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In this study, a new family member of polyamide dendrimers which is based on the tetraethyl-1,1,3,3-propane tetra carboxylate was synthesized via a multi-step divergent approach. Initially, the tetraethyl-1,1,3,3-propane tetra carboxylate was synthesized through the reaction which was between the substituted malonic ester and the methylene bromide. The product was further modified through the reaction of 1,6-diamino hexane to prepare the core of the dendrimer; generation zero (G0), with tetra-amino functional groups. These amino groups have been employed in two consecutive amidification reactions. The first was with the adipoyl chloride. The second one was with Tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane fabricate the first generation (G1) with the branching points. Similarly, the second (G2), fourth (G4), and sixth (G6) generations were fabricated via multiple consecutive esterifications and amidification reactions. The progress of the dendrimers generation growth was monitored by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR, and UV–vis. Subsequently, the antimicrobial activity of the produced polyamide dendrimers were investigated, against gram-positive staphylococcus arouse (S. arouse) and gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The results showed that G6NH2 had the highest antimicrobial activity against S. arouse and E. coli.

This work contain preparation new compounds derived from N-(mono chloro) adip phthalimide (1) in three steps, the first step was prepare Schiff bases compounds from the reaction of N-hydrazino adip phthalimide (2) with different aldehydes and ketones. The second step was prepared thiazolidine ring by the reaction of prepared Schiff bases with mercapto acetic acid. The third step was included preparation of imide ring by react compound (2) with different anhydrides in presence of glacial acetic acid. All the prepared compounds were characterized by FT-IR spectra, some of them by H1-NMR, physical properties and measurements of thermal stability by TG. technique.

Nylon 6,6 nanocomposites containing well-dispersed graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were successfully fabricated via in situ interfacial polymerization between two immiscible phases: organic phase assisted by poly(vinylpyrrolidone, PVP) surfactant containing adipoyl chloride with dispersion of GO and CNTs; aqueous phase containing hexamethylenediamine. Prior to polymerization, GO was functionalized with thionyl chloride, resulting in acyl-chloride-functionalized GO (AGO). The effect of incorporation of AGO and PVP on the state of dispersion was investigated. It was observed that the addition of AGO and PVP reduced particle flocculation, leading to a well-dispersed suspension as verified using dispersion stability measurement and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The interfacial interaction between the carbon nano-fillers and nylon 6,6 chain can be induced via hydrogen and covalent bonding between them. Thermal analyses revealed nuclei crystallization in nylon 6,6 nanocomposites was promoted by the strong nucleating behavior of AGO, and the thermal stability was improved. Tensile tests of the composite films (nylon 6,6/AGO, CNT) showed increases of 122 and 152%, respectively, in the tensile strength and modulus as compared to the neat polymer. This suggests that the interfacial interaction between nylon 6,6 and AGO/CNT contributes to enhanced load transfer in nanocomposites, thus enhancing the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites.

Grape marc is an underutilised waste material that poses significant environmental issues. This study offers the first proof-of-concept investigation into the polymerisation of both crude and purified Sauvignon blanc grape marc extracts using the diacyl chlorides terephthaloyl chloride, succinyl chloride, adipoyl chloride, sebacoyl chloride, and the tartaric acid derivative (4R,5R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dicarbonyl dichloride to obtain new materials, in what to the best of our knowledge is the first reported example of a direct polymerisation of an agricultural waste extract. A total of 26 novel materials were prepared. It has also shown that quercetin, a phenolic monomer found in grape marc extracts, can be polymerised with (4R,5R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dicarbonyl dichloride to give a polymer that shows activity towards S. aureus.

This work demonstrates the enhancement of the adsorption properties of polyethersulfone (PES) microfiltration membranes for 17&beta, estradiol (E2) from water. This compound represents a highly potent endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). The PES membranes were modified with a hydrophilic coating functionalized by amide groups. The modification was performed by the interfacial reaction between hexamethylenediamine (HMD) or piperazine (PIP) as the amine monomer and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) or adipoyl chloride (ADC) as the acid monomer on the surface of the membrane using electron beam irradiation. The modified membranes and the untreated PES membrane were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water permeance measurements, water contact angle measurements, and adsorption experiments. Furthermore, the effects of simultaneous changes in four modification parameters: amine monomer types (HMD or PIP), acid monomer types (TMC or ADC), irradiation dosage (150 or 200 kGy), and the addition of toluene as a swelling agent, on the E2 adsorption capacity were investigated. The results showed that the adsorption capacities of modified PES membranes toward E2 are &gt, 60%, while the unmodified PES membrane had an adsorption capacity up to 30% for E2 under similar experimental conditions, i.e., an enhancement of a factor of 2. Next to the superior adsorption properties, the modified PES membranes maintain high water permeability and no pore blockage was observed. The highlighted results pave the way to develop efficient low-cost, stable, and high-performance adsorber membranes.

A three-phase junction formed between a solid electrode placed between solutions of the organic phase and the aqueous phase is employed for localized and electrochemically assisted nylon-6,6 deposition. The fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive support (serving as the working electrode) is immersed into the cell filled with the aqueous solution of 1,6- hexanediamine (1,6-DAH) and the organic solution of adipoyl chloride (AC) dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane. The interfacial polycondensation reaction between these two reagents occurs spontaneously at the liquid–liquid interface at elevated pH and is inhibited when diamine is fully protonated. With this in mind, we have designed a system where the pH close to the three-phase junction was increased using electrochemical water reduction triggering very localized polyamide deposition.

