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1. Impact of COVID-19 on mortality in coastal Kenya: a longitudinal open cohort study

Author: Otiende, M., Nyaguara, A., Bottomley, C., Walumbe, D., Mochamah, G., Amadi, D., Nyundo, C., Kagucia, E. W., Etyang, A. O., Adetifa, I. M. O., Brand, S. P. C., Maitha, E., Chondo, E., Nzomo, E., Aman, R., Mwangangi, M., Amoth, P., Kasera, K., Ng’ang’a, W., Barasa, E., Tsofa, B., Mwangangi, J., Bejon, P., Agweyu, A., Williams, T. N., and Scott, J. A. G.
Published: 2023
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2. Quantifying previous SARS-CoV-2 infection through mixture modelling of antibody levels

Author: Bottomley, C., Otiende, M., Uyoga, S., Gallagher, K., Kagucia, E. W., Etyang, A. O., Mugo, D., Gitonga, J., Karanja, H., Nyagwange, J., Adetifa, I. M. O., Agweyu, A., Nokes, D. J., Warimwe, G. M., and Scott, J. A. G.
Published: 2021
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3. A prospective, multi-site, cohort study to estimate incidence of infection and disease due to Lassa fever virus in West African countries (the Enable Lassa research programme)–Study protocol

Author: Jacobsen, C., Momoh, M., DeMarco, J., Annibaldis, G., Ndiaye, A., Nsaibirni, R., Dan-Nwafor, C., Garry, R.F., Happi, C., Verstraeten, T., Ochu, C., Vielle, N.J., Honvou, É.J.J.P., Adegnika, A.A., NFaly, M., Günther, S., Camacho, A., Yadouleton, A., Deha, A.R.E., Okogbenin, S., Olayinka, A., Ogbaini, E., Accrombessi, M., Samuels, R., Wohl, D.A., Duraffour, S., Ihekweazu, C., Yovo, E.K., Adetifa, I., Logbo, É.P.M.A., Penfold, S., Sandi, J.D., Asogun, D., Sibley, J., Ayodeji, O., Kanneh, L., Goba, A., Grais, R., Azuogu, B.N., Fischer, W.A., Grant, D.S., and Schieffelin, J.S.
Abstract: Background Lassa fever (LF), a haemorrhagic illness caused by the Lassa fever virus (LASV), is endemic in West Africa and causes 5000 fatalities every year. The true prevalence and incidence rates of LF are unknown as infections are often asymptomatic, clinical presentations are varied, and surveillance systems are not robust. The aim of the Enable Lassa research programme is to estimate the incidences of LASV infection and LF disease in five West African countries. The core protocol described here harmonises key study components, such as eligibility criteria, case definitions, outcome measures, and laboratory tests, which will maximise the comparability of data for between-country analyses. Method We are conducting a prospective cohort study in Benin, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria (three sites), and Sierra Leone from 2020 to 2023, with 24 months of follow-up. Each site will assess the incidence of LASV infection, LF disease, or both. When both incidences are assessed the LASV cohort (nmin = 1000 per site) will be drawn from the LF cohort (nmin = 5000 per site). During recruitment participants will complete questionnaires on household composition, socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics, and LF history, and blood samples will be collected to determine IgG LASV serostatus. LF disease cohort participants will be contacted biweekly to identify acute febrile cases, from whom blood samples will be drawn to test for active LASV infection using RT-PCR. Symptom and treatment data will be abstracted from medical records of LF cases. LF survivors will be followed up after four months to assess sequelae, specifically sensorineural hearing loss. LASV infection cohort participants will be asked for a blood sample every six months to assess LASV serostatus (IgG and IgM). Discussion Data on LASV infection and LF disease incidence in West Africa from this research programme will determine the feasibility of future Phase IIb or III clinical trials for LF vaccine candidates.
Published: 2023
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4. Authors’ reply to Turner and colleagues

Author: Abubakar, I, Sridhar, S, Eisenhut, M, Roy, A, Harris, R J, Rodrigues, L C, Mangtani, P, Adetifa, I, and Lalvani, A
Published: 2014

5. Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children : systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Roy, A, Eisenhut, M, Harris, R J, Rodrigues, L C, Sridhar, S, Habermann, S, Snell, L, Mangtani, P, Adetifa, I, Lalvani, A, and Abubakar, I
Published: 2014

6. National tuberculosis prevalence surveys in Africa, 2008–2016: an overview of results and lessons learned

Author: Law I., Floyd K., Abukaraig E. A. B., Addo K. K., Adetifa I., Alebachew Z., Banda R., Bashorun A., Bloss E., Bonsu F. A., Chanda-Kapata P., Demba E., Elegail A. M. A. S., Eltigany M., Ershova J., Gasana M., Girma B., Glaziou P., Kalisvaart N., Hamadelneel H. K., Kamara D., Kapata N., Kasozi S., Kebede A., Kendall L., Kipruto H., Kirenga B. J., Klinkenberg E., Kobayashi S., Linda C., Masini E., Matambo R., Mfinanga S., Migambi P., Moonan P., Mpunga J., Mugabe F., Munthali A., Mutsvangwa J., Nkhoma W., Obasanya J., Omoleke S., Onozaki I., Patrobas P., Ong'ang'o J. R., Rutebemberwa E., Sandy C., Senkoro M., Sismanidis C., Sitienei J., Tadolini M., Timimi H., Tsegaye F., Uwizeye C. B., Yamada N., Law I., Floyd K., Abukaraig E.A.B., Addo K.K., Adetifa I., Alebachew Z., Banda R., Bashorun A., Bloss E., Bonsu F.A., Chanda-Kapata P., Demba E., Elegail A.M.A.S., Eltigany M., Ershova J., Gasana M., Girma B., Glaziou P., Kalisvaart N., Hamadelneel H.K., Kamara D., Kapata N., Kasozi S., Kebede A., Kendall L., Kipruto H., Kirenga B.J., Klinkenberg E., Kobayashi S., Linda C., Masini E., Matambo R., Mfinanga S., Migambi P., Moonan P., Mpunga J., Mugabe F., Munthali A., Mutsvangwa J., Nkhoma W., Obasanya J., Omoleke S., Onozaki I., Patrobas P., Ong'ang'o J.R., Rutebemberwa E., Sandy C., Senkoro M., Sismanidis C., Sitienei J., Tadolini M., Timimi H., Tsegaye F., Uwizeye C.B., Yamada N., APH - Global Health, and Global Health
Subjects: Adult, Male, Tuberculosis, Adolescent, HIV Infections, Article, Global Burden of Disease, Young Adult, Sex Factors, prevalence survey, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Prevalence, Humans, Mass Screening, Disease Notification, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Prevalence survey, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Infectious Diseases, Geography, Africa, Parasitology, Female, epidemiology, Humanities
Abstract: Objective and Methods In many countries, national tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys are the only way to reliably measure the burden of TB disease and monitor trends. They can also provide evidence about the current performance of TB care and control and how this could be improved. We developed an inventory of Asian surveys from 1953 to 2012 and then compiled and analysed a standard set of data for all national surveys implemented between 1990 (the baseline year for 2015 global TB targets) and 2012. Results There were 21 surveys in 12 countries between 1990 and 2012; published results were available for 18. The participation rate was at least 80% and often much higher except for two surveys in Thailand. The prevalence of bacteriologically-positive TB disease among adults aged ≥15 years varied widely among countries (1.2 per 1000 population in China in 2010 to 15 per 1000 population in Cambodia in 2002), but age and sex distribution patterns were consistent with a progressive increase in rates of disease by age, and men accounting for 66–75% of prevalent cases. A high proportion of cases (40–79% across all surveys) did not report TB symptoms that met screening criteria (generally cough of 2–3 weeks or more, and blood in the sputum) and were only detected due to chest X-ray screening of all survey participants; this proportion increased over time in countries with repeat survey data. The ratio of prevalent cases to cases notified to national TB programmes was typically around two, but was as high as three in Lao PDR and Pakistan even after the internationally recommended TB control strategy had been implemented nationwide for several years. Four countries (China, Cambodia, the Republic of Korea and the Philippines demonstrated declines in smear or culture-positive pulmonary TB prevalence of approximately 50% over 10 years. Conclusions National TB prevalence surveys in Asia show that large reductions in the prevalence of TB disease can be achieved within a decade, that men bear much more of the burden than women and that the epidemic is ageing. Comparisons among countries show that more can be achieved in TB control in some countries with existing strategies and technologies. However, with many prevalent cases not reporting classic TB symptoms, all countries face the challenge of defining and implementing strategies that will result in earlier detection and treatment of cases. Objectifs et methodes Dans de nombreux pays, les enquetes de prevalence nationale de la TB sont le seul moyen de mesurer de maniere fiable la charge de morbidite de la TB et de suivre les tendances. Elles peuvent aussi fournir des donnees sur la performance actuelle des soins et la lutte antituberculeuse et comment cela pourrait etre ameliore. Nous avons etabli un inventaire des enquetes d'Asie de 1953 a 2012 et avons ensuite compile et analyse un ensemble standard de donnees pour toutes les enquetes nationales effectuees entre 1990 (annee de reference pour les objectifs mondiaux 2015 de la TB) et 2012. Resultats Il y a eu 21 enquetes dans 12 pays entre 1990 et 2012; des resultats publies etaient disponibles pour 18 enquetes. Le taux de participation etait d'au moins 80% et souvent beaucoup plus, sauf pour deux enquetes en Thailande. La prevalence de la TB bacteriologiquement positive chez les adultes âges de ≥15 ans variait considerablement entre les pays (de 1,2 pour 1000 habitants en Chine en 2010 a 15 pour 1000 habitants au Cambodge en 2002), mais les profils de distribution selon l’âge et le sexe etaient compatibles avec une augmentation progressive des taux de la maladie selon l’âge, les hommes representant 66 a 75% des cas prevalents. Une forte proportion des cas (40 a 79% dans toutes les enquetes) n'a pas rapporte des symptomes de TB repondant aux criteres de depistage (generalement, de la toux pendant 2 a 3 semaines ou plus et du sang dans les crachats), et ont seulement ete detectes grâce au depistage par la radiographie du thorax de tous les participants a l'enquete; cette proportion a augmente au fil du temps dans les pays avec des donnees repetitives de l'enquete. Le rapport des cas prevalents sur les cas notifies aux programmes nationaux de lutte antituberculeuse etait generalement autour de 2, mais etait aussi eleve que 3 en Republique Democratique Populaire Lao et au Pakistan, meme apres que la strategie de lutte antituberculeuse internationalement recommandee ait ete implementee a l’echelle nationale depuis plusieurs annees. Quatre pays (la Chine, le Cambodge, les Philippines et la Republique de Coree) ont connu une baisse de prevalence de la TB pulmonaire a frottis ou culture positive d'environ 50% sur 10 ans. Conclusions Les enquetes de prevalence nationale de la TB en Asie montrent que de fortes reductions de la prevalence de la TB peuvent etre atteintes en une decennie, que les hommes portent beaucoup plus la charge que les femmes et que l’epidemie est vieillissante. Les comparaisons entre pays montrent que plus d'efforts pourraient etre realises dans certains pays dans la lutte antituberculeuse avec les strategies et les technologies existantes. Cependant, avec les nombreux cas prevalents qui ne rapportent pas les symptomes classiques de la TB, tous les pays sont confrontes au defi de definir et mettre en œuvre des strategies qui resulteront en la detection et au traitement des cas plus tot. Objetivos y Metodos En muchos paises, las encuestas sobre la prevalencia de la TB son la unica forma confiable de medir la carga de enfermedad por TB y monitorizar las tendencias. Tambien pueden proveer evidencia sobre el desempeno actual de los cuidados para y el control de la TB y de como podrian mejorarse. Hemos desarrollado un inventario de las encuestas asiaticas realizadas entre 1953 y el 2012 y despues compilamos y analizamos un set de datos estandar para todas encuestas nacionales implementadas entre 1990 (el ano de base para los objetivos globales de TB del 2015) y el 2012. Resultados Se detectaron 21 encuestas en 12 paises entre 1990 y 2012; 18 de ellas tenian resultados publicados. La tasa de participacion era de al menos el 80% y a menudo mucho mas alta excepto para las dos encuestas de Tailandia. La prevalencia de enfermedad tuberculosa con resultados bacteriologicos positivos entre adultos ≥15 anos variaba ampliamente entre paises (1.2 por 1000 habitantes en China en 2010 a 15 por 1000 habitantes en Camboya en 2002), pero los patrones de distribucion por edad y sexo eran consistentes con un aumento progresivo en las tasas de incidencia por edad, y en que un 66−75% de los casos prevalentes eran en hombres. Una alta proporcion de casos (40−79% a lo largo de todas las encuestas) no reportaban sintomas de TB contemplados como criterios de cribado (generalmente tos de 2−3 semanas o mas, y sangre en el esputo), y solo se detectaron mediante una placa de torax realizada a todos los participantes del estudio; esta proporcion aumentaba a lo largo del tiempo en paises con datos de encuestas repetidas. La proporcion de casos prevalentes frente a casos notificados al programa nacional de TB era tipicamente alrededor de dos, pero llegaba incluso a tres en Lao PDR y Paquistan, incluso varios anos despues de la implementacion de la estrategia de control de la TB recomendada a nivel internacional. Cuatro paises (China, Camboya, Filipinas y la Republica de Corea) mostraron una disminucion en la prevalencia de TB pulmonar con baciloscopia o cultivo positivo de aproximadamente un 50% a lo largo de 10 anos. Conclusiones Las encuestas nacionales de prevalencia de la TB en Asia muestran que se pueden alcanzar grandes reducciones en la prevalencia de la enfermedad tuberculosa a lo largo de una decada, que los hombres tienen una mayor carga de enfermedad que las mujeres y que la epidemia esta envejeciendo. Las comparaciones entre paises muestran que se podria lograr mucho mas en el control de la TB en algunos paises con estrategias y tecnologias existentes. Sin embargo, con muchos casos prevalentes que no presentan los sintomas clasicos de la TB, todos los paises se enfrentan al reto de definir e implementar estrategias que resulten en una deteccion y tratamiento de los casos mas temprano.
Published: 2020

