailer’s choice regarding selling format is critically moderated by retail pass-through behavior. On the one hand, agency selling can improve channel efficiency compared with wholesale selling. On the other hand, the relative intensity of supplier competition between these two selling formats is ambiguous. We show that the existing result applies only for a nonnegative cross-brand pass-through rate (e.g., under linear demands); otherwise (e.g., under multiplicative or exponential demands), the opposite may hold. Interestingly, we find that the conflict over the preference of selling format may not arise, and that all channel members could be better off with wholesale selling. Compared with the case of Bertrand competition, the e-tailer is even more likely to adopt wholesale selling under Cournot competition. Finally, under agency selling with an endogenous commission fee, we advise caution regarding the seemingly innocuous normalization of suppliers’ marginal costs. Surprisingly, suppliers may benefit from higher marginal costs. Overall, our findings not only shed light on the theory of agency selling but also provide a plausible explanation for the observation that wholesale selling continues to prevail in online markets. This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing.

On the Ground • Multi-jurisdictional rangeland “mega-fires” are becoming more common. • Using interview data, we examined cross-boundary collaboration after the Soda Fire that burned approximately 113,312 ha (280,000 acres) of southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon. • We found relationships established in other management contexts were activated by individuals within agencies to share funding and resources to rehabilitate the landscape after the Soda Fire. • The fire's spatial proximity to Boise, Idaho, and temporal proximity to important federal policy decisions were primary collaboration drivers. • Barriers to collaborative efforts still exist; however, interviewees highlighted the importance of individual agency (bottom-up) changes in lessening top-down constraints.

The emergent power of big data analytics makes it possible to replace impersonal general legal rules with personalized, particular norms. We consider arguments that such a move would be generally beneficial, replacing crude, general laws with more efficiently targeted ways of meeting public policy goals and satisfying personal preferences. Those proposals pose a radical, new challenge to the rule of law. Data-driven legal personalization offers some benefits that are worth pursuing, but we argue that the benefits can only legitimately be pursued where doing so is consistent with the agency that the law ought to accord to individuals and with the agency that the law ought to accord to public bodies. The principle of public agency is a prerequisite for the rule of law. The principle of private agency depends on the rule of law. Each is incompatible with the unrestrained computational personalization of law.

Drawing on two longitudinal case-studies, this study aimed to identify some salient characteristics of the agentic behaviour of two young emergent multilinguals in two different multilingual contexts: Luxembourg and Israel. Despite the fact that the studies were conducted independently, the two cases were analysed together owing to the similarities in the research methods such as video-recorded observations, and semi-structured interviews with teachers and parents. The data were analysed through thematic and conversational analyses. Findings showed that a boy who learned Luxembourgish in Luxembourg and a girl who learned Hebrew in Israel, were outgoing and active learners who influenced their learning environment. We identified 10 types of agentic behaviour, including engaging in repetition after peers and the teacher, creatively producing language, translanguaging, and self-monitoring. Despite differences of the children’s sociocultural and linguistic backgrounds, and the language policies of their educational settings, we found a striking overlap in their language-based agentic behaviours. We suggest that the identified types can encourage further research in this field. Although our study with talkative children allowed us to observe many types of agentic behaviours, we cannot claim that less outgoing children or children who do not show the same behaviours do not have ways of expressing their agency.

With the increasing popularity of third-party platforms, some retailers have used them to sell their products in addition to their own online and offline channels, while other retailers have not. An important pair of questions thus arise: should a retailer that has its own online and offline channels sell through a third-party platform? If so, which selling format should it adopt? This study considers the interaction between offline channel and internet channels (including online channel and third-party platform channel) and establishes a model with a spillover effect that can act in two directions: from offline channel to internet channels (O2I) or from internet channels to offline channel (I2O). We explore three different supply chain structures/scenarios: a dual-channel structure (D); a triple-channel structure: reselling format (MR); and a triple-channel structure: agency selling format (MA). Using a game-theoretic model, we investigate whether the retailer should use a third-party platform and its selling format preference, and further explore the impact of the direction of the spillover effect. Our theoretical analysis shows that when the channel competition is moderate, the region in which the retailer uses the third-party platform first increases and then decreases as the spillover effect increases. Given a reasonable agency fee, when the channel competition is medium, the retailer is more likely to prefer MR as the O2I spillover effect increases, but to prefer MA as the I2O spillover effect increases. We also find that two Pareto zones exist, that is, the retailer and third-party platform prefer the same selling format in some cases, either MR or MA.

Introduction In the current scenario, in which evidence-based medicine is almost obligatory, therapeutic approaches are increasingly being restricted to measures that are proven to bring benefits to the patient. Transfusion therapy follows the same concept. Even though it can be an essential support procedure in some situations, it must be carefully used, exclusively in situations in which the literature assures scientific support for its usage. Transfusion exposes patients to risks and complications, so it is necessary that we, as doctors, continue working to reduce possible mistakes involving the practice of this type of therapy. Objective To analyze if the red blood cell requests are properly made, analyzing the indication written on them (by the doctor, comparing them to the references in the actual literature. Method In this research, we have analyzed and reviewed the requests for red blood cell concentrates between August and September of 2018 received at the Hematology and Hemotherapy Center studied to find the most common mistakes made by requesters/doctors. Results A total of 397 of the 754 analyzed requests were evaluated as inadequate. Therefore, 1 out of every 2 transfusions performed did not have their requests properly completed in the city of Cascavel, Parana. Conclusions The number of inappropriate requests was high during the studied period, especially when compared to studies available in the literature. The number of inadequacies suggests that the blood component requests and the subsequent evaluation by the transfusion agency needs to be better addressed in clinical practice.