Cystamine-based polymers may help to achieve controlled and targeted drug delivery to the colon due to their susceptibility to breakage of the disulfide linkage in the low redox potential environment of the colon. In this study, two linear cystamine-based polymers with similar repeating units (LP1 and LP2) and a cross-linked cystamine-based polymer (BP) were synthesised and their kinetics and the various physical conditions underlying cystamine-based polymerisation were evaluated. In brief, N1, N6-bis(2-(tritylthio)ethyl)adipamide (2) was synthesised from the reaction of triphenylmethanol and cysteamine. Next, the trityl group of 2 was removed with trifluoroacetic acid and triethylsilane before proceeding to oxidative polymerisation of the end product, N1, N6-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)adipamide (3) to LP1. The Schotten-Bauman reaction was applied to synthesise LP2 and BP from the reaction of cystamine with adipoyl chloride or trimesoyl chloride. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and mapping showed that oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon were homogenously distributed in the polymers, with LP2 and BP having less porous morphologies compared to LP1. Results of zinc-acetic acid reduction showed that all polymers began to reduce after 15 min. Moreover, all synthesised polymers resisted stomach and small intestine conditions and only degraded in the presence of bacteria in the colon environment. Thus, these polymers have great potential for drug delivery applications. LP2 and BP, which were synthesised using the Schotten-Bauman reaction, were more promising than LP1 for colon-targeted drug delivery.

A copolymers are important compounds today because of their wide applications in various industrial and medical fields and in other fields. Therefore, the study of preparing many of these polymers has been studied. This research involved preparing linear polyester contain Schiff-base unit by interfacial polycondensation three type diacid chloride (Succinoyl Chloride, Adipoyl Chloride and sebacoyl Chloride) in a chloroform /water system employing phase transfer catalyst with monomer containing two hydroxyl which is derived from a 4-hydroxy aniline reacted with a 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde monomer. The monomer (EM1) and polyester (EM2, EM3, and EM4) were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and TGA analysis. The polyester–Schiff base so obtained show good thermal stability.

Starting from the compound (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)(2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)methanone (4), two diols and three tetrol derivatives were synthesised. Morover, from the reactions of 1,3-dimethoxybenzene and 1,4-dimethoxybenzene with adipoyl chloride, fifteen new along with nine known compounds were obtained. For the characterizations of compounds, spectroscopic methods such as NMR including DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments and X-ray diffraction were used. The antioxidant activities of novel synthesized seventeen molecules were investigated by analytical methods like ABTS•+ and DPPH• scavenging. Also, reducing power these molecules were investigated by Fe3+, Cu2+, and [Fe3+-(TPTZ)2]3+. Some of the molecules record powerful antioxidant profile when compared to putative standards. The inhibition effects of the phenols compounds against AChE and BChE activities were analysed. Also, these phenols were found as effective inhibitors for AChE, hCA I, hCA II, and BChE with Kis in the range of 122.95 ± 18.41–351.31 ± 69.12 nM for hCA I, 62.35 ± 9.03–363.17 ± 180.1 nM for hCA II, 134.57 ± 3.99–457.43 ± 220.10 nM for AChE, and 27.06 ± 9.12–72.98 ± 9.53 nM for BChE, respectively.

A series of renewable polyesters were crosslinked with epoxides in the presence of a nucleophilic base. Our previous study synthesized aromatic polyesters from a hydrogenated bis-isoeugenol (HB) and diacyl chloride monomers such as succinyl chloride (SU), adipoyl chloride (A), and sebecoyl chloride (SE) giving polyesters PHBSU, PHBA, and PHBSE. A lignin-derived epoxy was synthesized and compared to common industrial epoxies. The result of the cross-linking of the polyesters with these epoxides improved the thermal properties, increasing Tg from 61 °C to 98 °C for PHBSU-based thermosets, 43 °C–105 °C for PHBA-based thermosets, and 19 °C–103 °C for PHBSE-based thermosets. The mechanical properties showed storage moduli of 4.7–19 MPa and tensile stress of up to 68 MPa. The utilization of a polyester as a crosslinker for epoxy thermosets is a largely untapped mechanism and can expand the library of thermoset materials, especially for bio-based renewable thermoset materials.

New amide linked bis-indoles 10a, b, and 12 have been synthesized by treatment of tryptamine (9) or 5-aminoindole (11) with oxalyl chloride or adipoyl chloride. In addition, a newly indole derivatives 14-16 incorporated or fused with coumarin moieties have been prepared through the reaction of 9 or 11 with 4-chloro-3-formylcoumarin (13a) or 4-chloro-3-nitrocoumarin (13b). Further, 13-(3-nitrophenyl)-6,13-dihydrochromeno[4,3-b]pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinolin-12(3H)-one (20) has been produced via one-pot Mannish reaction of 11, 4-hydroxycoumarin (17), and 3-nitrobenzaldehyde (18) in the presence of N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) as a catalyst. A mixture of 3-[(3H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one (24A), and 3-[(1H-indol-3-yl)methylene]chroman-2,4-dione (24B) has been obtained with ratio 1:1 through Knoevenagel condensation reaction of indole-3-carboxaldehyde (21) and 17. Structures of the obtained compounds have been assigned by sophisticated spectroscopic techniques (H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR, and 2D NMR) and mass spectrometry. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their cytotoxic activity against the human cervix carcinoma cell line (KB-3-1), where compounds 14a, 16, and 20 exhibit the highest potent activity (IC50 = 1.8, 2.2, and 7.9 A mu M, respectively) in comparison with the positive control (+)-Griseofulvin (IC50 = 19.2 A mu M), whereas the tautomeric mixture 24A, B show moderate activity (IC50 = 71.3 A mu M). Moreover, molecular docking study of the synthesized compounds toward the matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) (PDB ID: 1MNC) has also discussed.