7. Differential transcriptomic and metabolic profiles of M. africanum- and M. tuberculosis-infected patients after, but not before, drug treatment

Author: Tientcheu, L D, Maertzdorf, J, Weiner, J, Adetifa, I M, Mollenkopf, H-J, Sutherland, J S, Donkor, S, Kampmann, B, Kaufmann, S H E, Dockrell, H M, and Ota, M O
Published: 2015
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8. Sero-surveillance for IgG to SARS-CoV-2 at antenatal care clinics in three Kenyan referral hospitals: repeated cross-sectional surveys 2020-21

Author: Lucinde, R., primary, Mugo, D., additional, Bottomley, C., additional, Karani, A., additional, Gardiner, E., additional, Aziza, R, additional, Gitonga, J., additional, Karanja, H., additional, Nyagwange, J., additional, Tuju, J., additional, Wanjiku, P., additional, Nzomo, E., additional, Kamuri, E., additional, Thuranira, K., additional, Agunda, S., additional, Nyutu, G., additional, Etyang, A., additional, Adetifa, I. M. O., additional, Kagucia, E., additional, Uyoga, S., additional, Otiende, M., additional, Otieno, E., additional, Ndwiga, L., additional, Agoti, C. N., additional, Aman, R. A., additional, Mwangangi, M., additional, Amoth, P., additional, Kasera, K., additional, Nyaguara, A., additional, Ng’ang’a, W., additional, Ochola, L. B., additional, Namdala, E., additional, Gaunya, O, additional, Okuku, R, additional, Barasa, E., additional, Bejon, P., additional, Tsofa, B., additional, Ochola-Oyier, L. I., additional, Warimwe, G. M., additional, Agweyu, A., additional, Scott, J. A. G., additional, and Gallagher, K. E., additional
Published: 2022
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9. Seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among health care workers in Kenya

Author: Etyang, AO, Lucinde, R, Karanja, H, Kalu, C, Mugo, D, Nyagwange, J, Gitonga, J, Tuju, J, Wanjiku, P, Karani, A, Mutua, S, Maroko, H, Nzomo, E, Maitha, E, Kamuri, E, Kaugiria, T, Weru, J, Ochola, LB, Kilimo, N, Charo, S, Emukule, N, Moracha, W, Mukabi, D, Okuku, R, Ogutu, M, Angujo, B, Otiende, M, Bottomley, C, Otieno, E, Ndwiga, L, Nyaguara, A, Voller, S, Agoti, C, Nokes, DJ, Ochola-Oyier, LI, Aman, R, Amoth, P, Mwangangi, M, Kasera, K, Ng'ang'a, W, Adetifa, I, Kagucia, EW, Gallagher, K, Uyoga, S, Tsofa, B, Barasa, E, Bejon, P, Scott, JAG, Agweyu, A, and Warimwe, G
Subjects: QR180, virus diseases, RA
Abstract: Background Few studies have assessed the seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among Health Care Workers (HCWs) in Africa. We report findings from a survey among HCWs in three counties in Kenya. Methods We recruited 684 HCWs from Kilifi (rural), Busia (rural) and Nairobi (urban) counties. The serosurvey was conducted between 30th July 2020 and 4th December 2020. We tested for IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using ELISA. Assay sensitivity and specificity were 93% (95% CI 88-96%) and 99% (95% CI 98-99.5%), respectively. We adjusted prevalence estimates using Bayesian modeling to account for assay performance. Results Crude overall seroprevalence was 19.7% (135/684). After adjustment for assay performance seroprevalence was 20.8% (95% CrI 17.5-24.4%). Seroprevalence varied significantly (p Conclusion These initial data demonstrate a high seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs in Kenya. There was significant variation in seroprevalence by region, but not by cadre.
Published: 2022

10. Molecular Epidemiology, Drug-Resistant Variants, and Therapeutic Implications of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus Prevalence in Nigeria: A National Study

Author: Oludare ‘Sunbo Adewuyi, Muhammad Shakir Balogun, Hirono Otomaru, Alash’le Abimiku, Anthony Agbakizu Ahumibe, Elsie Ilori, Que Anh Luong, Nwando Mba, James Christopher Avong, John Olaide, Oyeladun Okunromade, Adama Ahmad, Afolabi Akinpelu, Chinwe Lucia Ochu, Babatunde Olajumoke, Haruka Abe, Chikwe Ihekweazu, Adetifa Ifedayo, Michiko Toizumi, Hiroyuki Moriuchi, Katsunori Yanagihara, Jide Idris, and Lay-Myint Yoshida
Subjects: HBV, genotypes, viral load, HDV, drug-resistant associated variants, Nigeria, Medicine
Abstract: Information on circulating HBV (sub-)genotype, variants, and hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection, which vary by geographical area, is crucial for the efficient control and management of HBV. We investigated the genomic characteristics of HBV (with a prevalence of 8.1%) and the prevalence of HDV in Nigeria. We utilised 777 HBV-positive samples and epidemiological data from the two-stage sampled population-based, nationally representative Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey conducted in 2018. We assessed 732 HBV DNA-extracted samples with detectable viral loads (VLs) for (sub-)genotypes and variants by whole-genome pre-amplification, nested PCR of the s-and pol-gene, and BigDye Terminator sequencing. We conducted HDV serology. In total, 19 out of the 36 + 1 states in Nigeria had a high prevalence of HBV (≥8%), with the highest prevalence (10.4%) in the north-central geopolitical zone. Up to 33.2% (95% CI 30.0–36.6) of the participants had detectable VLs of ≥300 copies/mL. The predominant circulating HBV genotype was E with 98.4% (95% CI 97.1–99.1), followed by A with 1.6% (95% CI 0.9–2.9). Drug-resistant associated variants and immune escape variants were detected in 9.3% and 0.4%, respectively. The seroprevalence of HDV was 7.34% (95% CI 5.5–9.2). Nigeria has subtype E as the major genotype with many variants.
Published: 2025
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11. TRUE-1: Trial of Repurposed Unithiol for snakebite Envenoming phase 1 (safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy Kenyan adults)

Author: Abouyannis, M, FitzGerald, R, Ngama, M, Mwangudzah, H, Nyambura, YK, Ngome, S, Riako, D, Babu, L, Lewa, F, Else, L, Dily Penchala, S, Orindi, B, Mumba, N, Kalama, B, Ndungu, FM, Adetifa, I, Khoo, S, Lalloo, DG, Casewell, NR, and Hamaluba, M
Subjects: viruses, virus diseases, Medicine (miscellaneous), qv_38, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, digestive system diseases, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, wd_410
Abstract: Background: Snakebites affect over 5 million people each year, and over 100,000 per year die as a result. The only available treatment is antivenom, which has many shortcomings including high cost, intravenous administration, and high risk of adverse events. One of the most abundant and harmful components of viper venoms are the zinc-dependent snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). Unithiol is a chelating agent which is routinely used to treat heavy metal poisoning. In vivo experiments in small animal models have demonstrated that unithiol can prevent local tissue damage and death caused by a certain viper species. This phase I clinical trial will assess the safety of ascending doses of unithiol with a view for repurposing for snakebite indication. Methods: This open label, single agent, phase I clinical trial of a repurposed drug has a primary objective to evaluate the safety of escalating doses of unithiol, and a secondary objective to describe its pharmacokinetics. In total, 64 healthy Kenyan volunteers from Kilifi County will be dosed in consecutive groups of eight, with dose escalation decisions dependent on review of safety data by an independent data safety monitoring board. Four groups will receive ascending single oral doses, two will receive multiple oral doses, and two will receive single intravenous doses. Follow-up will be for 6-months and includes full adverse event reporting. Pharmacokinetic analysis will define the Cmax, Tmax, half-life and renal elimination. Conclusions: This clinical trial will assess the safety and tolerability of a promising oral therapeutic in a relevant setting where snakebites are prevalent. Unithiol is likely to be safer than antivenom, is easier to manufacture, has activity against diverse snake species, and can be administered orally, and thus shows promise for repurposing for tropical snakebite. Pan African Clinical Trials Registry: PACTR202103718625048 (3/3/2021)
Published: 2022
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12. Sero-surveillance for IgG to SARS-CoV-2 at antenatal care clinics in two Kenyan referral hospitals

Author: Lucinde, R., primary, Mugo, D., additional, Bottomley, C., additional, Aziza, R, additional, Gitonga, J., additional, Karanja, H., additional, Nyagwange, J., additional, Tuju, J., additional, Wanjiku, P., additional, Nzomo, E., additional, Kamuri, E., additional, Thuranira, K., additional, Agunda, S., additional, Nyutu, G., additional, Etyang, A., additional, Adetifa, I. M. O., additional, Kagucia, E., additional, Uyoga, S., additional, Otiende, M., additional, Otieno, E., additional, Ndwiga, L., additional, Agoti, C. N., additional, Aman, R., additional, Mwangangi, M., additional, Amoth, P., additional, Kasera, K., additional, Nyaguara, A., additional, Ng’ang’a, W., additional, Ochola, L. B., additional, Barasa, E., additional, Bejon, P., additional, Tsofa, B., additional, Ochola-Oyier, L. I., additional, Warimwe, G. M., additional, Agweyu, A., additional, Scott, J. A. G., additional, and Gallagher, K. E., additional
Published: 2021
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13. Spatial analysis of tuberculosis in an Urban West African setting: is there evidence of clustering?

Author: Touray, K., Adetifa, I. M., Jallow, A., Rigby, J., Jeffries, D., Cheung, Y. B., Donkor, S., Adegbola, R. A., and Hill, P. C.
Published: 2010
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14. Haematological values from a Gambian cohort – possible reference range for a West African population

Author: ADETIFA, I. M. O., HILL, P. C., JEFFRIES, D. J., JACKSON-SILLAH, D., IBANGA, H. B., BAH, G., DONKOR, S., CORRAH, T., and ADEGBOLA, R. A.
Published: 2009
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15. Immunometabolic Signatures Predict Risk of Progression to Active Tuberculosis and Disease Outcome

Author: Duffy, F.J., Weiner, J., Hansen, S., Tabb, D.L., Suliman, S., Thompson, E., Maertzdorf, J., Shankar, S., Tromp, G., Parida, S., Dover, D., Axthelm, M.K., Sutherland, J.S., Dockrell, H.M., Ottenhoff, T.H.M., Scriba, T.J., Picker, L.J., Walzl, G., Kaufmann, S.H.E., Zak, D.E., Parida, S.K., Golinski, R., Jacobson, M., McEwen, G., Black, G.F., Spuy, G. van der, Stanley, K., Kriel, M., Plessis, N. du, Nene, N., Loxton, A.G., Chegou, N.N., Scriba, T., Fisher, M., Mahomed, H., Hughes, J., Downing, K., Penn-Nicholson, A., Mulenga, H., Abel, B., Bowmaker, M., Kagina, B., Kwong, W., Hanekom, C.W., Klein, M.R., Haks, M.C., Ranken, K.L.F., Geluk, A., Meijgaarden, K.E. van, Joosten, S.A., Baarle, D. van, Miedema, F., Boom, W.H., Thiel, B., Sadoff, J., Sizemore, D., Ramachandran, S., Barker, L., Brennan, M., Weichold, F., Muller, S., Geiter, L., Schoolnik, G., Dolganov, G., T. van, Mayanja-Kizza, H., Joloba, M., Zalwango, S., Nsereko, M., Okwera, B., Kisingo, H., Smith, S., Gorak-Stolinska, P., Hur, Y.G., Lalor, M., Lee, J.S., Crampin, A.C., French, N., Ngwira, B., Smith, A.B., Watkins, K., Ambrose, L., Simukonda, F., Mvula, H., Chilongo, F., Saul, J., Branson, K., Kassa, D., Abebe, A., Mesele, T., Tegbaru, B., Howe, R., Mihret, A., Aseffa, A., Bekele, Y., Iwnetu, R., Tafesse, M., Yamuah, L., Ota, M., Sutherland, J., Hill, P., Adegbola, R., Corrah, T., Antonio, M., Togun, T., Adetifa, I., Donkor, S., Andersen, P., Rosenkrands, I., Doherty, M., Weldingh, K., and GC6-74 Consortium
Subjects: transcriptomics, tuberculosis, inflammation, household contact, biomarker, host-pathogen interaction, metabolomics, rhesus macaque
Published: 2019

16. Upper airways colonisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults aged 60 years and older: A systematic review of prevalence and individual participant data meta-analysis of risk factors