This special issue is the first to systematically address the activity we call “normfare” - the assiduous development of norms of very different character (public and private, formal and informal, technically mediated and directly implemented) by different actors (platforms, standard-setters, states) as an answer to the wide range of challenges facing internet governance. We bring together contributions from leading anthropologists, technologists, political scientists, legal and communication scholars exploring how norms underpin the new ordering of the internet, whether in explicit or implicit forms. Through various theoretical lenses, contributions analyze the impact of platforms, states, civil society, expert groups and key individuals on restructuring the normative order of the internet, and present empirical evidence for instances of norm creation, legitimation, contestation and opposition. Valuable new insights for norm development processes come from case studies, ethnographies, legal and discourse analysis and interdisciplinary approaches locating agency and power plays. In this introduction, we define the key concepts applicable to norm entrepreneurship and discuss their interplay in internet governance debates, followed by an overview of the articles included in the special issue. In the final section, we reflect on the implications of our new research agenda.This special issue is the first to systematically address the activity we call “normfare” - the assiduous development of norms of very different character (public and private, formal and informal, technically mediated and directly implemented) by different actors (platforms, standard-setters, states) as an answer to the wide range of challenges facing internet governance. We bring together contributions from leading anthropologists, technologists, political scientists, legal and communication scholars exploring how norms underpin the new ordering of the internet, whether in explicit or implicit forms. Through various theoretical lenses, contributions analyze the impact of platforms, states, civil society, expert groups and key individuals on restructuring the normative order of the internet, and present empirical evidence for instances of norm creation, legitimation, contestation and opposition. Valuable new insights for norm development processes come from case studies, ethnographies, legal and discourse analysis and interdisciplinary approaches locating agency and power plays. In this introduction, we define the key concepts applicable to norm entrepreneurship and discuss their interplay in internet governance debates, followed by an overview of the articles included in the special issue. In the final section, we reflect on the implications of our new research agenda.

The objective of the study was to establish the actors’ roles and functions in improved rice varieties innovation system in the Eastern Zone of Tanzania. The target population samples for the study comprised of household heads (n = 340) and other key identified actors (n = 99). The research design was a convergent parallel mixed method. Face-to-face interviews, focus group discussions and documentary review were used to collect the data. The findings indicate weak or inability of Agricultural Seed Agency, TANSEED International Ltd, Quality Declared Seed producers in seed multiplication and distribution and agro-dealers were not selling quality rice seeds, thereby resulting in low availability and high prices of the same. Also, the findings show weak participation of farmers, agro-dealers, traders and millers in the functions of guidance of the search and rice varieties development, and the limited number of market actors and weak credit mobilization for farmers to invest in IRVs. The study recommends for the Government of Tanzania to create enabling environment that enhances participation of all key actors in the processes of guidance of the search and rice varieties development; linking farmers with external markets; and enhancing the farmers’ access to credit facilities by working on the obstacles hampering farmers from accessing loans from financial institutions.

RESUMO Introdução: O presente trabalho propõe uma discussão sobre os estudos que abordam os conceitos de informação, documento e regime de informação, na perspectiva de Bernd Frohmann, no que diz respeito à sua materialidade, à institucionalidade, à historicidade e à agência documentária autônoma. A questão norteadora é: como os autores, no contexto da Ciência da Informação, discutem as abordagens baseadas nos estudos de Bernd Frohmann? Objetivo: Para tanto, objetiva-se identificar o enfoque e as concepções e características referentes aos conceitos de informação, documento e regime de informação, buscando compreender as manifestações e influências que esse autor traz às incursões teóricas na Ciência da Informação. Método: A pesquisa foi realizada em periódicos da Ciência da Informação Qualis A1 e A2, no período de 2009 a 2019, e optou-se pela revisão sistemática de literatura. Resultados: Os resultados demonstram o enfoque nas noções de informação, documento e regime de informação em Frohmann nesses trabalhos para embasar concepções e características introduzidas pelos próprios autores do campo da Ciência da Informação no Brasil. Conclusão: Considera-se que os trabalhos analisados complementam e ampliam diversas temáticas e emergem com reflexões desde filosóficas passando pelo profissional da informação até as práticas informacionais circundadas pelas políticas de informação, tecnologia e poder. ABSTRACT Introduction: The present work proposes a discussion about the studies that work with concepts of information, document and information regime, from the perspective of Bernd Frohman, regarding its materiality, institutionality, historicity and autonomous documentary agency. The guiding question is: how do authors, in the context of Information Science, discuss approaches based on Bernd Frohmann's studies? Objective: Therefore, the objective is to identify the focus, the conceptions and characteristics related to the concepts of information, document and information regime, seeking to understand the manifestations and influences that this author brings to the theoretical incursions in Information Science. Method: The research was carried out in Information Science journals Qualis A1 and A2, from 2009 to 2019, and we opted for the Systematic Literature Review. Results: The results demonstrate the focus on the notions of information, document and information regime in Frohmann in these works, to support concepts and characteristics introduced by the authors in the field of Information Science in Brazil. Conclusion: It is considered that the analyzed works complement and expand several themes and emerge with reflections from philosophical aspects, through the information professional to informational practices surrounded by information, technology and power policies.

Translatorial agencies have gained wider currency in contemporary translation studies. Efforts have been made to delve into it from both translators' individual habits and the contextual elements of their work. But there is still relatively little work done on the variety of translatorial agencies exercised in different actual working conditions. Drawing on available studies and archival primary sources, this article tries to look into the development of translatorial agencies over time and space by uncovering the translator Sidney Shapiro's changeable textual, paratextual and extratextual agency in different translation networks in which he had been involved. The central argument of the article is that the extent to which translatorial agencies are influenced by other actors in the same network depends on whether the translator has the chance, ability, and willingness to negotiate with them.