We present here the first synthesis of cyclic oligo(ethylene adipate)s (COEAs) via pseudo-high dilution condensation reaction of adipoyl chloride with ethylene glycol, and the synthesis of corresponding poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA) via the melt polymerization of COEAs. The structure of COEAs was characterized and proved by 1H-NMR and MALDI-TOF mass measurements. The effects of organic base, reaction temperature and the ratio of adipoyl chloride to ethylene glycol on the yield of COEAs were studied, and the optimum reaction condition was revealed. PEA, a diacid and diol based semi-crystalline green aliphatic polyester, was synthesized by the melt polymerization of COEAs using Ti(n-C4H9O)4 as catalyst and 1,10-decanediol as initiator at 200 °C, which follows the polycondensation-coupling ring-opening polymerization method. Our strategy should be applicable to the synthesis of versatile aliphatic polyesters based on diacid and diol monomers, which have potential applications as biocompatible and biodegradable materials.

This research was based on the manufacture of new composite materials that offer technological possibilities in the development of new devices with greater efficiency. Electrospinning was used to form nylon 66/-tetra-(para-aminophenyl) porphyrin (H2T(p-NH2)PP)/graphene oxide (GO) composite film. Graphene oxide coatings were obtained from graphite, through mechanical exfoliation followed by calcination and ultrasonic agitation in an oxidant solution. These samples were characterized under SEM, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis and R-X techniques. On the other hand, H2T(p-NH2)PP was synthesized in two steps process by the Rothemun reaction and the Adler Method and it was integrated within nylon polyamide fibers by direct addition of a hexamethylenediamine/adipoyl chloride reactant mixture. The polymerization of the nylon/H2T(p-NH2)PP species occurs in such a way that it starts or ends on the four peripherals-NH2 groups, connected and located in the same molecular plane of H2T(p-NH2)PP, forming nylon chains at the periphery of the macrocycle. The association of GO with nylon/H2T(p-NH2)PP fibers is performed by dipole-dipole interaction and hydrogen bonding. To take advantage of the properties of these materials, they were combined as a ternary composite.

Photostrictive polymers are a shape memory material that actuates between two mechanical states due to application of different wavelengths of light. Photostrictive materials often exhibit large strains during this process. In this work a novel photostrictive polymer was synthesized using a similar procedure to the synthesis of nylon threads. A monomer containing azobenzene, a photoreactive switch, was synthesized. The novel monomer was polymerized into a material with similar properties to that of nylon where the photoswitch replaces some of the alkyl units created by the adipoyl chloride monomer. This creates a new photostrictive thread alternative to flat sheets for artificial muscle applications. Additionally, the photoactive monomer and the original nylon monomer, adipoyl chloride, were used concurrently to produce a copolymer with varying degrees of the photoactive unit. Utilizing a copolymer methodology allows the innovative thread-like material to be tunable, by varying the amount of photoactive units embedded into the polymer strand. Ratios of the photoswitch unit to adipoyl chloride of 1:5, 1:10, 1:25, and 1:50 were synthesized. The synthesized polymer strands were dissolved in formic acid so that the incorporation of the photoactive units could be measured using Ultra Violet –Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The absorbance at varying wavelengths was determined and compared to the base polymer, nylon. All azobenzene samples exhibited a direct correlation to an absorption band at 345 nm and the concentration of the photoswitch unit.

In this work, A novel optical metal ion sensor microporous polyesters and copolyesters containing porphyrin moiety as a monomeric unit in the main chain were successfully prepared by the interfacial condensation polymerization from 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (Por-OH) and 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin (Por-V) with aliphatic and aromatic acid chlorides derivatives (such as; adipoyl chloride, and azobenzene-4,4′-dicarboxylic chloride, respectively). These polyesters and copolyesters are characterized by FT-IR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, UV–Visible absorbance, fluorescence emission, and SEM measurements. The results show that our novel compounds are amorphous, have good thermal stability with high char yield and possess peaks similar to the porphynoid structure that make them good metal ion sensors with different metals ions (such as; Zn+2, Cu+2, Ni+2, Co+2, and Fe+3). Also, they can be used as dye adsorbents in aqueous solution and displayed amazing adsorption and selectivity toward cationic dye methylene blue (MB) over anionic sunset yellow (SY) in the dye's mixture.

The demand for a safer alternative to bisphenol A (BPA) developer materials for thermal printing systems has recently grown considerably because of the many potential health effects of exposure to BPA. In this study, we tested the use of hyperbranched polymers as replacements for BPA, and determined the structural features of their polymer backbones that control the developing capability of thermal papers. For this purpose, a novel series of hyperbranched polyester copolymers with linear and terminal phenol groups were prepared via one-pot A2 + B3 reactions of phloroglucinol with various feed ratios of terephthaloyl chloride and adipoyl chloride. The variations with the proportion of alkyl chains in the backbones of the structural, thermal, and color-forming reaction properties of the resultant polymers were investigated. Moreover, the preparation of thermal papers with these polymers was carried out and their developing capabilities were compared to those of BPA–based thermal papers.