Author: Smith, EL, Wheeler, I, Adler, H, Ferreira, DM, Sá-Leão, R, Abdullahi, O, Adetifa, I, Becker-Dreps, S, Esposito, S, Farida, H, Kandasamy, R, Mackenzie, GA, Nuorti, JP, Nzenze, S, Madhi, SA, Ortega, O, Roca, A, Safari, D, Schaumburg, F, Usuf, E, Sanders, EAM, Grant, LR, Hammitt, LL, O'Brien, KL, Gounder, P, Bruden, DJT, Stanton, MC, Rylance, J, Smith, EL, Wheeler, I, Adler, H, Ferreira, DM, Sá-Leão, R, Abdullahi, O, Adetifa, I, Becker-Dreps, S, Esposito, S, Farida, H, Kandasamy, R, Mackenzie, GA, Nuorti, JP, Nzenze, S, Madhi, SA, Ortega, O, Roca, A, Safari, D, Schaumburg, F, Usuf, E, Sanders, EAM, Grant, LR, Hammitt, LL, O'Brien, KL, Gounder, P, Bruden, DJT, Stanton, MC, and Rylance, J
Abstract: Background: Colonisation with Streptococcus pneumoniae can lead to invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia. Pneumococcal acquisition and prevalence of colonisation are high in children. In older adults, a population susceptible to pneumococcal disease, colonisation prevalence is reported to be lower, but studies are heterogeneous. Methods: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of, and risk factors for, pneumococcal colonisation in adults ≥ 60 years of age (PROSPERO #42016036891). We identified peer-reviewed studies reporting the prevalence of S. pneumoniae colonisation using MEDLINE and EMBASE (until April 2016), excluding studies of acute disease. Participant-level data on risk factors were sought from each study. Findings: Of 2202 studies screened, 29 were analysable: 18 provided participant-level data (representing 6290 participants). Prevalence of detected pneumococcal colonisation was 0–39% by conventional culture methods and 3–23% by molecular methods. In a multivariate analysis, colonisation was higher in persons from nursing facilities compared with the community (odds ratio (OR) 2•30, 95% CI 1•26–4•21 and OR 7•72, 95% CI 1•15–51•85, respectively), in those who were currently smoking (OR 1•69, 95% CI 1•12–2•53) or those who had regular contact with children (OR 1•93, 95%CI 1•27–2•93). Persons living in urban areas had significantly lower carriage prevalence (OR 0•43, 95%CI 0•27–0•70). Interpretation: Overall prevalence of pneumococcal colonisation in older adults was higher than expected but varied by risk factors. Future studies should further explore risk factors for colonisation, to highlight targets for focussed intervention such as pneumococcal vaccination of high-risk groups. Funding: No funding was required.
Published: 2020

17. Upper airways colonisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults aged 60 years and older:A systematic review of prevalence and individual participant data meta-analysis of risk factors

Author: Smith, E.L., Wheeler, I., Adler, H., Ferreira, D.M., Sá-Leão, R., Abdullahi, O., Adetifa, I., Becker-Dreps, S., Esposito, S., Farida, H., Kandasamy, R., Mackenzie, G.A., Nuorti, J.P., Nzenze, S., Madhi, S.A., Ortega, O., Roca, A., Safari, D., Schaumburg, F., Usuf, E., Sanders, E.A.M., Grant, L.R., Hammitt, L.L., O'Brien, K.L., Gounder, P., Bruden, D.J.T., Stanton, M.C., Rylance, J., Smith, E.L., Wheeler, I., Adler, H., Ferreira, D.M., Sá-Leão, R., Abdullahi, O., Adetifa, I., Becker-Dreps, S., Esposito, S., Farida, H., Kandasamy, R., Mackenzie, G.A., Nuorti, J.P., Nzenze, S., Madhi, S.A., Ortega, O., Roca, A., Safari, D., Schaumburg, F., Usuf, E., Sanders, E.A.M., Grant, L.R., Hammitt, L.L., O'Brien, K.L., Gounder, P., Bruden, D.J.T., Stanton, M.C., and Rylance, J.
Abstract: Background: Colonisation with Streptococcus pneumoniae can lead to invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia. Pneumococcal acquisition and prevalence of colonisation are high in children. In older adults, a population susceptible to pneumococcal disease, colonisation prevalence is reported to be lower, but studies are heterogeneous. Methods: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of, and risk factors for, pneumococcal colonisation in adults ≥ 60 years of age (PROSPERO #42016036891). We identified peer-reviewed studies reporting the prevalence of S. pneumoniae colonisation using MEDLINE and EMBASE (until April 2016), excluding studies of acute disease. Participant-level data on risk factors were sought from each study. Findings: Of 2202 studies screened, 29 were analysable: 18 provided participant-level data (representing 6290 participants). Prevalence of detected pneumococcal colonisation was 0–39% by conventional culture methods and 3–23% by molecular methods. In a multivariate analysis, colonisation was higher in persons from nursing facilities compared with the community (odds ratio (OR) 2•30, 95% CI 1•26–4•21 and OR 7•72, 95% CI 1•15–51•85, respectively), in those who were currently smoking (OR 1•69, 95% CI 1•12–2•53) or those who had regular contact with children (OR 1•93, 95%CI 1•27–2•93). Persons living in urban areas had significantly lower carriage prevalence (OR 0•43, 95%CI 0•27–0•70). Interpretation: Overall prevalence of pneumococcal colonisation in older adults was higher than expected but varied by risk factors. Future studies should further explore risk factors for colonisation, to highlight targets for focussed intervention such as pneumococcal vaccination of high-risk groups. Funding: No funding was required. © 2020
Published: 2020

18. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Troeger, C, Blacker, B, Khalil, I, Rao, P, Cao, J, Zimsen, S, Albertson, S, Deshpande, A, Farag, T, Abebe, Z, Adetifa, I, Adhikari, T, Akibu, M, Al Lami, F, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amoako, Y, Antonio, C, Aremu, O, Asfaw, E, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Attia, E, Avokpaho, E, Ayele, H, Ayuk, T, Balakrishnan, K, Barac, A, Bassat, Q, Behzadifar, M, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Brauer, M, Brown, A, Camargos, P, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Colombara, D, Conti, S, Dadi, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Do, H, Dubljanin, E, Edessa, D, Elkout, H, Endries, A, Fijabi, D, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, M, Fullman, N, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gessner, B, Gething, P, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Hailu, G, Hassen, H, Hedayati, M, Heidari, M, Hibstu, D, Horita, N, Ilesanmi, O, Jakovljevic, M, Jamal, A, Kahsay, A, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, D, Khader, Y, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Kim, Y, Kissoon, N, Knibbs, L, Kochhar, S, Koul, P, Kumar, G, Lodha, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Malta, D, Mathew, J, Mengistu, D, Mezgebe, H, Mohammad, K, Mohammed, M, Momeniha, F, Murthy, S, Nguyen, C, Nielsen, K, Ningrum, D, Nirayo, Y, Oren, E, Ortiz, J, Pa, M, Postma, M, Qorbani, M, Quansah, R, Rai, R, Rana, S, Ranabhat, C, Ray, S, Rezai, M, Ruhago, G, Safiri, S, Salomon, J, Sartorius, B, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shiferaw, M, Shigematsu, M, Singh, J, Somayaji, R, Stanaway, J, Sufiyan, M, Taffere, G, Temsah, M, Thompson, M, Tobe-Gai, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, B, Tran, T, Tuem, K, Ukwaja, K, Vollset, S, Walson, J, Weldegebreal, F, Werdecker, A, West, T, Yonemoto, N, Zaki, M, Zhou, L, Zodpey, S, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Lim, S, Mokdad, A, Murray, C, Hay, S, Reiner, R, Troeger, Christopher, Blacker, Brigette, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Rao, Puja C, Cao, Jackie, Zimsen, Stephanie R M, Albertson, Samuel B, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Farag, Tamer, Abebe, Zegeye, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Akibu, Mohammed, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aremu, Olatunde, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Attia, Engi Farouk, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayuk, Tambe Betrand, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Bassat, Quique, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bijani, Ali, Brauer, Michael, Brown, Alexandria, Camargos, Paulo A M, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Colombara, Danny, Conti, Sara, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Edessa, Dumessa, Elkout, Hajer, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Foreman, Kyle J, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Peter W, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Tarun, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heidari, Mohsen, Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw, Horita, Nobuyuki, Ilesanmi, Olayinka S, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Jamal, Amr A, Kahsay, Amaha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Dessalegn Haile, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khang, Young-Ho, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Kochhar, Sonali, Koul, Parvaiz A, Kumar, G Anil, Lodha, Rakesh, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mathew, Joseph L, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Mohammed A, Momeniha, Fatemeh, Murthy, Srinivas, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nielsen, Katie R, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Justin R, PA, Mahesh, Postma, Maarten J, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quansah, Reginald, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ray, Sarah E, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Sartorius, Benn, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Singh, Jasvinder A, Somayaji, Ranjani, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thompson, Matthew J, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Tung Thanh, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Vollset, Stein Emil, Walson, Judd L, Weldegebreal, Fitsum, Werdecker, Andrea, West, T Eoin, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhou, Lei, Zodpey, Sanjay, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Lim, Stephen S, Mokdad, Ali H, Murray, Christopher J L, Hay, Simon I, Reiner, Robert C, Troeger, C, Blacker, B, Khalil, I, Rao, P, Cao, J, Zimsen, S, Albertson, S, Deshpande, A, Farag, T, Abebe, Z, Adetifa, I, Adhikari, T, Akibu, M, Al Lami, F, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amoako, Y, Antonio, C, Aremu, O, Asfaw, E, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Attia, E, Avokpaho, E, Ayele, H, Ayuk, T, Balakrishnan, K, Barac, A, Bassat, Q, Behzadifar, M, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Brauer, M, Brown, A, Camargos, P, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Colombara, D, Conti, S, Dadi, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Do, H, Dubljanin, E, Edessa, D, Elkout, H, Endries, A, Fijabi, D, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, M, Fullman, N, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gessner, B, Gething, P, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Hailu, G, Hassen, H, Hedayati, M, Heidari, M, Hibstu, D, Horita, N, Ilesanmi, O, Jakovljevic, M, Jamal, A, Kahsay, A, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, D, Khader, Y, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Kim, Y, Kissoon, N, Knibbs, L, Kochhar, S, Koul, P, Kumar, G, Lodha, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Malta, D, Mathew, J, Mengistu, D, Mezgebe, H, Mohammad, K, Mohammed, M, Momeniha, F, Murthy, S, Nguyen, C, Nielsen, K, Ningrum, D, Nirayo, Y, Oren, E, Ortiz, J, Pa, M, Postma, M, Qorbani, M, Quansah, R, Rai, R, Rana, S, Ranabhat, C, Ray, S, Rezai, M, Ruhago, G, Safiri, S, Salomon, J, Sartorius, B, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shiferaw, M, Shigematsu, M, Singh, J, Somayaji, R, Stanaway, J, Sufiyan, M, Taffere, G, Temsah, M, Thompson, M, Tobe-Gai, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, B, Tran, T, Tuem, K, Ukwaja, K, Vollset, S, Walson, J, Weldegebreal, F, Werdecker, A, West, T, Yonemoto, N, Zaki, M, Zhou, L, Zodpey, S, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Lim, S, Mokdad, A, Murray, C, Hay, S, Reiner, R, Troeger, Christopher, Blacker, Brigette, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Rao, Puja C, Cao, Jackie, Zimsen, Stephanie R M, Albertson, Samuel B, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Farag, Tamer, Abebe, Zegeye, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Akibu, Mohammed, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aremu, Olatunde, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Attia, Engi Farouk, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayuk, Tambe Betrand, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Bassat, Quique, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bijani, Ali, Brauer, Michael, Brown, Alexandria, Camargos, Paulo A M, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Colombara, Danny, Conti, Sara, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Edessa, Dumessa, Elkout, Hajer, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Foreman, Kyle J, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Peter W, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Tarun, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heidari, Mohsen, Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw, Horita, Nobuyuki, Ilesanmi, Olayinka S, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Jamal, Amr A, Kahsay, Amaha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Dessalegn Haile, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khang, Young-Ho, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Kochhar, Sonali, Koul, Parvaiz A, Kumar, G Anil, Lodha, Rakesh, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mathew, Joseph L, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Mohammed A, Momeniha, Fatemeh, Murthy, Srinivas, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nielsen, Katie R, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Justin R, PA, Mahesh, Postma, Maarten J, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quansah, Reginald, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ray, Sarah E, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Sartorius, Benn, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Singh, Jasvinder A, Somayaji, Ranjani, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thompson, Matthew J, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Tung Thanh, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Vollset, Stein Emil, Walson, Judd L, Weldegebreal, Fitsum, Werdecker, Andrea, West, T Eoin, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhou, Lei, Zodpey, Sanjay, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Lim, Stephen S, Mokdad, Ali H, Murray, Christopher J L, Hay, Simon I, and Reiner, Robert C
Abstract: Background: Lower respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016, provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries. This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies spanning the past 26 years and shows how the burden of lower respiratory infection has changed in people of all ages. Methods: We used three separate modelling strategies for lower respiratory infections in GBD 2016: a Bayesian hierarchical ensemble modelling platform (Cause of Death Ensemble model), which uses vital registration, verbal autopsy data, and surveillance system data to predict mortality due to lower respiratory infections; a compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR), which uses scientific literature, population representative surveys, and health-care data to predict incidence, prevalence, and mortality; and modelling of counterfactual estimates of the population attributable fraction of lower respiratory infection episodes due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus. We calculated each modelled estimate for each age, sex, year, and location. We modelled the exposure level in a population for a given risk factor using DisMod-MR and a spatio-temporal Gaussian process regression, and assessed the effectiveness of targeted interventions for each risk factor in children younger than 5 years. We also did a decomposition analysis of the change in LRI deaths from 2000–16 using the risk factors associated with LRI in GBD 2016. Findings: In 2016, lower respiratory infections caused 652 572 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 586 475–720 612) in children younger than 5 years (under-5s), 1 080 958 deaths (943 749–1 170 638) in adults older than 70 years, and 2 377 697 deaths (2 145 584–2 512 809) in people of all ages, worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the leading ca
Published: 2018

19. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Wang, H, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abera, S, Abraha, H, Abu-Raddad, L, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Adedeji, I, Adedoyin, R, Adetifa, I, Adetokunboh, O, Afshin, A, Aggarwal, R, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Aiyar, S, Akanda, A, Akinyemiju, T, Akseer, N, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al Lami, F, Alabed, S, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alasfoor, D, Aldridge, R, Alene, K, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, S, Alkaabi, J, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allam, S, Allebeck, P, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, K, Martin, E, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Ameh, E, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, Y, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Ansari, H, Ansha, M, Antonio, C, Anwari, P, Ärnlöv, J, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, S, Asghar, R, Assadi, R, Atey, T, Atre, S, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Babalola, T, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Barac, A, Barber, R, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, L, Baune, B, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bekele, B, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bennett, J, Bensenor, I, Benson, J, Berhane, A, Berhe, D, Bernabé, E, Beuran, M, Beyene, A, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, H, Bjerregaard, P, Blosser, C, Boneya, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, R, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Brugha, T, Bukhman, G, Bulto, L, Bumgarner, B, Burch, M, Butt, Z, Cahill, L, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Car, J, Car, M, Cárdenas, R, Carpenter, D, Carrero, J, Carter, A, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castillo Rivas, J, Castro, F, Castro, R, Catalá-López, F, Chen, H, Chiang, P, Chibalabala, M, Chisumpa, V, Chitheer, A, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Cohen, A, Colquhoun, S, Coresh, J, Criqui, M, Cromwell, E, Crump, J, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, P, Das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, D, Davletov, K, De Courten, B, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, R, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, D, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dherani, M, Diaz-Torné, C, Ding, E, Dixit, P, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Doku, D, Donnelly, C, Dos Santos, K, Douwes-Schultz, D, Driscoll, T, Duan, L, Dubey, M, Duncan, B, Dwivedi, L, Ebrahimi, H, El Bcheraoui, C, Ellingsen, C, Enayati, A, Endries, A, Ermakov, S, Eshetie, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fanuel, F, Faro, A, Farvid, M, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, V, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, J, Feyissa, T, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Frank, T, Franklin, R, Fraser, M, Friedman, J, Frostad, J, Fullman, N, Fürst, T, Furtado, J, Futran, N, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gankpé, F, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gebregergs, G, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebrekidan, K, Gebremichael, M, Gelaye, A, Geleijnse, J, Gemechu, B, Gemechu, K, Genova-Maleras, R, Gesesew, H, Gething, P, Gibney, K, Gill, P, Gillum, R, Giref, A, Girma, B, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Gomez, B, Gona, P, Gopalani, S, Goulart, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, H, Gupta, P, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hakuzimana, A, Halasa, Y, Hamadeh, R, Hambisa, M, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hancock, J, Handal, A, Hankey, G, Hao, Y, Harb, H, Hareri, H, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, J, Hassanvand, M, Havmoeller, R, Hay, R, Hay, S, He, F, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hilawe, E, Hoek, H, Horita, N, Hosgood, H, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, P, Hoy, D, Hsairi, M, Htet, A, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, J, Iburg, K, Igumbor, E, Ileanu, B, Inoue, M, Irenso, A, Irvine, C, Islam, N, Jacobsen, K, Jaenisch, T, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jensen, P, Jha, V, Jin, Y, John, D, John, O, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi, S, Karthikeyan, G, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, N, Kassebaum, N, 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Abstract: Background: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Methods: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to
Published: 2017

20. Healthcare access and quality index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015 : A novel analysis from the global burden of disease study 2015