Insufficient funding for terrestrial protected areas is a global challenge, and the ability of a protected area management agency to secure sustainable financing is an obstacle in the effective management of these important areas. While the role of public sector agencies in establishing, financing, and managing protected areas, and in providing a supportive legislative and policy environment will remain essential into the future; the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recommends that alternative finance mechanisms be adopted to help achieve financial sustainability. With this recommendation in mind, one approach is to look to other policy areas which traditionally rely on governments as their primary funding source, to understand the alternative finance mechanisms they have adopted and appraise the suitability of these mechanisms for terrestrial protected areas. One alternative finance mechanism is the social and environmental impact bond which is a subset of impact investment and an example of a pay for success or results-based contract. This paper reviews literature on the social and environmental impact bond with a view to assessing its potential applicability to assist in the effective management of terrestrial protected areas that fall within the management categories defined by the IUCN. Three examples of existing and proposed impact bonds with an environment focus are explored, including the world’s first environmental impact bond in Washington D.C., the publicly offered Atlanta environmental impact bond and the proposed wildlife conservation bond in South Africa. The selected impact bonds will help to illustrate the establishment, operation, and evaluation of impact bonds in a real-world context. It will be argued that the social and environmental impact bond can be a useful finance model for a range of uses in a variety of social sectors and conservation settings, including terrestrial protected areas. The paper further considers how the impact bond might result in both improved social and/or environmental outcomes as well as the perceived challenges associated with this alternative finance mechanism. While the focus of this paper is on terrestrial protected areas, the lessons discussed may also be applicable to marine protected areas.

Young people are the world leaders of the future, and today are emerging as current advocates of change calling for climate and ocean action. Many young people are increasingly aware, concerned, and overwhelmed about the impacts of climate and ocean change. However, current institutional and academic structures, alongside the challenges of growing up today - including social injustice, climate anxiety, nature disconnectedness, and the proliferation of fake news on climate and ocean science - limit young people’s opportunity and agency to protect their future from these impacts. It is clear from the nature of these challenges that the production of new scientific knowledge alone is not enough to support, prepare, and empower young people to cope with climate change now and in into the future. This Perspective outlines actions, under the context of for the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030), that that can support and empower young people with science and enable them to actively shape the sustainability of Earth’s climate and the ocean. Based on advances in recent research and transdisciplinary efforts, we present five actionable strategies for programmes and initiatives to engage young people in climate and ocean literacy towards shaping their sustainable future: 1) inclusion of diverse voices; 2) active dialogue-based science learning; 3) connection to nature; 4) critical thinking skills; and 5) co-created visions of a sustainable future. These five strategies can help to prepare young people with enhanced knowledge, skills and experiences, and strengthen the agency needed to meet the global climate and ocean challenges they are inheriting. We show how these strategies can be implemented during the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, which aims to enhance capacity-building and foster transformative solutions for ocean sustainability. We propose that together, and synergistically, these strategies can equip and empower young people to have a say in shaping their sustainable future.

Longstanding debate over the Politicized Departure Hypothesis (PDH) asserts that federal judges arrange to retire under presidents of the same political party as the presidents who first appointed them, thereby giving that party the right to nominate their successor. PDH is important for assessing political party agency by judges, who receive no consequent personal benefit, and for explaining the long-term political party orientation of courts. Previous PDH studies suffer from absent data on known and unknown determinants of retirement timing and correlational rather than causal methods. To avoid both problems, we apply 11 sharp regression discontinuity (SRD) analyses to voluntary judicial departures before and after six elections (1920-2016) that replaced Democratic presidents with Republicans and five elections that replaced Republicans with Democrats. We contrast judicial decisions to retire, resign, or take senior status during the days before a regime-changing election with such decisions during an equal number of days after the inauguration of a president from the other party, with tests performed for periods approximating 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months. For pre-election and post-inauguration observation periods of 270 days, for example, the results of 10 of 11 analyses, including difference tests and difference-in-difference tests, are as predicted by PDH: judges were more likely to retire when the same party holds the presidency as when they were first appointed to the federal bench. Serendipitously, judges appointed by Republican presidents appear to respond more strongly than Democratic appointees to changes in the party holding the White House. We offer a novel explanation of PDH based on normative reciprocity in addition to ideology. We also suggest using politicized departure to examine effects of former judges’ political party agency on their prior judicial decisions.

This paper considers notions of agency, interaction and power in business news journalism. In the first part, we present a bird’s eye view of news access theory as it is reflected in selected sociological and anthropological literature on the ethnography of news production. Next, we show how these theoretical notions can be applied to the study of press releases and particularly to the linguistic pragmatic analysis of the specific social and textual practices that surround their transformation into news reports. Drawing on selected fieldwork data collected at the business desk of a major Flemish quality newspaper, we present an innovative methodology combining newsroom ethnography and computer-assisted writing process analysis which documents how a reporter discovers a story, introduces it into the newsroom, writes and reflects on it. In doing so, we put the individual journalist’s writing practices center stage, zoom in on the specific ways in which he interacts with sources and conceptualize power in terms of his dependence on press releases. Following Beeman & Peterson (2001), we argue in favor of a view of journalism as ‘interpretive practice’ and of news production as a process of entextualization involving multiple actors who struggle over authority, ownership and control.

Studies in CDA have revealed the nature of the marketized language that now infuses universities and other public institutions, but there is no comprehensive study as to how this language enters the everyday practices of the university through different levels of steering documents and meetings. In this paper, taking one example from a corpus of data from a larger project on New Public Management in Sweden, we show how successively more detailed documents are created by professional administrators in order to present vision statements, that are first operationalized into strategies and then into more concrete ‘activities’ for the subject level that are related to bundles of performance indicators. These documents re-contextualize practices of teaching and research in line with marketized goals, yet do so through consistent lack of clear agency, causality and process. A number of linguistic and multimodal resources are deployed in a chain of interrelated documents legitimizing this process as one made by careful, technical, management expertise, although the result is a fragmentation of the actual interconnected processes that comprise university work.

We find a negative relation between democracy and initial public offering (IPO) underpricing for a sample of 23,050 IPOs across 45 countries. The effect of democracy on underpricing is weaker for IPOs audited by Big 4 auditing firms, backed by venture capital firms, and with better disclosure specificity of use of proceeds. Democracy exerts a larger influence on underpricing for firms with higher agency problems, in countries with weaker institutional quality or shareholder protection, and during periods of high investor sentiment or economic policy uncertainty. Overall, our results highlight the importance of democracy in reducing IPO underpricing around the world.