In this study, it has been demonstrated that cross-linked polystyrene (CPS) was successfully prepared by using click chemistry. For this purpose, firstly, poly (styrene-co-4 chloromethylstyrene) with 4-chloromethylstyrene was synthesized. Secondly, alkyne-functionalized esters (dipropargyl adipate, dipropargyl succinate) were obtained using propargyl alcohol, adipoyl chloride and succinyl chloride. Azide-functionalized polystrene (PS-N3) and dipropargyl adipate (or dipropargyl succinate) were reacted in N,N-dimethylformamide for 24 h at room temperature to give CPS. The synthesized polymer and compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) analysis.. The surface properties were investigated by Scanning Electron Micrography (SEM).

A class of cationic poly(alkylamidoamine)s (PAAAs) containing lipophilic methylene linkers were designed and examined as in vitro plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery agents. The PAAAs were synthesized via step-growth polymerization between a diamine monomer and each of four different diacid chloride monomers with varying methylene linker lengths, including glutaryl chloride, adipoyl chloride, pimeloyl chloride, and suberoyl chloride, which served to systematically increase the lipophilicity of the polymers. The synthesized polymers successfully complexed with pDNA in reduced serum medium at N/P ratios of 5 and greater, resulting in polyplexes with hydrodynamic diameters of approximately 1 μm. These polyplexes were tested for in vitro transgene expression and cytotoxicity using HDFa (human dermal fibroblast), HeLa (human cervical carcinoma), HMEC (human mammary epithelial), and HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial) cells. Interestingly, select PAAA polyplex formulations were found to be more effective than Lipofectamine 2000 at promoting transgene expression (GFP) while maintaining comparable or higher cell viability. Transgene expression was highest in HeLa cells (∼90% for most formulations) and lowest in HDFa cells (up to ∼20%) as measured by GFP fluorescence. In addition, the cytotoxicity of PAAA polyplex formulations was significantly increased as the molecular weight, N/P ratio, and methylene linker length were increased. The PAAA vehicles developed herein provide a new delivery vehicle design strategy of displaying attributes of both polycations and lipids, which show promise as a tunable scaffold for refining the structure-activity-toxicity profiles for future genome editing studies.

A series of six photo-crosslinkable thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyesters were prepared by polycondensation method at room temperature using tetra-n-butylammonium bromide as the phase transfer catalyst. The diacid chloride involved in this process was adipoyl chloride, the common diol (diol-1), also referred to as bischalcone diol, used was 3,3′-benzene-1,4-diylbis[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one] and six different arylidene diols were involved as varying diols (diol-2), in the ratio 2:1:1. The common diol and the six arylidene diols were synthesized by the acid-catalyzed Claisen-Schmidt synthesis. The inherent viscosity ηinh of these six copolyesters was found between 0.35 and 0.45. The microstructure of the repeating unit present in the copolyester chain was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H–NMR and 13C–NMR spectroscopic techniques. Thermal transition temperatures, resolved from the DSC thermograms, were found to be well above room temperature. Optical polarizing microscopy was employed to establish the liquid crystalline property and all the polymers were found to have nematic phase. The photo-crosslinking behaviour of these copolyesters was studied in DMF solution at different time intervals. The copolyesters having methoxy group in them absorb UV-A rays (315–400 nm) for a longer duration, which promotes them to be good candidates for UV filters and sunscreens.

A new diamine containing one keto and four ether groups was prepared through a three-step reaction: first, hydroquinone was reacted with 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene and 4-(4-nitrophenoxy) phenol was obtained. The next step was reduction of nitro group to amino group in which 4-(4-aminophenoxy) phenol was prepared. In the final step, the new diamine named as bis(4-(4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenoxy)phenyl) methanone was synthesized through reaction of the later compound with 4,4′-difluoro benzophenone. All prepared materials were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. Novel species of poly(keto ether ether amide)s were synthesized via polymerization reaction of the diamine with different diacid chlorides including terephthaloyl chloride, isophthaloyl chloride, and adipoyl chloride. All polyamides were characterized, and their properties such as thermal behavior, thermal stability, solubility, viscosity, water uptake, and crystallinity were investigated and compared together. The glass transition temperatures of the polymers were about 204–232°C, and their 10% weight losses were in the range of 396–448°C. Polymers showed high thermal stability and enhanced solubility that mainly resulted from incorporation of the diamine structure containing keto, ether, and aromatic units into polyamide backbones. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The proteolytic enzyme trypsin was chemically immobilized to an amine-functionalized sol-gel using adipoyl chloride under nonaqueous conditions and a nitrogen atmosphere. In the synthesis of the sol-gel, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and 3-(2-aminoethylamino) propyldimethoxymethylsilane (AEAPMS) (50:50, v/v) were used, which provided convenient physical and chemical conditions to maintain catalytic activity of immobilized trypsin molecules for the digestion of proteins in proteomics applications. Bovine serum albumin was used as a model protein to perform enzymatic digestion using the trypsin immobilized sol-gel. The resulting peptides were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry to evaluate the digestion performance and specificity of the sol-gel material. The trypsin immobilized sol-gel showed superior enzymatic activity in protein digestion and it was determined that the sol-gel material could be repeatedly used at least 25 times without significant activity loss in long-term use. Additionally, autocatalysis was prevented by immobilization of trypsin. The peptide digest having the highest purity was obtained for protein identification studies.