Author: Barber, R. M., Fullman, N., Sorensen, R. J. D., Bollyky, T., McKee, M., Nolte, E., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abdurahman, A. A., Abera, S. F., Abraham, B., Abreha, G. F., Adane, K., Adelekan, A. L., Adetifa, I. M. O., Afshin, A., Agarwal, A., Agarwal, S. K., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, K. Y., Ahmed, M. B., Akinyemi, R. O., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, S. S., Alemu, Z. A., Alene, K. A., Alexander, L., Ali, R., Ali, S. D., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvarez Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amo-Adjei, J., Amoako, Y. A., Anderson, B. O., Androudi, S., Ansari, H., Ansha, M. G., Antonio, C. A. T., ÃrnlÃ¶v, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Astatkie, A., Atey, T. M., Atique, S., Atnafu, N. T., Atre, S. R., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Awasthi, A., Ayele, N. N., Azzopardi, P., Ba Saleem, H. O., BÃ€rnighausen, T., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Baye, K., Bayou, Y. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., BÃ©jot, Y., Bello, A. K., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, A., BernabÃ©, E., Bernal, O. A., Beyene, A. S., Beyene, T. J., Bhutta, Z. A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S. M., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H. M., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J. K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z. A., CÃ¡rdenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Car, J., Carrero, J. J., Casey, D., Caso, V., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Castillo Rivas, J., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. A., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Coggeshall, M. S., Cooper, L. T., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J. A., Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, H., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P. I., Das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D. V., Davletov, K., De Leo, D., Del Gobbo, L. C., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dicker, D., Ding, E. L., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E. R., Doyle, K. E., Dubey, M., Ehrenkranz, R., Ellingsen, C. L., Elyazar, I., Enayati, A., Ermakov, S. P., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., FÃŒrst, T., Faghmous, I. D. A., Fanuel, F. B. B., Faraon, E. J. A., Farid, T. A., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V. L., Feigl, A. B., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, J. G., Fernandes, J. C., Feyissa, T. R., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T. D., Foigt, N., Foreman, K. J., Forouzanfar, M. H., Franklin, R. C., Frostad, J., Ghiwot, T. T., Gakidou, E., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Gao, W., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A. T., Gebremichael, M. W., Gebru, A. A., Gelaye, A. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Genova-Maleras, R., Gibney, K. B., Giref, A. Z., Gishu, M. D., Giussani, G., Godwin, W. W., Gold, A., Goldberg, E. M., Gona, P. N., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Goto, A., Graetz, N., Greaves, F., Griswold, M., Guban, P. I., Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, P. C., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Habtewold, T. D., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. B., Hakuzimana, A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hambisa, M. T., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Hareri, H. A., Haro, J. M., Hassanvand, M. S., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Hoek, H. W., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Htet, A. S., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J. J., Huntley, B. M., Huynh, C., Iburg, K. M., Ileanu, B. V., Innos, K., Irenso, A. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., James, P., James, S. L., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S. P., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., John, D., Johnson, C., Johnson, S. C., Jonas, J. B., Juel, K., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Karimi, S. M., Kasaeian, A., Kassebaum, N. J., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S. V., Kazanjan, K., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Kerbo, A. A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I., Khan, A. R., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khang, Y. -H, Khoja, A. T. A., Khonelidze, I., Khubchandani, J., Kibret, G. D., Kim, D., Kim, P., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinfu, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Kokubo, Y., Kolk, A., Kolte, D., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Krohn, K. J., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kuipers, E. J., Kulkarni, V. S., Kumar, G. A., Kumsa, F. A., Kutz, M., Kyu, H. H., Lager, A. C. J., Lal, A., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Langan, S. M., Lansingh, V. C., Larson, H. J., Larsson, A., Laryea, D. O., Latif, A. A., Lawrynowicz, A. E. B., Leasher, J. L., Leigh, J., Leinsalu, M., Leshargie, C. T., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Liang, X., Lim, S. S., Lind, M., Linn, S., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, P., Liu, Y., Lo, L. -T, Logroscino, G., Lopez, A. D., Lorch, S. A., Lotufo, P. A., Lozano, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Macarayan, E. R. K., Mackay, M. T., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Mantovani, L. G., Manyazewal, T., Mapoma, C. C., Marcenes, W., Marks, G. B., Marquez, N., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M. B., Massano, J., Mathur, M. R., Maulik, P. K., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J. J., McNellan, C., Meaney, P. A., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M. M., Meier, T., Mekonnen, A. B., Meles, K. G., Memish, Z. A., Mengesha, M. M., Mengiste, D. T., Mengistie, M. A., Menota, B. G., Mensah, G. A., Mereta, S. T., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mezgebe, H. B., Micha, R., Millear, A., Mills, E. J., Minnig, S., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mock, C. N., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammed, S., Mohanty, S. K., Mokdad, A. H., Mola, G. L. D., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Moses, M., Mueller, U. O., Murthy, S., Musa, K. I., Nachega, J. B., Nagata, C., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B. R., Negoi, I., Neupane, S. P., Newton, C. R., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F. N., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, G., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nolte, S., Nomura, M., Norheim, O. F., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J. N., Obermeyer, C. M., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H, Okoro, A., Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A. T., Olivares, P. R., Olsen, H. E., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Opio, J. N., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osborne, R. H., Osman, M., Owolabi, M. O., Mahesh, P. A., Pain, A. W., Pakhale, S., Palomares Castillo, E., Pana, A., Papachristou, C., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Patton, G. C., Paudel, D., Paul, V. K., Pearce, N., Pereira, D. M., Perez-Padilla, R., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M. R., Pigott, D. M., Pillay, J. D., Pinho, C., Polinder, S., Pond, C. D., Prakash, V., Purwar, M., Qorbani, M., Quistberg, D. A., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. H. U., Rai, R. K., Ram, U., Rana, S. M., Rankin, Z., Rao, P. V., Rao, P. C., Rawaf, S., Rego, M. A. S., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A. M. N. N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, S., Rezai, M. S., Ribeiro, A. L., Roba, H. S., Rokni, M. B., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, N. K., Sachdev, P. S., Sackey, B. B., Saeedi, M. Y., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahraian, M. A., Saleh, M. M., Salomon, J. A., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J. R., Sanchez-NiÃ±o, M. D., Sandar, L., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. V., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Saylan, M. I., SchÃ¶ttker, B., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Seid, A. M., Seifu, C. N., Sepanlou, S. G., Serdar, B., Servan-Mori, E. E., Setegn, T., Shackelford, K. A., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M. A., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Shamsipour, M., Shariful Islam, S. M., Sharma, J., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shi, P., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M. -J, Shiri, R., Shoman, H., Shrime, M. G., Sibamo, E. L. S., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silva, D. A. S., Silveira, D. G. A., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J. A., Singh, O. P., Singh, P. K., Singh, V., Sinke, A. H., Sinshaw, A. E., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Smith, A., Sobngwi, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J. B., Sousa, T. C. M., Sposato, L. A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Steiner, C., Steinke, S., Stokes, M. A., Stranges, S., Strong, M., Stroumpoulis, K., Sturua, L., Sufiyan, M. B., Suliankatchi, R. A., Sun, J., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B. L., TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Taffere, G. R., Talongwa, R. T., Tarajia, M., Tavakkoli, M., Taveira, N., Teeple, S., Tegegne, T. K., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekelab, T., Tekle, D. Y., Temam Shifa, G., Terkawi, A. S., Tesema, A. G., Thakur, J. S., Thomson, A. J., Tillmann, T., Tiruye, T. Y., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Tortajada, M., Troeger, C., Truelsen, T., Tura, A. K., Uchendu, U. S., Ukwaja, K. N., Undurraga, E. A., Uneke, C. J., Uthman, O. A., Van Boven, J. F. M., Van Dingenen, R., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vladimirov, S. K., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Vos, T., Wagner, J. A., Wakayo, T., Waller, S. G., Walson, J. L., Wang, H., Wang, Y. -P, Watkins, D. A., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Wen, C. -P, Werdecker, A., Wesana, J., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H. A., Wilkinson, J. D., Wiysonge, C. S., Woldeyes, B. G., Wolfe, C. D. A., Won, S., Workicho, A., Workie, S. B., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A. K., Yaghoubi, M., Yakob, B., Yan, L. L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Yimam, H. H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S. -J, Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., El Sayed Zaki, M., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Zapata, T., Zenebe, Z. M., Zodpey, S., Zoeckler, L., Zuhlke, L. J., Murray, C. J. L., Access, GBD 2015 Healthcare, Collaborators, Quality, Barber, R. M., Fullman, N., Sorensen, R. J. D., Bollyky, T., McKee, M., Nolte, E., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A. M., Abdurahman, A. A., Abera, S. F., Abraham, B., Abreha, G. F., Adane, K., Adelekan, A. L., Adetifa, I. M. O., Afshin, A., Agarwal, A., Agarwal, S. K., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Ahmad Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, K. Y., Ahmed, M. B., Akinyemi, R. O., Akinyemiju, T. F., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, S. S., Alemu, Z. A., Alene, K. A., Alexander, L., Ali, R., Ali, S. D., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvarez Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A. T., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amo-Adjei, J., Amoako, Y. A., Anderson, B. O., Androudi, S., Ansari, H., Ansha, M. G., Antonio, C. A. T., ÃrnlÃ¶v, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Astatkie, A., Atey, T. M., Atique, S., Atnafu, N. T., Atre, S. R., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Awasthi, A., Ayele, N. N., Azzopardi, P., Ba Saleem, H. O., BÃ€rnighausen, T., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barrero, L. H., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Baye, K., Bayou, Y. T., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., BÃ©jot, Y., Bello, A. K., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhane, A., BernabÃ©, E., Bernal, O. A., Beyene, A. S., Beyene, T. J., Bhutta, Z. A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S. M., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H. M., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N. J. K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z. A., CÃ¡rdenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Car, J., Carrero, J. J., Casey, D., Caso, V., CastaÃ±eda-Orjuela, C. A., Castillo Rivas, J., CatalÃ¡-LÃ³pez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., Chen, A. Z., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C. E., Chisumpa, V. H., Chitheer, A. A., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D. J., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Coggeshall, M. S., Cooper, L. T., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J. A., Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, H., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P. I., Das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D. V., Davletov, K., De Leo, D., Del Gobbo, L. C., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R. P., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Des Jarlais, D. C., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dicker, D., Ding, E. L., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E. R., Doyle, K. E., Dubey, M., Ehrenkranz, R., Ellingsen, C. L., Elyazar, I., Enayati, A., Ermakov, S. P., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., FÃŒrst, T., Faghmous, I. D. A., Fanuel, F. B. B., Faraon, E. J. A., Farid, T. A., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Faro, A., Farvid, M. S., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V. L., Feigl, A. B., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, J. G., Fernandes, J. C., Feyissa, T. R., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T. D., Foigt, N., Foreman, K. J., Forouzanfar, M. H., Franklin, R. C., Frostad, J., Ghiwot, T. T., Gakidou, E., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Gao, W., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A. T., Gebremichael, M. W., Gebru, A. A., Gelaye, A. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Genova-Maleras, R., Gibney, K. B., Giref, A. Z., Gishu, M. D., Giussani, G., Godwin, W. W., Gold, A., Goldberg, E. M., Gona, P. N., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S. V., Goto, A., Graetz, N., Greaves, F., Griswold, M., Guban, P. I., Gugnani, H. C., Gupta, P. C., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Habtewold, T. D., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A. D., Hailu, G. B., Hakuzimana, A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hambisa, M. T., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G. J., Hao, Y., Harb, H. L., Hareri, H. A., Haro, J. M., Hassanvand, M. S., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I. B., Hoek, H. W., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Htet, A. S., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J. J., Huntley, B. M., Huynh, C., Iburg, K. M., Ileanu, B. V., Innos, K., Irenso, A. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M. B., James, P., James, S. L., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S. P., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., John, D., Johnson, C., Johnson, S. C., Jonas, J. B., Juel, K., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C. K., Karimi, S. M., Kasaeian, A., Kassebaum, N. J., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S. V., Kazanjan, K., Keiyoro, P. N., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A. H., Kengne, A. P., Kerbo, A. A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khalil, I., Khan, A. R., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khang, Y. -H, Khoja, A. T. A., Khonelidze, I., Khubchandani, J., Kibret, G. D., Kim, D., Kim, P., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinfu, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Kokubo, Y., Kolk, A., Kolte, D., Kopec, J. A., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Krohn, K. J., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kuipers, E. J., Kulkarni, V. S., Kumar, G. A., Kumsa, F. A., Kutz, M., Kyu, H. H., Lager, A. C. J., Lal, A., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Langan, S. M., Lansingh, V. C., Larson, H. J., Larsson, A., Laryea, D. O., Latif, A. A., Lawrynowicz, A. E. B., Leasher, J. L., Leigh, J., Leinsalu, M., Leshargie, C. T., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Liang, X., Lim, S. S., Lind, M., Linn, S., Lipshultz, S. E., Liu, P., Liu, Y., Lo, L. -T, Logroscino, G., Lopez, A. D., Lorch, S. A., Lotufo, P. A., Lozano, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Macarayan, E. R. K., Mackay, M. T., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Mantovani, L. G., Manyazewal, T., Mapoma, C. C., Marcenes, W., Marks, G. B., Marquez, N., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M. B., Massano, J., Mathur, M. R., Maulik, P. K., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J. J., McNellan, C., Meaney, P. A., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M. M., Meier, T., Mekonnen, A. B., Meles, K. G., Memish, Z. A., Mengesha, M. M., Mengiste, D. T., Mengistie, M. A., Menota, B. G., Mensah, G. A., Mereta, S. T., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mezgebe, H. B., Micha, R., Millear, A., Mills, E. J., Minnig, S., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mock, C. N., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammed, S., Mohanty, S. K., Mokdad, A. H., Mola, G. L. D., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Moses, M., Mueller, U. O., Murthy, S., Musa, K. I., Nachega, J. B., Nagata, C., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B. R., Negoi, I., Neupane, S. P., Newton, C. R., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F. N., Ngunjiri, J. 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Abstract: Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r=0Â·88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r=0Â·83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r=0Â·77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total ferti
Published: 2017
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21. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Barber, R., Fullman, N., Sorensen, R., Bollyky, T., McKee, M., Nolte, E., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abdurahman, A., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abreha, G., Adane, K., Adelekan, A., Adetifa, I., Afshin, A., Agarwal, A., Agarwal, S., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ahmadi, A., Ahmed, K., Ahmed, M., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alam, S., Alemu, Z., Alene, K., Alexander, L., Ali, R., Ali, S., Alizadeh-Navaei, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Allen, C., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amini, E., Ammar, W., Amo-Adjei, J., Amoako, Y., Anderson, B., Androudi, S., Ansari, H., Ansha, M., Antonio, C., Aernloev, J., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Assadi, R., Astatkie, A., Atey, T., Atique, S., Atnafu, N., Atre, S., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E., Quintanilla, B., Awasthi, A., Ayele, N., Azzopardi, P., Saleem, H., Baernighausen, T., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barboza, M., Barker-Collo, S., Barrero, L., Basu, S., Baune, B., Baye, K., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Bernal, O., Beyene, A., Beyene, T., Bhutta, Z., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cardenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I., Car, J., Carrero, J., Casey, D., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chisumpa, V., Chitheer, A., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Coggeshall, M., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D., Davletov, K., De Leo, D., Del Gobbo, L., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S., Dicker, D., Ding, E., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E., Doyle, K., Dubey, M., Ehrenkranz, R., Ellingsen, C., Elyazar, I., Enayati, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fuerst, T., Faghmous, I., Fanuel, F., Faraon, E., Farid, T., Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Feyissa, T., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Franklin, R., Frostad, J., hiwot, T., Gakidou, E., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Gao, W., Garcia-Basteiro, A., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebremichael, M., Gebru, A., Gelaye, A., Geleijnse, J., Genova-Maleras, R., Gibney, K., Giref, A., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Godwin, W., Gold, A., Goldberg, E., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Goto, A., Graetz, N., Greaves, F., Griswold, M., Guban, P., Gugnani, H., Gupta, P., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Habtewold, T., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Hakuzimana, A., Hamadeh, R., Hambisa, M., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Hareri, H., Haro, J., Hassanvand, M., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R., Hay, S., Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, I., Hoek, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Htet, A., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J., Huntley, B., Huynh, C., Iburg, K., Ileanu, B., Innos, K., Irenso, A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., James, S., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., John, D., Johnson, C., Johnson, S., Jonas, J., Juel, K., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimi, S., Kasaeian, A., Kassebaum, N., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S., Kazanjan, K., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Kerbo, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khoja, A., Khonelidze, I., Khubchandani, J., Kibret, G., Kim, D., Kim, P., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Kokubo, Y., Kolk, A., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Krohn, K., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kumsa, F., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Lager, A., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larson, H., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leinsalu, M., Leshargie, C., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Linn, S., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lopez, A., Lorch, S., Lotufo, P., Lozano, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Macarayan, E., Mackay, M., El Razek, H., El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Mantovani, L., Manyazewal, T., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Marks, G., Marquez, N., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Massano, J., Mathur, M., Maulik, P., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J., McNellan, C., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Meier, T., Mekonnen, A., Meles, K., Memish, Z., Mengesha, M., Mengiste, D., Mengistie, M., Menota, B., Mensah, G., Mereta, S., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mezgebe, H., Micha, R., Millear, A., Mills, E., Minnig, S., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E., Mock, C., Mohammad, K., Mohammed, S., Mohanty, S., Mokdad, A., Mola, G., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Moses, M., Mueller, U., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagata, C., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B., Negoi, I., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngunjiri, J., Nguyen, G., Ningrum, D., Nolte, S., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J., Obermeyer, C., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Okoro, A., Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A., Olivares, P., Olsen, H., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osborne, R., Osman, M., Owolabi, M., Mahesh, P., Pain, A., Pakhale, S., Castillo, E., Pana, A., Papachristou, C., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Patton, G., Paudel, D., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pereira, D., Perez-Padilla, R., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Pigott, D., Pillay, J., Pinho, C., Polinder, S., Pond, C., Prakash, V., Purwar, M., Qorbani, M., Quistberg, D., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Rana, S., Rankin, Z., Rao, P., Rawaf, S., Rego, M., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, S., Rezai, M., Ribeiro, A., Roba, H., Rokni, M., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, N., Sachdev, P., Sackey, B., Saeedi, M., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahraian, M., Saleh, M., Salomon, J., Samy, A., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sandar, L., Santos, I., Santos, J., Milicevic, M., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Saylan, M., Schoettker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Seid, A., Seifu, C., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Servan-Mori, E., Setegn, T., Shackelford, K., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Shamsipour, M., Islam, S., Sharma, J., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shi, P., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shoman, H., Shrime, M., Sibamo, E., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Sinke, A., Sinshaw, A., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Smith, A., Sobngwi, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Sousa, T., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Steiner, C., Steinke, S., Stokes, M., Stranges, S., Strong, M., Stroumpoulis, K., Sturua, L., Sufiyan, M., Suliankatchi, R., Sun, J., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Taffere, G., Talongwa, R., Tarajia, M., Tavakkoli, M., Taveira, N., Teeple, S., Tegegne, T., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekelab, T., Tekle, D., Shifa, G., Terkawi, A., Tesema, A., Thakur, J., Thomson, A., Tillmann, T., Tiruye, T., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Tortajada, M., Troeger, C., Truelsen, T., Tura, A., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Boven, J., Van Dingenen, R., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Wagner, J., Wakayo, T., Waller, S., Walson, J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Watkins, D., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wesana, J., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H., Wilkinson, J., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyes, B., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Workicho, A., Workie, S., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yaghoubi, M., Yakob, B., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Yimam, H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Zapata, T., Zenebe, Z., Zodpey, S., Zoeckler, L., Zuhlke, L., Murray, C., Barber, R., Fullman, N., Sorensen, R., Bollyky, T., McKee, M., Nolte, E., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., 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N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Bernal, O., Beyene, A., Beyene, T., Bhutta, Z., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Birlik, S., Birungi, C., Biryukov, S., Bisanzio, D., Bizuayehu, H., Bose, D., Brainin, M., Brauer, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cardenas, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Campos-Nonato, I., Car, J., Carrero, J., Casey, D., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cecilio, P., Cercy, K., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Chew, A., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chisumpa, V., Chitheer, A., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Coggeshall, M., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davitoiu, D., Davletov, K., De Leo, D., Del Gobbo, L., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Jarlais, D., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S., Dicker, D., Ding, E., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E., Doyle, K., Dubey, M., Ehrenkranz, R., Ellingsen, C., Elyazar, I., Enayati, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Fuerst, T., Faghmous, I., Fanuel, F., Faraon, E., Farid, T., Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Feyissa, T., Fischer, F., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Franklin, R., Frostad, J., hiwot, T., Gakidou, E., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Gao, W., Garcia-Basteiro, A., Gebre, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebremichael, M., Gebru, A., Gelaye, A., Geleijnse, J., Genova-Maleras, R., Gibney, K., Giref, A., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Godwin, W., Gold, A., Goldberg, E., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Goto, A., Graetz, N., Greaves, F., Griswold, M., Guban, P., Gugnani, H., Gupta, P., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Gupta, V., Habtewold, T., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Hakuzimana, A., Hamadeh, R., Hambisa, M., Hamidi, S., Hammami, M., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Hareri, H., Haro, J., Hassanvand, M., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R., Hay, S., Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, I., Hoek, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Htet, A., Hu, G., Huang, H., Huang, J., Huntley, B., Huynh, C., Iburg, K., Ileanu, B., Innos, K., Irenso, A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., James, S., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., John, D., Johnson, C., Johnson, S., Jonas, J., Juel, K., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimi, S., Kasaeian, A., Kassebaum, N., Kastor, A., Katikireddi, S., Kazanjan, K., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Kerbo, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khoja, A., Khonelidze, I., Khubchandani, J., Kibret, G., Kim, D., Kim, P., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Kokubo, Y., Kolk, A., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Krishnaswami, S., Krohn, K., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kumsa, F., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Lager, A., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larson, H., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leinsalu, M., Leshargie, C., Leung, J., Leung, R., Levi, M., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Linn, S., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lopez, A., Lorch, S., Lotufo, P., Lozano, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Macarayan, E., Mackay, M., El Razek, H., El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Mantovani, L., Manyazewal, T., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Marks, G., Marquez, N., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Massano, J., Mathur, M., Maulik, P., Mazidi, M., McAlinden, C., McGrath, J., McNellan, C., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Meier, T., Mekonnen, A., Meles, K., Memish, Z., Mengesha, M., Mengiste, D., Mengistie, M., Menota, B., Mensah, G., Mereta, S., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mezgebe, H., Micha, R., Millear, A., Mills, E., Minnig, S., Mirarefin, M., Mirrakhimov, E., Mock, C., Mohammad, K., Mohammed, S., Mohanty, S., Mokdad, A., Mola, G., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Moses, M., Mueller, U., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagata, C., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B., Negoi, I., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngunjiri, J., Nguyen, G., Ningrum, D., Nolte, S., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J., Obermeyer, C., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Okoro, A., Oladimeji, O., Olagunju, A., Olivares, P., Olsen, H., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osborne, R., Osman, M., Owolabi, M., Mahesh, P., Pain, A., Pakhale, S., Castillo, E., Pana, A., Papachristou, C., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Patton, G., Paudel, D., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pereira, D., Perez-Padilla, R., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Pigott, D., Pillay, J., Pinho, C., Polinder, S., Pond, C., Prakash, V., Purwar, M., Qorbani, M., Quistberg, D., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Rana, S., Rankin, Z., Rao, P., Rawaf, S., Rego, M., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, S., Rezai, M., Ribeiro, A., Roba, H., Rokni, M., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Roth, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, N., Sachdev, P., Sackey, B., Saeedi, M., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahraian, M., Saleh, M., Salomon, J., Samy, A., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sandar, L., Santos, I., Santos, J., Milicevic, M., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Saylan, M., Schoettker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Seid, A., Seifu, C., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Servan-Mori, E., Setegn, T., Shackelford, K., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Shamsipour, M., Islam, S., Sharma, J., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shi, P., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shoman, H., Shrime, M., Sibamo, E., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Sinke, A., Sinshaw, A., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Smith, A., Sobngwi, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Sousa, T., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steel, N., Steiner, C., Steinke, S., Stokes, M., Stranges, S., Strong, M., Stroumpoulis, K., Sturua, L., Sufiyan, M., Suliankatchi, R., Sun, J., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Taffere, G., Talongwa, R., Tarajia, M., Tavakkoli, M., Taveira, N., Teeple, S., Tegegne, T., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekelab, T., Tekle, D., Shifa, G., Terkawi, A., Tesema, A., Thakur, J., Thomson, A., Tillmann, T., Tiruye, T., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Tortajada, M., Troeger, C., Truelsen, T., Tura, A., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Boven, J., Van Dingenen, R., Varughese, S., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Wagner, J., Wakayo, T., Waller, S., Walson, J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Watkins, D., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wesana, J., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H., Wilkinson, J., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyes, B., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Workicho, A., Workie, S., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yaghoubi, M., Yakob, B., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Yimam, H., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., Zapata, T., Zenebe, Z., Zodpey, S., Zoeckler, L., Zuhlke, L., and Murray, C.
Published: 2017