Background Labour and birth are sensitive physiological processes substantially influenced by environmental and psychosocial factors. Aim To explore the influence and meaning of the birth environment for nulliparous women giving birth in either one of two differently designed birthing rooms at a hospital-based labour ward. Methods Five months of ethnographic fieldwork was conducted at a labour ward in Sweden, consisting of participant observations of 16 nulliparous women giving birth in either a ‘Regular’ birthing room (n = 8) or a specially designed, ‘New room’ (n = 8). Data included field notes, informal interviews, reflective notes, and individual interviews with eight women after birth. The data was analysed through an ethnographic iterative hermeneutic analysis process. Findings The analysis identified the birth environment as consisting of the physical space, the human interaction within it, and the institutional context. The analytic concept; Birth Manual was conceived as an instrument for managing labour in accordance with institutional authority. Significant to the interpretation of the influence and meaning of the birth environment were two abstract rooms: an Institutional room, where birth was approached as a critical event, designating birthing women as passive; and a Personal room, where birth was approached as a physiological event in which women’s agency was facilitated. Conclusion Institutional authority permeated the atmosphere within the birth environment, irrespective of the design of the room. A power imbalance between institutional demands and birthing women’s needs was identified, emphasising the vital role the birth philosophy plays in creating safe birth environments that increase women’s sense of agency.

The prevalence of intimate partner violence is a central indicator of the Sustainable Development Goals for women's agency. However, measuring this indicator largely relies on self-reports that could suffer from severe misreporting if women face high costs of revealing their victim status. We study the degree of misreporting in surveys that have been identified as the best source of data, such as the widely used Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Focusing on a sample of women in impoverished urban areas of Lima, Peru, we conduct an experiment that replicates direct measures from these surveys and compares them against list experiments, a method that provides greater privacy to respondents. We find no significant differences across direct and indirect methods in any of the seven acts of physical and sexual violence considered. This result largely persists when testing across sixteen different subgroups and accounting for multiple hypothesis testing.

The Hertfordshire and North London Area of the Environment Agency has 18 flood storage reservoirs (FSRs) which come within the remit of the Reservoirs Act 1975. Many have fixed flow control orifices, which cannot be changed when the reservoir is in operation. A review was carried out to determine the ability of the flow control systems to provide drawdown at these reservoirs, considering both the latest guidance on drawdown rates and the ability of the reservoirs to empty quickly to accommodate subsequent floods. The ratio of full storage volume to maximum allowable outflow was used to rank the 18 reservoirs, in order to identify whether investigations into additional drawdown facilities were needed. Three reservoirs were found to require alterations to their outflow controls so that they could provide adequate emergency drawdown. The works required at these three FSRs are described, all of which involve penstocks with differing methods of operation – two being remotely operated.

Seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) and return of capital (ROC) are activities carried out by listed companies in the capital market. The decision of the company manager to engage in SEOs and ROC is actually in the scope of the agency mechanism. This paper explores the characteristics of SEO and ROC companies and whether SEOs and ROC will affect the company's performance and whether the agency problem will (partially) mediate the impact of SEOs and ROC on company performance. We use the annual data of domestic (Taiwan) listed companies from the Financial Supervisory Commission website and the Taiwan Economic Journal for the 2000–2018 period and adopt the Fama-French three-factor asset pricing model to hierarchical regression analysis to study the mediating role of the agency problem. The empirical results support that SEO companies are mostly in the expansion or growth stage and SEOs reduce company performance, both in the short term and long term. After considering free cash flow, the effect of SEOs on performance declines. The results support that ROC companies are mostly in decline stage and ROC increases long-term company performance. However, free cash flow does not affect the performance of the companies engaging in ROC. This research combines SEO and ROC data, and it is based on the perspective of the agency problem so that we can understand the impact on company performance.

Objective: Medication is particularly important to advocates within the mental health recovery movement and this movement is founded upon a resistance to coercive treatment. Given this history, we explored the perspectives of providers and service users engaged in the recovery-oriented practice Person-Centered Care Planning (PCCP) to understand (a). How providers trained in PCCP understand the role of psychiatric medication and (b). How service users receiving services from providers trained in PCCP understand and experience the role of psychiatric medication in treatment. Method: This study comprises data from the qualitative phase of an NIMH-funded randomized trial of PCCP, an evidence-based recovery-oriented practice. Data were collected from 22 focus groups of providers and service users across seven community mental health centers. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Qualitative themes from the provider focus groups included "promoting adherence" and "medication as a precondition." Providers expressed that service users need to be adherent to medication and their symptoms managed before recovery-oriented practices could be pursued. Service user themes included "we were cattle" and medication as "my saving grace." While many experienced medication as helpful, they found providers' focus on adherence to be inflexible and, at times, coercive. Conclusion and Implications for Practice: These results suggest that even within agencies actively implementing recovery-oriented practices, there are aspects of treatment, namely medication management, that are more impervious to recovery principles. Agency level trainings in PCCP and other recovery-oriented practices would benefit from the inclusion of all staff, including psychiatrists and other prescribers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This study investigates the role of media in the social development of the community in South Radio and Television Agency Bonga Branch Radio (BBR) in Decha woreda, Kafa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study addresses the contribution of media in changing the audience’s knowledge, attitude, and practices in the community’s social activities. To address the objectives, the researcher applied mixed research approaches and descriptive design. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study and analyzed through qualitative and quantitative methods. The data were collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. To determine the sample size for the study, a multistage sampling technique was employed. Three Kebeles were selected purposively and 106 respondents participated in the study. The findings show that Bonga branch radio station is contributing to social development through influencing the behavior (attitude, knowledge, and practice) of the community. The study also reveals that the acceptance of the role of radio in the community is high since it transmits its different programs and news content in the ethnic language of the community in which the members can easily understand. Even though the media is playing its role in the community’s social development, different challenges have been observed in the branch radio station. Based on the finding, recommendation has been forwarded that the local government bodies should change their outlook towards the media organization. The media management should take the improving measures, such as the journalists and technician capacity building, the transmission coverage of the radio station, and revision of the news and program content format that will enable the media to meet the satisfaction of the audience.