In this study, we developed a liquid crystal (LC)-based optical sensor for monitoring enzymatic activity through orientational changes in liquid crystals (LCs) coupled to the properties of a poly--lysine (PLL)-based polymeric membrane. We prepared a PLL-based polymeric membrane at the planar interface between the thermotropic liquid crystal and aqueous phases. The PLL-based polymeric membrane was obtained by contacting the PLL solution with water immiscible LCs, 4-cyano-4'-pentyl-biphenyl (5CB) doped with adipoyl chloride. We then investigated the membrane properties by examining the permeability of the membrane to phospholipids, 1,2-didodecanoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC). The permeability of the membrane to transport phospholipids was monitored through the orientational transition of 5CB in contact with the dispersions of DLPC. Since trypsin can enzymatically catalyze the hydrolysis of PLL, we incubated an aqueous trypsin solution with the membrane for 2 h at room temperature to cause an increase in the permeability of the polymeric membrane to DLPC. As a result, a bright to dark optical shift of LCs was observed, which implied that an enzymatic reaction between trypsin and PLL-based membrane occurred. Two control experiments using chymotrypsin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) revealed no sign of improved permeability based on the orientational transition of LCs.

Three di-acyl chlolide reagents, adipoyl chloride, terephthaloyl chloride and isophthaloyl chloride, were used as spacer reagents to prepare bonded type of three cellulose (3,5-dimethylphenyl)carbamate (CDMPC) chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The CDMPC CSPs were prepared using these three acid chlorides as spacer agents at the 6-position of the primary hydroxyl group on the glucose unit of cellulose regioselectively. The chiral recognition ability of the prepared CSPs for five racemates was evaluated by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the following mobile phases: hexane/isopropanol (IPA), hexane/IPA/ tetrahydrofuran (THF) and hexane/IPA/chloroform. The result showed that these prepared CSPs can be used in THF and chloroform solutions and the chiral recognition abilities of the CSPs were improved depending on the eluents and chiral samples.

A facile method to prepare microfiltration membrane was proposed in this study. The method involved the interfacial polymerization of 1,6-hexamethylene diamine and adipoyl chloride to form polyamide (nylon 6,6) on the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrospun nanofibrous (ENF) membranes as the scaffold. The effects of process parameters, such as monomer concentrations, monomer coating sequence, reaction time and number of reaction cycles, on the amount of polyamide that formed were investigated. It was found that polyamide that formed by interfacial polymerization existed not only on the surface but also in the interior of the ENF membranes. A mechanism was proposed to explain the phenomenon. The pore sizes of the formed polyamide/PAN ENF membranes, ranging from 0.13 to 4.88 μm, can be controlled by the number of reaction cycles. These polyamide/PAN ENF membranes also exhibited enhanced tensile strength. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:430–437, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

A number of interesting biobased chemical building blocks were developed via the condensation of the C22 acyloin obtained from 10-undecenoic acid (castor oil and a non-edible oil) with mono- and bifunctional acid chlorides. Two terminally unsaturated acid chlorides (C3 and C11), three long chain saturated aliphatic acid chlorides (C10, C12 and C14), as well as the bifunctional adipoyl chloride were used. The condensation products were obtained as pure oils with potential cross-linking features and are therefore of interest as biobased crosslinkers for the polymer industry. The acyloin was successfully copolymerized in a radical emulsion copolymerization process, replacing diallyl phthalate. Radical, ionic or coordination homopolymerization of the same acyloin, however, did not work. Neither did the radical homopolymerization of undecenoyl acyloin. The acrylated acyloin, however, was transformed into a transparent glass upon solvent-free radical polymerization initiated by benzoyl peroxide. Thermogravimetric, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Dynamic Mechanical Analyses were performed on the obtained polymer. Epoxidation of the triple unsaturated undecenoyl acyloin and the acyloin itself was evaluated as well.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) prepared from eucalyptus cellulose CNCs were modified by the reaction with methyl adipoyl chloride, CNCm, or with a mixture of acetic and sulfuric acid, CNCa. The CNC were either dispersed at 0.1 wt% in the pure solvents ethyl acetate (EA), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethylformamide (DMF) or in cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) solutions prepared in these solvents at 0.9 wt%. The colloidal behavior of these dispersions was systematically investigated using a phase separation analyzer LUMiReader®. The mechanical properties and morphological features of the films resulting from the mixtures of CAB and CNC were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis, optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Regardless the functional group attached to the surface of CNC, the best colloidal stability was observed for dispersions prepared in CAB/DMF solution. Higher degree of substitution of modified CNCs favored the colloidal stability in EA and THF. Composite films prepared from CAB/DMF solutions were more homogeneous and presented better mechanical performance than those prepared in CAB/EA or CAB/THF. The mechanical performance of composites and neat CAB prepared from DMF was CAB/CNCs > CAB/CNCm > CAB/CNCa > CAB, indicating that the modification weakens the percolation process, which is mediated by H bonding.

Rosette nanotubes (RNTs) are self-assembled tubular architectures which have extensive chemical and physical tuning capabilities, owing to their ease of surface functionalization and flexible inner channel design. To marry these tunable features of the RNTs with the enhanced stability of a covalent polymer, here we demonstrate the covalent capture of the RNT supramolecular structure by polymerizing alkyldiamine functional groups expressed on their outer periphery in the presence of adipoyl chloride (nylon-6,6 process). The resulting polymeric materials were characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of fibers and films composed of RNTs.