22. Setting up data science research in Africa and engagement of stakeholders

Author: Fati Murtala-Ibrahim, Jibreel Jumare, Manhattan Charurat, Chenfeng Xiong, Vivek Naranbhai, Patrick Dakum, Shirley Collie, Waasila Jassat, Gambo Aliyu, Adetifa Ifedayo, and Alash’le Abimiku
Subjects: data science, research, stakeholders, Africa, Science, Science (General), Q1-390, Social Sciences, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Published: 2023
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23. Anthropometric indices of infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers: a prospective cohort study in Lagos, Nigeria

Author: Ezeaka, V C, primary, Iroha, E O, additional, Akinsulie, A O, additional, Temiye, E O, additional, and Adetifa, I M O, additional
Published: 2009
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24. Intravenous Fluconazole Therapy in the Management of Intractable Oro-Pharyngeal Candidiasis in HIV –Infected Children

Author: Temiye, E O, primary, Akinsulie, A O, additional, and Adetifa, I M, additional
Published: 2008
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25. Haematological abnormalities associated with paediatric HIV/AIDS in Lagos

Author: Adetifa, I. M. O., primary, Temiye, E. O., additional, Akinsulie, A. O., additional, Ezeaka, V. C., additional, and Iroha, E. O., additional
Published: 2006
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26. Estimation of the rate of mother to child transmission of HIV in Nigeria

Author: Audu, R. A., Olumuyiwa Babalola Salu, Musa, A. Z., Onyewuche, J., Funso-Adebayo, E. O., Iroha, E. O., Ezeaka, V. C., Adetifa, I. M., Okoeguale, B., and Idigbe, E. O.

27. Maternal HIV infection and intrauterine growth: A prospective study in Lagos, Nigeria

Author: Iroha, E. O., Veronica Chinyere Ezeaka, Akinsulie, A. O., Temiye, E. O., and Adetifa, I. M. O.

28. Constraints and prospects in the management of pediatric HIV/AIDS

Author: Temiye, E. O., Adebola Akinsulie, Ezeaka, C. V., Adetifa, I. M. O., Iroha, E. O., and Grange, A. O.

29. Effect of antiretroviral therapy on asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia in HIV-1 infected children

Author: Adetifa, I. M., Adebola Akinsulie, Temiye, E. O., Iroha, E. O., Ezeaka, V. C., Mafe, A. G., and Grange, A. O.

30. Comparison of two interferon gamma release assays in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in The Gambia

Author: Donkor Simon, Jeffries David, Hammond Abdulrahman, Lugos Moses D, Adetifa Ifedayo MO, Adegbola Richard A, and Hill Philip C
Subjects: Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background IFN-γ Release Assays (IGRAs) have been licensed for the diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Their performance may depend on assay format and may vary across populations and settings. We compared the diagnostic performance of an in-house T -cell and commercial whole blood-based IGRAs for the diagnosis of LTBI and TB disease in The Gambia. Methods Newly diagnosed sputum smear positive cases and their household contacts were recruited. Cases and contacts were bled for IGRA and contacts had a Mantoux skin test. We assessed agreement and discordance between the tests and categorized a contact's level of M. tuberculosis exposure according to where s/he slept relative to a case: the same room, same house or a different house. We assessed the relationship between exposure and test results by multiple logistic regression. Results In 80 newly diagnosed TB cases, the sensitivity of ELISPOT was 78.7% and for QFT-GIT was 64.0% (p = 0.047). Of 194 household contacts 57.1% and 58.8% were positive for ELISPOT and QFT-GIT respectively. The overall agreement between both IGRAs for LTBI in contacts was 71.4% and there was no significant discordance (p = 0.29). There was significant discordance between the IGRAs and TST. Neither IGRA nor TST had evidence of false positive results because of Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccination. However, agreement between QFT-GIT and TST as well as discordance between both IGRAs and TST were associated with BCG vaccination. Both IGRAs responded to the M. tuberculosis exposure gradient and were positively associated with increasing TST induration (p = 0.003 for ELISPOT and p = 0.001 for QFT-GIT). Conclusion The ELISPOT test is more sensitive than the QFT-GIT for diagnosing TB disease. The two tests perform similarly in the diagnosis of LTBI in TB contacts. Significant discordance between the two IGRAs and between each and the TST remain largely unexplained.
Published: 2007
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31. No proof that BCG protects against M tuberculosis.

Author: Turner, Richard, Tweed, Conor, Bothamley, Graham, Abubakar, I., Sridhar, S., Eisenhut, M., Roy, A., Harris, R. J., Rodrigues, L. C., Mangtani, P., Adetifa, I., and Lalvani, A.
Subjects: BCG immunotherapy, TUBERCULOSIS prevention, MYCOBACTERIUM tuberculosis
Abstract: A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Effect of BCG Vaccination Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" by A. Roy and colleagues in the August 5, 2014 issue.
Published: 2014

32. Effect of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosisinfection in children: systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Roy, A, Eisenhut, M, Harris, R J, Rodrigues, L C, Sridhar, S, Habermann, S, Snell, L, Mangtani, P, Adetifa, I, Lalvani, A, and Abubakar, I
Abstract: ObjectivesTo determine whether BCG vaccination protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosisinfection as assessed by interferon γ release assays (IGRA) in children.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis. Searches of electronic databases 1950 to November 2013, checking of reference lists, hand searching of journals, and contact with experts.SettingCommunity congregate settings and households.Inclusion criteriaVaccinated and unvaccinated children aged under 16 with known recent exposure to patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Children were screened for infection with M tuberculosiswith interferon γ release assays.Data extraction Study results relating to diagnostic accuracy were extracted and risk estimates were combined with random effects meta-analysis.ResultsThe primary analysis included 14 studies and 3855 participants. The estimated overall risk ratio was 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.71 to 0.92), indicating a protective efficacy of 19% against infection among vaccinated children after exposure compared with unvaccinated children. The observed protection was similar when estimated with the two types of interferon γ release assays (ELISpot or QuantiFERON). Restriction of the analysis to the six studies (n=1745) with information on progression to active tuberculosis at the time of screening showed protection against infection of 27% (risk ratio 0.73, 0.61 to 0.87) compared with 71% (0.29, 0.15 to 0.58) against active tuberculosis. Among those infected, protection against progression to disease was 58% (0.42, 0.23 to 0.77).ConclusionsBCG protects against M tuberculosisinfection as well as progression from infection to disease.Trial registrationPROSPERO registration No CRD42011001698 (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/).
Published: 2014
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33. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E., Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O., Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibthiel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemiju, Tomi F., Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alabed, Samer, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed M., Alkaabi, Juma M., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allam, Shalini D., Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Assaye, Ashagre Molla, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R., Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M., Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Baune, Bernhard T., Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bennett, James R., Bensenor, Isabela M., Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Bjerregaard, Peter, Blosser, Christopher D., Boneya, Dube Jara, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. 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Ayala Quintanilla, B, Babalola, T, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Balalla, S, Barac, A, Barber, R, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barregard, L, Barrero, L, Baune, B, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Béjot, Y, Bekele, B, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bennett, J, Bensenor, I, Benson, J, Berhane, A, Berhe, D, Bernabé, E, Beuran, M, Beyene, A, Bhala, N, Bhansali, A, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Bikbov, B, Birungi, C, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bizuayehu, H, Bjerregaard, P, Blosser, C, Boneya, D, Boufous, S, Bourne, R, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Brugha, T, Bukhman, G, Bulto, L, Bumgarner, B, Burch, M, Butt, Z, Cahill, L, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Car, J, Car, M, Cárdenas, R, Carpenter, D, Carrero, J, Carter, A, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castillo Rivas, J, Castro, F, Castro, R, Catalá-López, F, Chen, H, Chiang, P, Chibalabala, M, Chisumpa, V, Chitheer, A, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Cohen, A, Colquhoun, S, Coresh, J, Criqui, M, Cromwell, E, Crump, J, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, P, Das Neves, J, Davey, G, Davitoiu, D, Davletov, K, De Courten, B, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Dellavalle, R, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Des Jarlais, D, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dherani, M, Diaz-Torné, C, Ding, E, Dixit, P, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Doku, D, Donnelly, C, Dos Santos, K, Douwes-Schultz, D, Driscoll, T, Duan, L, Dubey, M, Duncan, B, Dwivedi, L, Ebrahimi, H, El Bcheraoui, C, Ellingsen, C, Enayati, A, Endries, A, Ermakov, S, Eshetie, S, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Fanuel, F, Faro, A, Farvid, M, Farzadfar, F, Feigin, V, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, J, Feyissa, T, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Frank, T, Franklin, R, Fraser, M, Friedman, J, Frostad, J, Fullman, N, Fürst, T, Furtado, J, Futran, N, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gankpé, F, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gebregergs, G, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebrekidan, K, Gebremichael, M, Gelaye, A, Geleijnse, J, Gemechu, B, Gemechu, K, Genova-Maleras, R, Gesesew, H, Gething, P, Gibney, K, Gill, P, Gillum, R, Giref, A, Girma, B, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Gomez, B, Gona, P, Gopalani, S, Goulart, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, H, Gupta, P, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hakuzimana, A, Halasa, Y, Hamadeh, R, Hambisa, M, Hamidi, S, Hammami, M, Hancock, J, Handal, A, Hankey, G, Hao, Y, Harb, H, Hareri, H, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, J, Hassanvand, M, Havmoeller, R, Hay, R, Hay, S, He, F, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hilawe, E, Hoek, H, Horita, N, Hosgood, H, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, P, Hoy, D, Hsairi, M, Htet, A, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, J, Iburg, K, Igumbor, E, Ileanu, B, Inoue, M, Irenso, A, Irvine, C, Islam, N, Jacobsen, K, Jaenisch, T, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jensen, P, Jha, V, Jin, Y, John, D, John, O, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalkonde, Y, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi, S, Karthikeyan, G, Kasaeian, A, Kassaw, N, Kassebaum, N, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, S, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazanjan, K, Keiyoro, P, Kelbore, S, Kemp, A, Kengne, A, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, C, Ketema, E, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khang, Y, Khera, S, Khoja, A, Khosravi, M, Kibret, G, Kieling, C, Kim, C, Kim, D, Kim, P, Kim, S, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kishawi, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kissoon, N, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, A, Kokubo, Y, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuipers, E, Kulikoff, X, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, G, Kumar, P, Kumsa, F, Kutz, M, Lachat, C, Lagat, A, Lager, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lambert, N, Lan, Q, Van Lansingh, C, Larson, H, Larsson, A, Laryea, D, Lavados, P, Laxmaiah, A, Lee, P, Leigh, J, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liao, Y, Liben, M, Lim, S, Linn, S, Lipshultz, S, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Lorch, S, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, R, Ma, S, Macarayan, E, Machado, I, Mackay, M, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, D, Mantovani, L, Manyazewal, T, Mapoma, C, Marczak, L, Marks, G, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins-Melo, F, Massano, J, Maulik, P, Mayosi, B, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgarvey, S, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, M, Mehta, K, Meier, T, Mekonnen, T, Meles, K, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, M, Mengistie, M, Mengistu, D, Menon, G, Menota, B, Mensah, G, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mezgebe, H, Micha, R, Mikesell, J, Miller, T, Mills, E, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mishra, S, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, K, Mohammed, S, Mohan, M, Mohanty, S, Mokdad, A, Molla Assaye, A, Mollenkopf, S, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Montañez Hernandez, J, Montico, M, Mooney, M, Moore, A, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreno Velasquez, I, Mori, R, Morrison, S, Mruts, K, Mueller, U, Mullany, E, Muller, K, Murthy, G, Murthy, S, Musa, K, Nachega, J, Nagata, C, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naidoo, K, Nanda, L, Nangia, V, Nascimento, B, Natarajan, G, Negoi, I, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Ningrum, D, Nisar, M, Nomura, M, Nong, V, Norheim, O, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, C, O'Donnell, M, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Ota, E, Owolabi, M, Oyekale, A, Mahesh, P, Pacella, R, Pakhale, S, Pana, A, Panda, B, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E, Parsaeian, M, Patel, T, Patten, S, Patton, G, Paudel, D, Pereira, D, Perez-Padilla, R, Perez-Ruiz, F, Perico, N, Pervaiz, A, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, C, Petri, W, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Piel, F, Pigott, D, Pishgar, F, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Popova, S, Postma, M, Poulton, R, Pourmalek, F, Prasad, N, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, R, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, S, Rai, R, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Rana, S, Ranabhat, C, Rao, P, Rawaf, S, Ray, S, Rego, M, Rehm, J, Reiner, R, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezai, M, Ribeiro, A, Rokni, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Ruhago, G, Saadat, S, Sabde, Y, Sachdev, P, Sadat, N, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Salama, J, Salamati, P, Salomon, J, Salvi, S, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Niño, M, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Saylan, M, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Seid, A, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Shackelford, K, Shaheen, A, Shahraz, S, Shaikh, M, Shamsipour, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Islam, S, Sharma, J, Sharma, R, She, J, Shen, J, Shetty, B, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shrime, M, Sigfusdottir, I, Silberberg, D, Silpakit, N, Silva, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Sindi, S, Singh, A, Singh, J, Singh, P, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Skiadaresi, E, Sligar, A, Smith, D, Sobaih, B, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soriano, J, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Stöckl, H, Stokes, M, Strong, M, Sufiyan, M, Suliankatchi, R, Sunguya, B, Sur, P, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, B, Szoeke, C, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, S, Tadese, F, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tarajia, M, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Tekle, D, Temam Shifa, G, Temsah, M, Terkawi, A, Tesema, C, Tesssema, B, Theis, A, Thomas, N, Thompson, A, Thomson, A, Thrift, A, Tiruye, T, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Tortajada, M, Tran, B, Truelsen, T, Trujillo, U, Tsilimparis, N, Tuem, K, Tuzcu, E, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, K, Undurraga, E, Uthman, O, Uzochukwu, B, Van Boven, J, Varakin, Y, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasconcelos, A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vidavalur, R, Violante, F, Vishnu, A, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Waid, J, Wakayo, T, Wang, Y, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Werdecker, A, Wesana, J, Wijeratne, T, Wilkinson, J, Wiysonge, C, Woldeyes, B, Wolfe, C, Workicho, A, Workie, S, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yalew, A, Yan, L, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Ye, P, Yimam, H, Yip, P, Yirsaw, B, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Younis, M, Zaidi, Z, El Sayed Zaki, M, Zeeb, H, Zenebe, Z, Zerfu, T, Zhang, A, Zhang, X, Zodpey, S, Zuhlke, L, Lopez, A, Murray, C, Erasmus MC other, Emergency Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Public Health, and Neurology
Subjects: Dánarmein, Heilsufar, Dánartíðni, Lífslíkur, Epidemiology, Aldurshópar, ALCOHOL, Börn, Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychology, DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES, Children, Konur, Ungbörn, Tölfræði, Educational status, Aldraðir, Medicine (all), Global burden of disease/statistics and numerical data, DEATH, Men, Þjóðir, Staðtölur, Stillbirth, Sálfræði, World health, SURVIVAL, Income, CHILD-MORTALITY, HEALTH, Burðarmálsdauði, Infants, Age distribution, HIV infections, Child mortality, Alnæmi, Menntun, GBD, Fæðingartíðni, RUSSIAN MORTALITY, Birth rate, Life Expectancy, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Women, Mortality, METAANALYSIS, Faraldsfræði, HIV, Frjósemi, Fertility, Socioeconomic Factors, Karlar, Barnadauði, Félagshagfræði, Tekjur, Older people, Cause of death/trends, RA
Abstract: Correction in: Group Author(s): GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017, Background Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Methods We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0.5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. Findings Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86.9 years (95% UI 86.7-87.2), and for men in Singapore, at 81.3 years (78.8-83.7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. Interpretation Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.
Published: 2017

34. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Troeger, Christopher, Blacker, Brigette, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Rao, Puja C., Cao, Jackie, Zimsen, Stephanie Rm, Albertson, Samuel B., Deshpande, Aniruddha, Farag, Tamer, Abebe, Zegeye, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O., Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Akibu, Mohammed, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Aremu, Olatunde, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Attia, Engi Farouk, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayuk, Tambe Betrand, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Bassat, Quique, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bijani, Ali, Brauer, Michael, Brown, Alexandria, Camargos, Paulo Am, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Colombara, Danny, Conti, Sara, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Edessa, Dumessa, Elkout, Hajer, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Foreman, Kyle J., Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fullman, Nancy, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gessner, Bradford D., Gething, Peter W., Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Tarun, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hedayati, Mohammad T., Heidari, Mohsen, Hibstu, Desalegn Tsegaw, Horita, Nobuyuki, Ilesanmi, Olayinka S., Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Jamal, Amr A., Amaha Kahsay, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Dessalegn Haile, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khang, Young-Ho, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D., Kochhar, Sonali, Koul, Parvaiz A., Kumar, G. Anil, Lodha, Rakesh, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mathew, Joseph L., Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Mohammed A., Momeniha, Fatemeh, Murthy, Srinivas, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nielsen, Katie R., Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Justin R., Pa, Mahesh, Postma, Maarten J., Qorbani, Mostafa, Quansah, Reginald, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M., Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ray, Sarah E., Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A., Sartorius, Benn, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Singh, Jasvinder A., Somayaji, Ranjani, Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thompson, Matthew J., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Tung Thanh, Tuem, Kald Beshir, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Vollset, Stein Emil, Walson, Judd L., Weldegebreal, Fitsum, Werdecker, Andrea, West, T. Eoin, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zhou, Lei, Zodpey, Sanjay, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Lim, Stephen S., Mokdad, Ali H., Murray, Christopher Jl, Hay, Simon I., Reiner, Robert C., Troeger, C, Blacker, B, Khalil, I, Rao, P, Cao, J, Zimsen, S, Albertson, S, Deshpande, A, Farag, T, Abebe, Z, Adetifa, I, Adhikari, T, Akibu, M, Al Lami, F, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amoako, Y, Antonio, C, Aremu, O, Asfaw, E, Asgedom, S, Atey, T, Attia, E, Avokpaho, E, Ayele, H, Ayuk, T, Balakrishnan, K, Barac, A, Bassat, Q, Behzadifar, M, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Brauer, M, Brown, A, Camargos, P, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Colombara, D, Conti, S, Dadi, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Do, H, Dubljanin, E, Edessa, D, Elkout, H, Endries, A, Fijabi, D, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, M, Fullman, N, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gessner, B, Gething, P, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Hailu, G, Hassen, H, Hedayati, M, Heidari, M, Hibstu, D, Horita, N, Ilesanmi, O, Jakovljevic, M, Jamal, A, Kahsay, A, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, D, Khader, Y, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Kim, Y, Kissoon, N, Knibbs, L, Kochhar, S, Koul, P, Kumar, G, Lodha, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Malta, D, Mathew, J, Mengistu, D, Mezgebe, H, Mohammad, K, Mohammed, M, Momeniha, F, Murthy, S, Nguyen, C, Nielsen, K, Ningrum, D, Nirayo, Y, Oren, E, Ortiz, J, Pa, M, Postma, M, Qorbani, M, Quansah, R, Rai, R, Rana, S, Ranabhat, C, Ray, S, Rezai, M, Ruhago, G, Safiri, S, Salomon, J, Sartorius, B, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shiferaw, M, Shigematsu, M, Singh, J, Somayaji, R, Stanaway, J, Sufiyan, M, Taffere, G, Temsah, M, Thompson, M, Tobe-Gai, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, B, Tran, T, Tuem, K, Ukwaja, K, Vollset, S, Walson, J, Weldegebreal, F, Werdecker, A, West, T, Yonemoto, N, Zaki, M, Zhou, L, Zodpey, S, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Lim, S, Mokdad, A, Murray, C, Hay, S, Reiner, R, and Public Health
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Biostatistics, Global Health, Global Buren of Disease, Lower Respiratory Infections, Article, Global Burden of Disease, Young Adult, Cost of Illness, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Humans, Child, Respiratory Tract Infections, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Incidence, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Bacterial Infections, Middle Aged, Survival Analysis, Virus Diseases, Child, Preschool, Female, Topography, Medical, Morbidity, Epidemiologic Methods
Abstract: [Background] Lower respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016, provides an up-to-date analysis of the burden of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries. This study assesses cases, deaths, and aetiologies spanning the past 26 years and shows how the burden of lower respiratory infection has changed in people of all ages. [Methods] We used three separate modelling strategies for lower respiratory infections in GBD 2016: a Bayesian hierarchical ensemble modelling platform (Cause of Death Ensemble model), which uses vital registration, verbal autopsy data, and surveillance system data to predict mortality due to lower respiratory infections; a compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR), which uses scientific literature, population representative surveys, and health-care data to predict incidence, prevalence, and mortality; and modelling of counterfactual estimates of the population attributable fraction of lower respiratory infection episodes due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus. We calculated each modelled estimate for each age, sex, year, and location. We modelled the exposure level in a population for a given risk factor using DisMod-MR and a spatio-temporal Gaussian process regression, and assessed the effectiveness of targeted interventions for each risk factor in children younger than 5 years. We also did a decomposition analysis of the change in LRI deaths from 2000–16 using the risk factors associated with LRI in GBD 2016. [Findings] In 2016, lower respiratory infections caused 652 572 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 586 475–720 612) in children younger than 5 years (under-5s), 1 080 958 deaths (943 749–1 170 638) in adults older than 70 years, and 2 377 697 deaths (2 145 584–2 512 809) in people of all ages, worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the leading cause of lower respiratory infection morbidity and mortality globally, contributing to more deaths than all other aetiologies combined in 2016 (1 189 937 deaths, 95% UI 690 445–1 770 660). Childhood wasting remains the leading risk factor for lower respiratory infection mortality among children younger than 5 years, responsible for 61·4% of lower respiratory infection deaths in 2016 (95% UI 45·7–69·6). Interventions to improve wasting, household air pollution, ambient particulate matter pollution, and expanded antibiotic use could avert one under-5 death due to lower respiratory infection for every 4000 children treated in the countries with the highest lower respiratory infection burden. [Interpretation] Our findings show substantial progress in the reduction of lower respiratory infection burden, but this progress has not been equal across locations, has been driven by decreases in several primary risk factors, and might require more effort among elderly adults. By highlighting regions and populations with the highest burden, and the risk factors that could have the greatest effect, funders, policy makers, and programme implementers can more effectively reduce lower respiratory infections among the world's most susceptible populations. [Findings] Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

35. Correction: A prospective, multi-site, cohort study to estimate incidence of infection and disease due to Lassa fever virus in West African countries (the Enable Lassa research programme)-Study protocol.

Author: Penfold S, Adegnika AA, Asogun D, Ayodeji O, Azuogu BN, Fischer WA 2nd, Garry RF, Grant DS, Happi C, N'Faly M, Olayinka A, Samuels R, Sibley J, Wohl DA, Accrombessi M, Adetifa I, Annibaldis G, Camacho A, Dan-Nwafor C, Deha ARE, DeMarco J, Duraffour S, Goba A, Grais R, Günther S, Honvou ÉJJP, Ihekweazu C, Jacobsen C, Kanneh L, Momoh M, Ndiaye A, Nsaibirni R, Okogbenin S, Ochu C, Ogbaini E, Logbo ÉPMA, Sandi JD, Schieffelin JS, Verstraeten T, Vielle NJ, Yadouleton A, and Yovo EK
Abstract: [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283643.]., (Copyright: © 2025 Penfold et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2025
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36. ASEAN's response to mpox: Advancing regional and inter-regional cooperation to manage public health emergencies.

Author: Rahman-Shepherd A, Razavi A, Adetifa I, Erondu N, Hinjoy S, Ho ZJM, Miranda I, Okereke E, Oyebanji O, Wong J, and Fernando F
Abstract: Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: AR holds a position with the UK Health Security Agency, which engages with regional organizations, including ASEAN and Africa CDC. SH, ZJMH, IM, and JW hold positions with their respective ministries of health in ASEAN Member States, and thus engage with various platforms and mechanisms coordinated by the ASEAN Health Division (see Table 1). FF is the former Assistant Director and Head of the Health Division at ASEAN (2011-24). Within five years from the time of writing, EO has been an honorary advisor to the Director-General of the Africa CDC (2019-22); IA was the former Director-General of Nigeria CDC (2021-24), and OO was a former Technical Assistant at Nigeria CDC (2016-20). This does not alter our adherence to PLOS Global Public Health’s policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare.
Published: 2025
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37. Development and Implementation of a Public Health Event Management System, Nigeria, 2018-2024.