Contemporary drug regulations and pharmacovigilance have to search constantly for innovative ways to improve the quality of drug safety information offered to the public, patients and medical specialists. The problem of reliability of information is well known in healthcare, and has become especially current in the age of the internet and COVID-19.1 During the last decade, many approaches have been adopted in order to assist both patients and healthcare specialists in matters regarding medicinal products. One recent example is the development of the Medical Terms Simplifier introduced by the European Medcines Agency (EMA) following the inclusion of patients in the spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions in 2012 and the introduction of ad hoc public hearings during referrals of drug safety in 2017. It is a compilation of terms to be used in delivery of user-friendly drug information.2 All this points to greater patient involvement in treatment decisions. To benefit from these tools, patient awareness and compliance with treatment is key. A study conducted in Bulgaria showed that those using medicine on a daily basis were less informed on adverse drug reactions than respondents who used medicines only occasionally. In addition, participants in this survey did not recognise … Correspondence to Dr Violeta Getova, Pharmacovigilance and Clinical Trials, Bulgarian Drug Agency, Sofia, Bulgaria; violeta.getova{at}gmail.com

OBJECTIVE: Mental health agencies provide critical safety net services for youths. No prior research has assessed the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on services these agencies provide or the youths they serve. This study sought to characterize mental health agency officials’ perceptions of the impacts of the pandemic on youths and challenges to providing youth services during the pandemic, and to examine associations between these challenges and impacts. METHOD: Surveys were completed by 159 state/county mental health agency officials from 46 states in September-October 2020. Respondents rated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth mental health issues, general service challenges, and tele-psychiatry service challenges across patient, provider, financing domains on 7-point scales. Multiple linear regression models estimated associations between service challenges (independent variables) and pandemic impacts (dependent variables). RESULTS: Most agency officials perceived the COVID-19 pandemic as having disproportionately negative mental health impacts on socially disadvantaged youths (72% serious impact, mean= 5.85). Only 15% perceived the pandemic as having seriously negative impacts on receipt of needed youth services (mean= 4.29). Serious service challenges related to youths lacking reliable equipment/internet for tele-psychiatry services (60% serious challenge, mean= 5.47) and the inability to provide some services remotely (42% serious challenge, mean= 4.72). In regression models, the inability to provide some services remotely was significantly (p≤ .01) associated with four-of-six pandemic impacts. CONCLUSIONS: Mental health agency officials perceive the COVID-19 pandemic as exacerbating youth mental health disparities, but not dramatically impacting the receipt of needed services. However, some specific service challenges exist.

This study examines how taxpayer level of goal congruence (the extent to which a taxpayer’s interests align with the interests of the tax collecting agency) can improve tax compliance. While there is ample evidence on the deterrent effect of audit probability on taxpayer noncompliance, there is no evidence related to the potential role that goal congruence may have on compliance behavior. Results of our study indicate that goal congruence influences taxpayer compliance decisions, in that those with higher goal congruence (i.e., greater support for how tax dollars are spent) report higher amounts of taxable income. In addition, we find that audit probability only influences taxpayer compliance decisions when there is support for the government’s use of tax dollars. When taxpayers do not support government programs, their compliance is lower regardless of the audit probability. This highlights the importance of gaining taxpayer support for government programs, and that attempts to align the goals of taxpayers with those of the government may increase voluntary compliance among taxpayers. We also examine the role that Machiavellianism, a measure of moral obligation, plays in taxpayers’ compliance decisions. We find that for certain individuals who are motivated more by self-interest (those with high Machiavellianism), a high audit rate as well as support for a program may be necessary to improve compliance behavior. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Author(s): Hu, Jinshuai; Li, Siqi; Shevlin, Terry J | Abstract: Income taxes are a major expense for profitable corporations, oftentimes 25 percent or more of pretax income. This study exploits a setting – the market for corporate control – to test competing agency-based and risk-based explanations of corporate tax planning. Exploiting the staggered enactment of MaA laws across countries that increased the threat of takeover as an exogenous shock that allows a powerful difference-in-differences design, we find a significant reduction in tax avoidance following the takeover law passage. Our analysis suggests that reduced management private benefits consumption (i.e., rent extraction), rather than managerial effort aversion or increased risk concerns associated with aggressive tax strategies, is the likely mechanism through which takeover laws impact tax avoidance. Collectively, our findings extend the literature by highlighting the role of the corporate control market in shaping cross-sectional variation in corporate tax avoidance.

bstract Objective With the rapid development of networks in China, the Internet has become an important source of first aid information for scalds. As a country with the largest population, there are a large number of scald cases every year in China. The content analysis of websites aimed to assess the accuracy and quality of the information on scalds available on Chinese websites. Methods Using keywords related to scald in the most popular Chinese search engines, 19 sites were eventually selected for evaluation based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These websites were assessed on quality and content accuracy by using HONcode, DISCERN, and Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) evaluation scales, and a modified evaluation system based on the system developed by J.D. Burgess. The evaluation was completed by a 5-person evaluation team. The subjective items were reviewed by five independent reviewers. The objective items were recorded by one reviewer, then another checked the results. Results Using “scald first aid,” “scald treatment,” and “scald blister” to search on Baidu, Sougou, and Haosou, a total of 180 websites were recorded. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 19 websites were obtained for assessment. Among them, 17 websites (89%) were established by commercial companies. Of the remaining two websites, one was created by a government agency and the other was created by a non-profit organization. The mean total HONcode score, DISCERN score, PEMAT (understandability) score, PEMAT (actionability) score, content accuracy score, and website quality score were 5.19 ± 1.09 out of 8; 52.63 ± 3.69 out of 80; 68%; 56%; 5.05 ± 1.47 out of 8; and 6.11 out of 12, respectively. The scores of the government agency website are better than that of commercial websites. Conclusion The websites established by government agencies and non-profit organizations are few, and most of the websites are established by commercial companies. Compared with the government agency website, these commercial websites contain many advertisements, and their website quality and accuracy need to be further improved.