A series of novel aromatic and aromatic–aliphatic diamines [isophthaloyl bis(3-(3-aminophenyl)thiourea), terephthaloyl bis(3-(3-aminophenyl)thiourea), adipoyl bis(3-(3-aminophenyl)thiourea), sebacoyl bis(3-(3-aminophenyl)thiourea)] were synthesized starting from the dinitro compounds. Spectroscopic and elemental analyses were carried out for the structure elucidation of the monomers. Three series of poly(thiourea-amide)s (PTAMs) bearing CS groups were prepared through the condensation of new diamines with the diacid chlorides such as isophthaloyl, terephthaloyl and adipoyl chloride. The ensuing PTAMs were characterized using FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR techniques. Physical properties of the polymers such as solution miscibility, crystallinity, solution viscosity, molecular weight, and thermal properties were measured. Consequently, good organosolubility of these polymers was experiential in amide solvents as DMAc, DMF, DMSO and NMP. Moreover, PTAMs exhibited ηinh in the range of 0.92–1.56 dL/g and GPC measurements revealed Mw around 607 × 102-851 × 102. DSC served to envisage the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of poly(thiourea-amide)s located between 232 and 258°C and the initial decomposition temperatures (T0) probed by thermogravimetry were in the range of 305–419°C. Structure-property relationship of these polymers was also studied. Eventually, solid−liquid extraction tests of the selected poly(thiourea-amide)s systems revealed excellent results because these polymers show nearly 100% elimination of lead and mercury cations from water media. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

The novel difunctional monomer, 1-(4-aminobenzoyl)-3-(3-aminophenyl) thiourea (ABAPT), was synthesized by the reduction of NBNPT (1-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-3-(3-nitrophenyl) thiourea). The characterization of the monomers was carried out using spectroscopic and elemental analyses. A series of novel aromatic and aromatic-aliphatic poly (thiourea-amide)s (PAMDs) were obtained through the condensation of ABAPT with various diacid chlorides (terephthaloyl, isophthaloyl, sebacoyl and adipoyl chloride). Structural elucidation of the resulting polyamides was carried out by FTIR, 1H- and 13C-NMR techniques along with solvent miscibility, viscosity, molecular weight, crystallinity, non-flammable and thermal studies. The polymers bearing phenylthiourea moieties in the backbone were obtained in quantitative yield. PAMDs having inherent viscosities of 1.02-1.32 dL g−1 exhibited good organosolubility in amide solvents ( N, N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and N-methylpyrrolidone). X-ray diffraction studies specified crystalline behavior of new polyamides. Gel permeation chromatography measurements disclosed Mw around 34 000-65 000. The thermogravimetric analyses and limiting oxygen index measurements indicated that aromatic polyamides were stable up to 500 °C and were adequately flame retardant. Moreover, their glass transition temperatures were found to be 265-273 °C.

New fifteen polymers were prepared by modification of polyvinyl alcohol; these polymers were prepared by two steps. The first step was included reaction 1 mole of poly vinyl alcohol with 1mole of adipoyl chloride to produce ester-acid chloride polymer .Second step was included reaction the produced polymer in step one with different amines to obtained new ester-amide polymers .Four of them were reacted with acid chloride (acetyl chloride and benzoyl chloride) in DMF to produces ester imide polymers in third step. All these polymers have different physical properties which may be used in different applications. The prepared polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1 HNMR spectroscopy, and by measuring their melting points, softing points, solubilities.

The production of new biocidal polyester Schiff base metal complexes [PESB–M(II)] via polycondensation reaction between chelated Schiff base diol and adipoyl chloride is reported. The resulting polyesters were characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. The analytical data of all the synthesized polyesters were found to be in good agreement with 1:1 molar ratio of chelated Schiff base diol to adipoyl chloride. Thermogravimetric analyses of synthesized polyesters were studied by TG in nitrogen atmosphere up to 1073 K and results indicate that Cu(II) polyester complex exhibited better heat resistant properties than the other polyesters complexes. Magnetic moment and UV–visible spectra were examined to explain the structure of all the polyesters which reveled that Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) have octahedral geometry while Cu(II) possess a distorted octahedral geometry. These newly developed polyesters were also tested for their antibacterial activity against several bacteria and fungi. Among all the tested compounds PESB–Cu(II) possess the highest bactericidal and fungicidal activity.

A facile synthetic approach to aromatic and semiaromatic amine-terminated hyperbranched polyamides via direct polymerization of triamine (B3) with different diacid chlorides (A2) was explored. An aromatic triamine, 1,3,5-tris(4′-aminophenylcarbamoyl)benzene (TAPCB), was synthesized and monomers were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Finally, the polycondensation reaction of TAPCB with terephthaloyl chloride (TPC), isophthaloyl chloride (IPC), sebacoyl chloride (SC) and adipoyl chloride (AC) resulted in the preparation of four hyperbranched polyamides i.e., HBPA 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. FTIR and 1H NMR analyses confirmed the structures of the ensuing polymers and DB was found between 0.51–0.55. These thermally stable amorphous HBPAs were soluble in polar aprotic solvents at room temperature having glass transition temperatures (Tg) between 138–198 °C. Inherent viscosities (ηinh) and weight average molecular weights (Mw) were in the range of 0.27–0.35 dL/g and 1.3 × 104–2.7 × 104, respectively. Future prospects are envisaged.

Cellulose esters containing adipates and other ester groups are synthesized by the reaction of commercially available cellulose esters in solution with the benzyl monoester of adipoyl chloride. The products, cellulose adipate esters in which the distal end of the adipate moiety is a benzyl ester, were easily converted to cellulose adipate derivatives by Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation. These cellulose adipate derivatives are promising biopolymers for drug delivery and other applications in which water-dispersion or swelling are desired.