Financially constrained mortgage servicers destroyed substantial MBS investor value during the financial crisis through their management of delinquent mortgages. Servicers advance to investors monthly payments missed by borrowers. In order to minimize this obligation to extend financing to distressed borrowers, constrained servicers aggressively pursued foreclosures and modifications at the expense of investors, borrowers, and future mortgage performance. When agency frictions between the servicer and the investor are higher, the servicer’s financial constraints matter more. IV regressions suggest that, on average per defaulted loan, servicers’ financial constraints are responsible for 20% of the total investor value reduction during the financial crisis.

The management policy for Taiwan's corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting was changed from elective to partial mandatory. Some companies that have already submitted their reports are also required to undergo assurance provided by accountants. The present study explores the influences of Taiwan's partial mandatory disclosure and partial mandatory assurance management policies for CSR reports on firms' investment to cash flow sensitivity which is used to measure the information transparency of the capital market. The results showed that investment to cash flow sensitivity decreased after mandatory disclosure and mandatory assurance. This implies that the partial mandatory disclosure and the partial mandatory assurance policies for CSR reports have a positive influence on mitigating information asymmetry and agency problems being experienced by firms. It also indicates that Taiwan's partial mandatory disclosure and partial mandatory assurance policies for CSR reports aid in increasing information transparency of its capital market.

Digital labour platforms have become important sites of negotiation between expressions of micro-entrepreneurship, worker freedom and dignity of work. In the Global South, these negotiations are overlaid on an already fraught relationship mediated by the dynamics of caste and culture, to the usual politics of difference. Urban Company (UC), an app-based, on-demand platform in India that connects service providers offering home-based services to potential customers, lists professionalised services that have hitherto been considered part of a ‘culture of servitude’, performed by historically marginalised groups afforded little dignity of labour. Such platforms offer the possibility of disrupting the entrenched ‘master-servant’ relationship that exists in many traditional cultures in the Global South by their ostensibly professional approach. While service providers now have the opportunity for self-employment and gain ‘respectability’ by being associated with the platform, UC claims to have leveraged AI to automate discipline in everything the providers do. Using interviews with UC women service providers involved in beauty work and software development engineers, this paper explores the agency afforded to service partners in both professional and personal spheres. Further, we propose the term blended cultures to think about the ways in which algorithms and human cultures mutually (re)make each other.

Despite substantial support for the importance of routine progress monitoring (RPM) as part of evidence-based practice, few providers utilize measurement-based care. This study sought to identify the relative importance of facilitation strategies viewed as most helpful for increasing intention to use RPM among 388 ethnically diverse community therapists serving children and families. Four types of facilitation strategies were examined: language/interpretability, automation, staffing/access, and requirements. Mixed analyses of variance found that therapists' reported intentions to use RPM were more influenced by strategies of automating assessment administration, provision of clerical assistance, and agency requirements than by making linguistically appropriate measures available. However, the importance of strategies differed depending on therapist race/ethnicity and current RPM use. Language/interpretability of RPM assessments was less emphasized for non-Hispanic White therapists and therapists who have not yet or only minimally adopted RPM compared with ethnic minority therapists and therapists who regularly use RPM, respectively. Furthermore, therapists who were not current RPM users emphasized automation more than staffing/access. Results may inform prioritization of implementation facilitation strategies for agencies to encourage RPM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The majority of the ancient rock art sites of the American Southwest are located in rural locations which are difficult to monitor or police. These sites seem to exert a pull upon humans, an attraction which not only provokes curiosity and wonder, but also what can be classed as destructive responses or vandalism. Many crime control methods for reducing vandalism are based on such traditional theories as defensible space and broken window theory. However, in the case of rock art these methods do not yield expected results and in some cases are even detrimental. Rural crime, including rural vandalism, as a whole is marginalised in criminology, which has been dominated by urban-focused approaches and theories. In the case of rock art, considering how security is approached and maintained ultimately leads to questions about human/object relationships with regards to crime, and about object agency. By focusing on the policing challenges of one particular type of rural vandalism, we hope to contribute to the discussion of vandalism in rural spaces.

We estimate a dynamic model, featuring agency conflicts and a stochastic tax reform arrival, to evaluate how the change from a worldwide to territorial tax system, enacted under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), affects foreign investment. Although a worldwide system imposes a higher tax liability on foreign income, we show it encourages excess foreign investment by depressing the opportunity cost of capital. In our estimated model, the TCJA reduces foreign investment by 15.6% on average, with larger declines for services firms and firms with lesser agency conflicts. The reform probability, which we estimate in the model, significantly affects firms’ investment and cash holdings.

BackgroundDespite an increasing focus on drug shortages, no standardized global definition of a drug shortage seems to exist. This raises the question of whether healthcare actors are discussing the same phenomenon, which may influence their actions when managing, solving and preventing drug shortages. Further, the literature reports a lack of national contingency plans for managing drug shortages in hospitals.ObjectiveTo explore national-level communication, decision-making and collaboration on drug shortage management carried out in Denmark by secondary healthcare actors.MethodsSeven semi-structured interviews were conducted with actor representatives from Amgros, the procurement department of the hospital pharmacy in the Capital Region of Denmark, two medicine suppliers, two pharmaceutical wholesalers and distributors, and the Danish Medicines Agency. Data was analyzed using a social constructivist approach.ResultsNo common definition of a drug shortage exists among the actors, but referential definitions related to “contract” and delivered “as expected” were identified. Additionally, actors initiate drug shortage procedures differently, and, as efforts are minimally coordinated, the work procedures are often needlessly duplicated. Further, discrepancies in available drug shortage information arise, as information is distributed through different electronic systems, unavailable to all actors. Besides, Amgros (a national organization responsible for tendering and procuring medicines in hospitals) and the procurement department of the hospital pharmacy in the Capital Region of Denmark make joint decisions regarding the choice of alternative drugs. However, the study found that actors had diverse collaborative relationships, especially those with the Danish Medicines Agency, and that these were limited to contact regarding medicine regulations and unlicensed medicine.ConclusionThe study provided insight into national-level communication, decision-making and collaboration on drug shortage management by different actors in hospitals. This knowledge is useful in the development of a national contingency plan for drug shortage management.