Two types of novolac were prepared, namely / random (o,p-) and (o.o-) novolac. The prepared resins were modified by three methods, the first one includes esterification of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the prepared resins via their treatment with adipoyl chloride and urethane derivative by the reaction of toluene diisocyanate with resins . While the second modification includes incorporation of phosphorous, silicon, and boron into the novolac structure via reaction of P2O5 SiCl2(CH3)2, SiCl2(C6H5)2 and Ba(OH)2 with novolac, Sulfure was incorporated into the novolac structure by preparation of 3,3,5,5 tetra methylo1-4,4-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfone which then reacted with o,o- novolac and the third modification includes reaction of benzyl chloride with sodium salt of novolac and structure contains benzylic ether were obtained. All prepared products were characterized by IR. HNMR, thermal analysis and some physical properties.

Antimicrobial polyesters containing Schiff-base metal complexes (PSB) were prepared by polycondensation of adipoyl chloride with chelated Schiff-base diol {bis-(2-hydroxy-5-methylol-benzaldehyde)ethylenediamine}. All the metal chelated polyesters were characterized by elemental analysis, UV–Visible, FTIR, 13C and 1H NMR spectra and thermogravimetric analysis. The analytical data of the polyesters agreed with 1 : 1 molar ratio (metal chelated diols to adipoyl chloride). The geometry of the chelated polyesters was confirmed by magnetic susceptibility measurements and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The thermal behaviors of these chelated polyesters were studied by TGA (Thermogravimetric analyzer) in a nitrogen atmosphere up to 800°C. The TGA results revealed that the Cu(II) chelated polyester has better heat resistant properties than the other polyesters. The antimicrobial properties of these polyesters were investigated with agar diffusion methods against selected microorganisms Bacillus subtelillis, Bacillus meg...

Different bis-phenols reacted with cyanogen bromide in the presence of triethylamine as base to give the corresponding bis-cyanates which were treated with sodium azide in acetone as solvent to produce new bis(5-oxy-1H-tetrazole) derivatives. One more bis-tetrazole derivative was synthesized by reaction of 5-(4-aminophenoxy)-1H-tetrazole with adipoyl chloride. The prepared compounds were characterized by usual spectroscopic techniques.

3,4-Di-(2′-hydroxyethoxy)benzylidenemalononitrile ( 3 ) was prepared and condensed with terephthaloyl chloride and adipoyl chloride to yield novel Y-type polyesters ( 4 – 5 ) containing 3,4-dioxybenzylidenemalononitrile groups as NLO-chromophores, which constituted parts of the polymer main-chains. The resulting polymers 4 – 5 are soluble in common organic solvents such as acetone and N,N -dimethylformamide. They showed thermal stability up to 300 °C in thermogravimetric analysis with glass-transition temperatures obtained from differential scanning calorimetry in the range 89–91 °C. The second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients ( d 33 ) of poled polymer films at the 1064 nm fundamental wavelength were around 2.47 pm/V. The dipole alignment exhibited high thermal stability even at 10 °C higher than T g , and there is no SHG decay below 100 °C due to the partial main-chain character of polymer structure, which is acceptable for NLO device applications.

2,4-Di-(2'-hydroxyethoxy)benzylidenemalononitrile (3) was prepared and polymerized with terephthaloyl chloride and adipoyl chloride to yield novel Y-type polyesters 4 and 5 containing dioxybenzylidenemalono-nitrile groups as NLO-chromophores, which constituted parts of the polymer backbone. The resulting polymers 4 and 5 are soluble in common organic solvents such as acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide. Polymers 4 and 5 showed thermal stability up to 300 °C in thermogravimetric analysis with glass-transition temperatures obtained from differential scanning calorimetry in the range 83-94 °C. The second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients (d 33 ) of poled polymer films at the 1064 nm fundamental wavelength were around 6.48 x 10 -9 esu. The dipole alignment exhibited high thermal stability even at 10 °C higher than Tg and no significant SHG decay was observed below 105 °C partially due to the main-chain character of polymer structure, which is acceptable for NLO device applications.

4-(3-Hydroxy-naphthalene)-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione (3HNTD) was synthesized in six steps starting from 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid. The reaction of monomer 3HNTD with acetyl chloride was performed in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solution at different molar ratios, and the resulting mono-, di- and trisubstituted derivatives were obtained in high yields and were finally used as models for polymerization reactions. A series of novel aliphatic–aromatic poly(amide-ester)s (PAE)s containing a naphthalene pendent moiety were prepared from 3HNTD and various diacid chlorides (including succinyl chloride, adipoyl chloride and sebacoyl chloride) by polycondensation reactions with three methods: low-temperature solution polycondensation, solution polymerization under gradual heating and reflux conditions in the presence of pyridine and triethylamine as a proton scavenger and without a proton scavenger, respectively. PAEs from aliphatic diacid chlorides and 3HNTD have been studied in great detail via th...