This article examines critically how digital technologies are being introduced into agriculture. The authors argue that this introduction takes place through the interacting forms of expertise and coalitions of authority in relation to both private and public players in smart farming initiatives. The piece adds to current debates about the origins of and driving forces behind emerging technologies for agriculture through the investigation of two case studies, relating to a Swiss drone startup that obtained the first authorisation for crop spraying with their home-made drone, and to a private–public smart farming test compound. It is argued that a way of understanding how digital technologies find their way into the farming sector is to consider not only the complex set of relationships between public and private actors but also the influence of space and materiality on the socio-technical composition of the technologies. The empirical data of the article sheds light upon how in an unprecedented collaboration between private and public actors a new regulatory procedure for digital technologies was established. The article adopts a politico-geographical angle of analysis by grounding its theoretical posture in Foucauldian understandings of power, relational conceptions of space and the agency of materiality, which is anchored in actor-network theory. Within this theoretical stream, the authors introduce the concepts of ‘interacting expertise’ and ‘coalitions of authority’ as a conceptual toolkit for comprehending how an interplay between private companies, public institutions and a range of spatial–material arrangements contribute to what is widely understood in Switzerland as smart farming.

Antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, are widely available. These practice points help clinicians, patients, and public health professionals understand how to use and interpret these results on the basis of the available evidence. The practice points will be updated as more evidence becomes available., Description: The widespread availability of SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests raises important questions for clinicians, patients, and public health professionals related to the appropriate use and interpretation of these tests. The Scientific Medical Policy Committee (SMPC) of the American College of Physicians developed these rapid, living practice points to summarize the current and best available evidence on the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody durability after initial infection with SARS-CoV-2, and antibody protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. Methods: The SMPC developed these rapid, living practice points based on a rapid and living systematic evidence review done by the Portland VA Research Foundation and funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Ongoing literature surveillance is planned through December 2021. When new studies are identified and a full update of the evidence review is published, the SMPC will assess the new evidence and any effect on the practice points. Practice Points: Practice Point 1: Do not use SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Practice Point 2: Antibody tests can be useful for the purpose of estimating community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Practice Point 3: Current evidence is uncertain to predict presence, level, or durability of natural immunity conferred by SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against reinfection (after SARS-CoV-2 infection).

This study examines how diversification in Indian business groups creates multiple forms of agency problems and has performance implications for group-affiliated firms. Departing from prior literature which emphasizes the principal–principal agency conflict in business groups, we argue that business group diversification leads to dual agency problems between controlling and minority shareholders (principal–principal) and shareholders and managers (principal–agent) in affiliated firms. Both these agency problems arise in diversified business groups through cross-subsidization of affiliated firms by inefficient capital investment, continuing presence of affiliated firms in declining industries, tunneling of resources from profitable affiliated firms, lack of attention by business group headquarters to affiliated firms, and affiliated firm managers' sense of perceived security, which negatively impacts affiliated firms’ performance. These agency issues are reduced with the increase in product market competition from exposure to international markets and through concentrated promoter ownership in the affiliated firms. Our hypothesized model finds empirical support in a sample of 828 business group–affiliated firms in India.

Although network governance has become increasingly popular in both research and practice, its anticipated benefits do not always materialize. Although literature on network governance acknowledges the challenges that result from its introduction, scholars tend to assume these challenges can be managed and rarely analyze how the different participating actors (strategically) react to the tensions surrounding its establishment. As such, the process of how “networking” actors establish, maintain, and negotiate a network remains understudied. In light of these shortcomings, this article zooms in on how actors, in their collaboration efforts with network partners, navigate the tensions between (a) their discretionary space and the parameters set by a central policymaker, and (b) their pursuit of both integration and differentiation. This ethnographic case analysis contributes by, first, revealing how local actors demonstrate agency in maneuvering between these tensions in everyday practice by adopting three strategies—that is, overwhelmed deflection, situational segmentation, and strategic reappropriation—and, second, by revealing how these tensions interact and subsequently affect the implementation of policies in networks.

Introduction While authorship plays a powerful role in the academy, research indicates many authors engage in questionable practices like honorary authorship. This suggests that authorship may be a contested space where individuals must exercise agency-a dynamic and emergent process, embedded in context-to negotiate potentially conflicting norms among published criteria, disciplines and informal practices. This study explores how authors narrate their own and others' agency in making authorship decisions. Method We conducted a mixed-methods analysis of 24 first authors' accounts of authorship decisions on a recent multi-author paper. Authors included 14 females and 10 males in health professions education (HPE) from U.S. and Canadian institutions (10 assistant, 6 associate and 8 full professors). Analysis took place in three phases: (1) linguistic analysis of grammatical structures shown to be associated with agency (coding for main clause subjects and verb types); (2) narrative analysis to create a 'moral' and 'title' for each account; and (3) dialectic integration of (1) and (2). Results Descriptive statistics suggested that female participants used we subjects and material verbs (of doing) more than men and that full professors used relational verbs (of being and having) more than assistant and associate. Three broad types of agency were narrated: distributed (n = 15 participants), focusing on how resources and work were spread across team members; individual (n = 6), focusing on the first author's action; and collaborative (n = 3), focusing on group actions. These three types of agency contained four subtypes, e.g. supported, contested, task-based and negotiated. Discussion This study highlights the complex and emergent nature of agency narrated by authors when making authorship decisions. Published criteria offer us starting point-the stated rules of the authorship game; this paper offers us a next step-the enacted and narrated approach to the game.