High molecular weight polyetheresters (PEE) containing thermally curable benzoxazine units in the main chain have been synthesized. For this purpose, first the diol functional monomer is synthesized through the Mannich reaction of 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol (bisphenol A), formaldehyde, and 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol. Polycondensation of the resulting benzoxazine dietherdiol with adipoyl chloride and terephthaloyl dichloride in the presence of triethyl amine yields the corresponding PEE with the molecular weights of 34.000 Da. The structures of the precursor diol monomer and the resulting PEEs are confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) analysis. Curing behavior of both the monomer and polymers has also been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Flexible free standing transparent films of the PEEs are obtained by solvent casting from dichloromethane solution on Teflon plates. The films preserve shape and, to some extent, toughness after thermal curing between 140 and 220 °C. Thermal properties of the cured polymers are also investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 414–420, 2008

2,3-Di-(2’-hydroxyethoxy)-4’-nitrostilbene (3) was prepared and condensed with terephthaloyl chloride, adipoyl chloride, and sebacoyl chloride to yield novel Y-type polyesters (4-6) containing the NLO-chromophores 2,3-dioxynitrostilbenyl groups, which constituted parts of the polymer backbones. Polymers4-6 were soluble in common organic solvents such as acetone andN,N-dimethylformamide. Polymers4-5 showed thermal stability up to 300 °C in thermogravimetric analysis with glass transition temperatures (Tg), obtained from differential scanning calorimetry, in the range 81–95 °C. The second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients (d 33) of the poled polymer films at the 1064 nm fundamental wavelength were around 3.68 × 10−9 esu. The dipole alignment exhibited high thermal stability up toT g , and there was no SHG decay belowT g due to the partial main-chain character of the polymer structure.

2,3-Di-(2′-hydroxyethoxy)-4′-nitrostilbene (3) was prepared and condensed with terephthaloyl chloride and adipoyl chloride to yield novel Y-type polyesters (4–5) containing the NLO-chromophores dioxynitrostilbenyl groups, which constituted parts of the polymer backbones. Polymers 4–5 were soluble in common organic solvents such as acetone and dimethylsulfoxide. They showed thermal stability up to 300°C in thermogravimetric analysis with glass-transition temperatures obtained from differential scanning calorimetry in the range of 83–95°C. The second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients (d 33 ) of poled polymer films at the 1064 cm−1 fundamental wavelength were around 3.68 × 10−9 esu. The dipole alignment exhibited high thermal stability up to the glass-transition temperature due to the partial main-chain character of polymer structure, which was acceptable for NLO device applications.

Dynamic covalent polymers incorporating thermally reversible alkoxyamine units in the main chain were synthesized, and their thermal structural reorganization behavior was systematically investigated. The model reaction using alkoxyamine derivatives clearly revealed that the exchange reaction between the derivatives occurred upon heating over 60 °C, and the degree of exchange strongly depended on the reaction temperature, time, and concentration. Polycondensation from alkoxyamine-based diol and adipoyl chloride at room temperature successfully afforded the corresponding poly(alkoxyamine ester) without any decomposition of the alkoxyamine units. Their molecular weight can be readily estimated by conventional gel permeation chromatography (GPC). In contrast, their thermal reorganization behavior was completely different from common polymers; for instance, the peak in the GPC profiles of the fractionated polymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution broadened to 1.6−2.0 upon heating. Furthermore, the m...

Nylon-6,6 was grafted at the surface of glass and plasma-treated Kevlar fibers for use in nylon–Kevlar thermoplastic composites. Hydroxyl and, in the case of Kevlar, amine end-groups occur at the fibre surface, either as defects or due to the plasma treatment. These were used as anchor points for nylon-6,6 step polycondensation. Fibers were subjected to successive dipping in adipoyl chloride/CH2Cl2 and aqueous hexamethylenediamine solutions in order to attach and grow high molecular weight polymer on the fiber surface. Grafted nylon was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. It was shown that no backbiting occurred during the first stage of the grafting process and that the polymer quantity increased linearly with number of passes, up to ∼50 passes for plasma-treated Kevlar and 100 for glass fibers, after which polymer quantity remained constant, within experimental error, which was attributed to the onset of termination reactions. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:278–286, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers

A microfluidics based, localised formation of nylon 6,6 membranes has been undertaken. The study demonstrates the feasibility of maintaining stable aqueous/organic interfaces for xylene within simple linear flow channels. Glass fabricated structures were used with adipoyl chloride and hexamethylenediamine in the organic and aqueous phases, respectively, in order to achieve nylon 6,6 interfacial polymerisation. Localised membrane formation was investigated in flow channels of different geometries over a wide range of flow rates (500–4000 μl/min), with Reynolds numbers ranging from 8.4 to 67.2. The results demonstrate that interfacial polymerisation occurs consistently over a wide range of flow rates and of flow entry angles for dual aqueous/organic solvent input. However, creation of uniform planar film structures required careful optimisation, and these were best achieved at 2000 μl/min with a flow entry angle of 45°. The resulting membranes had thicknesses in the range between 100 and 300 μm. Computational modelling of the aqueous/organic flow was performed in order to characterise flow stability and wall shear-stress patterns. The flow arrangement establishes a principle for the fabrication of micromembrane structures designed for low sample volume separation, where the forming reaction is a facile and rapid interfacial process.

Microwave irradiation was applied to synthesize to the bulk synthesis of novel poly(ether–ester)s based on diol-ether of isosorbide ( 1 ) and adipoyl chloride ( 2 ) or terephthaloyl chloride ( 3 ). Thus, the poly(ether–ester)s ( 4 and 5 ) consist partially of isosorbide. In order to check the influence of microwaves and possible specific non-thermal microwave effects, the reactions were comparatively performed inside a thermostated oil bath under similar conditions. The reaction conditions were varied to optimize both yields and molecular weights of poly(ether–ester)s. The reaction proceeded roughly five times faster under microwave irradiation, the polycondensation being almost completed (yields upto approximately 95%) within 5 min to afford a series of novel poly(ether–ester)s based with relatively high average molecular weights ( M w upto approximately 8000). The resulting poly(ether–ester)s were characterized by NMR ( 1 H and 13 C), FT-IR spectrometry, SEC measurements and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Thermal properties of the poly(ether–ester)s ( 4 and 5 ) were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).