Within the Computer Science community, many ethical issues have emerged as significant and critical concerns. Computer ethics is an academic field in its own right and there are unique ethical issues associated with information technology. It encompasses a range of issues and concerns including privacy and agency around personal information, Artificial Intelligence and pervasive technology, the Internet of Things and surveillance applications. As computing technology impacts society at an ever growing pace, there are growing calls for more computer ethics content to be included in Computer Science curricula. In this paper we present the results of a survey that polled faculty from Computer Science and related disciplines about teaching practices for computer ethics at their institutions. The survey was completed by respondents from 61 universities across 23 European countries. Participants were surveyed on whether or not computer ethics is taught to Computer Science students at each institution, the reasons why computer ethics is or is not taught, how computer ethics is taught, the background of staff who teach computer ethics and the scope of computer ethics curricula. This paper presents and discusses the results of the survey.

This paper puts forward the framework of the 'marketplace of post-conflict assistance' as a conceptual, analytical, and heuristic tool to comprehend better holistic dynamics in humanitarian and post-conflict contexts, where a variety of different actors offer various services and forms of assistance. It seeks to emphasise relations and interactions between service providers and intended beneficiaries in settings where there are often numerous different ways to conceptualise and manage problems stemming from armed conflict. This is demonstrated using one in-depth case study of a family in northern Uganda that has struggled for years with mental illness/spiritual problems. By framing the post-conflict space using the marketplace metaphor, it is possible to deepen understanding of how people try out different options to manage issues related to warfare and seek healing. Importantly, this framework also recognises the agency that people exercise in doing so, and how communities and service providers relate to each other.نطرح في هذه المقال إطار عمل "سوق المساعدة في مرحلة ما بعد الصراع" كأداة مفاهيمية وتحليلية وإرشادية لفهم الديناميكيات الشاملة التي تحدث في السياقات الإنسانية وسياقات ما بعد الصراع بشكل أفضل، حيث توجد مجموعة متنوعة من الجهات الفاعلة المختلفة التي تقدم أشكال مختلفة من الخدمات والمساعدة. من خلال هذا الإطار المفاهيمي، نسعى إلى التأكيد على الديناميكيات العلائقية والتفاعلية بين مقدمي الخدمات والمستفيدين المقصودين في سياقات حيث توجد غالبًا مجموعة متنوعة من الطرق المختلفة لتصور وإدارة المشكلات الناشئة عن سنوات من النزاع المسلح. نوضح ذلك من خلال دراسة حالة واحدة متعمقة لعائلة كافحت لسنوات مع مرض عقلي / مشاكل روحية في السنوات أثناء وبعد النزاع المسلح في شمال أوغندا. من خلال تأطير مساحة ما بعد الصراع من خلال استعارة السوق، يصبح من الممكن اكتساب فهم أكثر شمولية وديناميكية للطرق التي يجرب بها الناس خيارات مختلفة لإدارة القضايا المتعلقة بسنوات من النزاع المسلح والسعي للشفاء. والأهم من ذلك، فإن هذا الإطار يتعرف أيضًا بالوكالة التي يستعملها الناس في القيام بذلك، وكيف ترتبط المجتمعات ومقدمي الخدمات في السياقات الإنسانية والتنموية وسياقات ما بعد الصراع ببعضهم البعض. كلمات مفتاحية : وكالة، الأنثروبولوجيا، التنمية، التعددية العلاجية، الإنسانية، ما بعد الصراع، أوغندا.在本文中，我们提出了“冲突后援助市场”的框架，作为一种概念性、分析性和启发式工具，以更好地理解人道主义和冲突后环境中发生的整体动态，其中有各种不同的行为者提供各种形式的服务和援助。通过这个概念性框架，我们试图强调服务提供者和预期受益者之间的关系和互动动态，在这种情况下，通常有多种不同的方式来概念化和管理多年武装冲突引起的问题。我们通过对一个在乌干达北部武装冲突期间和之后多年来一直与精神疾病/精神问题作斗争的家庭进行的深入案例研究来说明这一点。通过市场隐喻来构建冲突后空间，就有可能对人们尝试不同选择来管理与多年武装冲突相关的问题并寻求治愈的方式进行更全面和动态的理解。重要的是，这个框架还承认人们在这样做的时候所行使的权力，以及在人道主义、发展和冲突后背景下的社区和服务提供者之间的关系。 关键词：权力, 人类学, 发展, 治愈多元主义, 人道主义, 冲突后, 乌干达.

It is well-known that men and women differ in their views regarding the severity of climate change, but do they also differ in their support for climate policy and in undertaking climate action? Previous evidence on this question is inconsistent, but unique survey data from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency enable us to answer it in the affirmative. Swedish women worry more about climate change and perceive it to be a bigger threat than men do. Furthermore, women report a greater support than men for policies to mitigate climate change through political interventions, and also undertake more voluntary actions to achieve this goal. More generally, the results suggest that women and men differ in their willingness to alter behavior and support policy to help mitigate other large scale crises, such as global pandemics.

Abstract. Background: According to the broaden-and-build model of positive mood, positive emotions are believed to broaden cognition resources and build psychological resiliency, to help incur positive psychological outcomes. Aim: We examined hope as a potential mediator of the association between positive mood and suicide protection (viz., life satisfaction and reasons for living) in adults. We hypothesized that positive mood would be associated with greater suicide protection through broadening hope agency and building hope pathways. Method: A sample of 320 college students completed measures of positive emotions, hope, and suicide protection. Results: Results from bootstrapped mediation testing indicated that hope agency, but not hope pathways, partially or fully mediated the relationship between positive mood and suicide protection. Limitations: It is not clear whether these findings are generalizable to a more diverse adult population. Also, it is not possible to rule out alternative causal models involving positive emotions and suicide protection. Conclusion: These findings provide some promising preliminary evidence for how positive emotions might help build hope agency to foster greater suicide protection in adults.