Author: Elston J, Eteng WO, Ihekweazu C, Oliver I, Aniaku E, Abubakar A, Lee CT, Benyeogor E, Roddick I, Logan S, Okereke E, Inamdar L, Aruna O, Luka-Lawal R, Manthey C, Hinkle L, Nunez G, Agogo E, Usman R, Sunday EL, Hassan M, Oladejo J, and Adetifa I
Subjects: Nigeria epidemiology, Humans, Software, Disease Outbreaks prevention & control, Public Health Surveillance, Population Surveillance, Public Health
Abstract: Event management systems (EMS) are key tools for epidemic intelligence, integrating surveillance signals and incident response, although international standards to inform development are lacking. We describe the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) SITAware, a software capable of operating with low internet bandwidth to generate notifications, reports, and spatiotemporal dashboards and provide event-level data for real-time accountability and postevent learning. SITAware was enabled by local institutional ownership, co-created at low cost, and integrated into existing workflows. In 2022, SITAware was used to manage ≈300 incidents, and NCDC implemented it subnationally. NCDC's experience may inform EMS development and implementation in similar settings.
Published: 2025
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38. The impact of sub-national heterogeneities in demography and epidemiology on the introduction of rubella vaccination programs in Nigeria.

Author: Nakase T, Brownwright T, Okunromade O, Egwuenu A, Ogunbode O, Lawal B, Akanbi K, Grant G, Bassey OO, Coughlin MM, Bankamp B, Adetifa I, Metcalf CJE, and Ferrari M
Subjects: Humans, Nigeria epidemiology, Female, Vaccination statistics & numerical data, Pregnancy, Demography, Infant, Adolescent, Rubella Syndrome, Congenital prevention & control, Rubella Syndrome, Congenital epidemiology, Male, Young Adult, Adult, Rubella Vaccine administration & dosage, Rubella Vaccine immunology, Rubella prevention & control, Rubella epidemiology, Immunization Programs, Vaccination Coverage statistics & numerical data
Abstract: Rubella infection during pregnancy can result in miscarriage or infants with a constellation of birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). When coverage is inadequate, rubella vaccination can increase CRS cases by increasing the average age of infection. Thus, the World Health Organisation recommends that countries introducing rubella vaccine be able to vaccinate at least 80% of each birth cohort. Previous studies have focused on national-level analyses and have overlooked sub-national variation in introduction risk. We characterised the sub-national heterogeneity in rubella transmission within Nigeria and modelled local rubella vaccine introduction under different scenarios to refine the set of conditions and strategies required for safe rubella vaccine use. Across Nigeria, the basic reproduction number ranged from 2.6 to 6.2. Consequently, the conditions for safe vaccination varied across states with low-risk areas requiring coverage levels well below 80 %. In high-risk settings, inadequate routine coverage needed to be supplemented by campaigns that allowed for gradual improvements in vaccination coverage over time. Understanding local heterogeneities in both short-term and long-term epidemic dynamics can permit earlier nationwide introduction of rubella vaccination and identify sub-national areas suitable for program monitoring, program improvement and campaign support., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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39. Performance evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 rapid diagnostic tests in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study.

Author: Omonkhua AA, Faneye A, Akinwande KS, Evaezi O, Shehu NY, Onayade A, Ochu CL, Popoola M, Emmanuel N, Ojo T, Ohonsi C, Abubakar A, Odeh E, Akinduti P, Folarin O, Bimba JS, Igumbor E, Elimian K, Edem VF, Pam D L, Olusola T, Ntoimo L, Olugbile M, Opayele AV, Kida I, David S, Onyeaghala A, Igbarumah I, Maduka O, Mahmoud MA, El-Fulatty AR, Olaleye DO, Simon O, Osaigbovo II, Obaseki DE, Tolulupe A, Happi C, Jibrin YB, Okonofua F, Eliya T, Simji G, Abi IJ, Ameh E, Maigari IM, Alhaji S, Adetifa I, Salako B, Bogoro S, Ihekweazu C, and Odaibo GN
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic challenged health systems globally. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard for detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kits for COVID-19 have been widely used in Nigeria. This has greatly improved test turnover rates and significantly decreased the high technical demands of RT-PCR. However, there is currently no nationally representative evaluation of the performance characteristics and reliability of these kits. This study assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of ten RDT kits used for COVID-19 testing in Nigeria. This large multi-centred cross-sectional study was conducted across the 6 geo-political zones of Nigeria over four months. Ten antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) RDT kits were evaluated, and the results were compared with RT-PCR. One thousand, three hundred and ten (1,310) consenting adults comprising 767 (58.5%) males and 543 (41.5%) females participated in the study. The highest proportion, 757 (57.7%), were in the 20-39 years' age group. In terms of diagnostic performance, Lumira Dx (61.4, 95% CI: 52.4-69.9) had the highest sensitivity while MP SARS and Panbio (98.5, 95% CI: 96.6-99.5) had the highest specificity. For predictive values, Panbio (90.7, 95% CI: 79.7-96.9) and Lumira Dx (81.2, 95% CI: 75.9-85.7) recorded the highest PPV and NPV respectively. Ag-RDTs had better performance characteristics compared with Ab-RDTs; however, the sensitivities of all RDTs in this study were generally low. The relatively high specificity of Ag-RDTs makes them useful for the diagnosis of infection in COVID-19 suspected cases where positive RDT may not require confirmation by molecular testing. There is therefore the need to develop RDTs in-country that will take into consideration the unique environmental factors, interactions with other infectious agents, and strains of the virus circulating locally. This may enhance the precision of rapid and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 in Nigeria., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Omonkhua et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2024
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40. Genomic epidemiology uncovers the timing and origin of the emergence of mpox in humans.

Author: Parker E, Omah IF, Varilly P, Magee A, Ayinla AO, Sijuwola AE, Ahmed MI, Ope-Ewe OO, Ogunsanya OA, Olono A, Eromon P, Tomkins-Tinch CH, Otieno JR, Akanbi O, Egwuenu A, Ehiakhamen O, Chukwu C, Suleiman K, Akinpelu A, Ahmad A, Imam KI, Ojedele R, Oripenaye V, Ikeata K, Adelakun S, Olajumoke B, Djuicy DD, Essengue LLM, Yifomnjou MHM, Zeller M, Gangavarapu K, O'Toole Á, Park DJ, Mboowa G, Tessema SK, Tebeje YK, Folarin O, Happi A, Lemey P, Suchard MA, Andersen KG, Sabeti P, Rambaut A, Njoum R, Ihekweazu C, Jide I, Adetifa I, and Happi CT
Abstract: Five years before the 2022-2023 global mpox outbreak Nigeria reported its first cases in nearly 40 years, with the ongoing epidemic since driven by sustained human-to-human transmission. However, limited genomic data has left questions about the timing and origin of the mpox virus' (MPXV) emergence. Here we generated 112 MPXV genomes from Nigeria from 2021-2023. We identify the closest zoonotic outgroup to the human epidemic in southern Nigeria, and estimate that the lineage transmitting from human-to-human emerged around July 2014, circulating cryptically until detected in September 2017. The epidemic originated in Southern Nigeria, particularly Rivers State, which also acted as a persistent and dominant source of viral dissemination to other states. We show that APOBEC3 activity increased MPXV's evolutionary rate twenty-fold during human-to-human transmission. We also show how Delphy, a tool for near-real-time Bayesian phylogenetics, can aid rapid outbreak analytics. Our study sheds light on MPXV's establishment in West Africa before the 2022-2023 global outbreak and highlights the need for improved pathogen surveillance and response., Competing Interests: Competing interest declaration MAS receives grants and contracts from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Johnson & Johnson all outside the scope of this work.
Published: 2024
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41. Molecular epidemiology of recurrent zoonotic transmission of mpox virus in West Africa.

Author: Djuicy DD, Omah IF, Parker E, Tomkins-Tinch CH, Otieno JR, Yifomnjou MHM, Essengue LLM, Ayinla AO, Sijuwola AE, Ahmed MI, Ope-Ewe OO, Ogunsanya OA, Olono A, Eromon P, Yonga MGW, Essima GD, Touoyem IP, Mounchili LJM, Eyangoh SI, Esso L, Nguidjol IME, Metomb SF, Chebo C, Agwe SM, Mossi HM, Bilounga CN, Etoundi AGM, Akanbi O, Egwuenu A, Ehiakhamen O, Chukwu C, Suleiman K, Akinpelu A, Ahmad A, Imam KI, Ojedele R, Oripenaye V, Ikeata K, Adelakun S, Olajumoke B, O'Toole Á, Magee A, Zeller M, Gangavarapu K, Varilly P, Park DJ, Mboowa G, Tessema SK, Tebeje YK, Folarin O, Happi A, Lemey P, Suchard MA, Andersen KG, Sabeti P, Rambaut A, Ihekweazu C, Jide I, Adetifa I, Njoum R, and Happi CT
Abstract: Nigeria and Cameroon reported their first mpox cases in over three decades in 2017 and 2018 respectively. The outbreak in Nigeria is recognised as an ongoing human epidemic. However, owing to sparse surveillance and genomic data, it is not known whether the increase in cases in Cameroon is driven by zoonotic or sustained human transmission. Notably, the frequency of zoonotic transmission remains unknown in both Cameroon and Nigeria. To address these uncertainties, we investigated the zoonotic transmission dynamics of the mpox virus (MPXV) in Cameroon and Nigeria, with a particular focus on the border regions. We show that in these regions mpox cases are still driven by zoonotic transmission of a newly identified Clade IIb.1. We identify two distinct zoonotic lineages that circulate across the Nigeria-Cameroon border, with evidence of recent and historic cross border dissemination. Our findings support that the complex cross-border forest ecosystems likely hosts shared animal populations that drive cross-border viral spread, which is likely where extant Clade IIb originated. We identify that the closest zoonotic outgroup to the human epidemic circulated in southern Nigeria in October 2013. We also show that the zoonotic precursor lineage circulated in an animal population in southern Nigeria for more than 45 years. This supports findings that southern Nigeria was the origin of the human epidemic. Our study highlights the ongoing MPXV zoonotic transmission in Cameroon and Nigeria, underscoring the continuous risk of MPXV (re)emergence., Competing Interests: Competing interest declaration MAS received grants and contracts from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Johnson & Johnson outside the scope of this work.
Published: 2024
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42. Tungiasis among children in Kenya is associated with poor nutrition status, absenteeism, poor school performance and high impact on quality of life.

Author: Elson L, Kamau C, Koech S, Muthama C, Gachomba G, Sinoti E, Chondo E, Mburu E, Wakio M, Lore J, Maia M, Adetifa I, Orindi B, Bejon P, and Fillinger U
Subjects: Humans, Child, Male, Adolescent, Female, Kenya epidemiology, Tunga physiology, Schools, Animals, Academic Performance statistics & numerical data, Quality of Life, Tungiasis epidemiology, Absenteeism, Nutritional Status
Abstract: Tungiasis is a highly neglected tropical skin disease caused by the sand flea, Tunga penetrans. The flea burrows into the skin inducing a strong inflammatory response, leading to pain and mobility restrictions with potential impacts on quality of life. Few countries implement control efforts and there are few data on the impact of the disease to support policy decisions. We conducted a survey to determine the impact of tungiasis among primary school children across nine counties of Kenya. A total of 10,600 pupils aged 8 to 14 years were randomly selected from 97 primary schools and examined for tungiasis. For 81 cases and 578 randomly selected controls, anthropometric measurements were made, and school attendance and exam scores were collected from school records. Of those with tungiasis, 73 were interviewed regarding their quality of life using a tungiasis-specific instrument. Mixed effect ordered logistic and linear models were used to assess associations between disease status and impact variables. Compared to uninfected pupils, those with tungiasis had lower weight-for-age z-scores (adjusted β -0.41, 95% CI: -0.75-0.06, p = 0.020), missed more days of school the previous term (adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.01-2.21, p = 0.046) and were less likely to receive a high score in mathematics (aOR 0.18, 95% CI: 0.08-0.40, p<0.001) and other subjects. Pupils with severe disease (clinical score >10) were four times more likely to experience severe pain than those with mild disease (OR 3.96, 95% CI: 1.35-11.64, p = 0.012) and a higher impact on their quality of life than those with mild disease (aOR 3.57, 95% CI: 1.17-10.8, p = 0.025) when adjusted for covariates. This study has demonstrated tungiasis has a considerable impact on children's lives and academic achievement. This indicates the need for integrated disease management for school-aged children to protect their physical and cognitive development and their future prospects., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Elson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Published: 2024
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43. Epidemiology of influenza in Nigeria: A secondary analysis of the sentinel surveillance data in Nigeria from 2010 - 2020.

Author: Akano A, Sadauki AH, Adelabu AM, Malgwi A, Fagbola M, Ogunbode O, Usman A, Ameh C, Balogun MS, Ilori E, Badaru S, Adetunji A, Adebayo A, Mba N, Iniobong A, Eze E, Akerele I, Grema B, Sodipo O, Enemuo E, Ochu C, Ihekweazu C, and Adetifa I
Subjects: Child, Male, Humans, Infant, Nigeria epidemiology, Sentinel Surveillance, Retrospective Studies, Seasons, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza Vaccines
Abstract: Background: Influenza is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Little is known of the true burden and epidemiology of influenza in Africa. Nigeria has a sentinel surveillance system for influenza virus (IFV). This study seeks to describe the epidemiological characteristics of influenza cases in Nigeria through secondary data analysis of the sentinel surveillance data from 2010 to 2020., Methodology: A retrospective secondary data analysis of data collected from patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in the four Nigeria Influenza Sentinel Surveillance sites from January 2010 to December 2020. Data was cleaned and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Epi info 7.2 for frequencies and proportions. The results of the analysis were summarized in tables and charts., Results: A total of 13,828 suspected cases of influenza were recorded at the sentinel sites during the study period. About 10.3% (1421/13,828) of these tested positive for IFV of which 1243 (87.5%) were ILI patients, 175 (12.3%) SARI patients, and 3 (0.2%) novel H1N1 patients. Males accounted for 54.2% (770/1421) of the confirmed cases. The median age of confirmed cases was 3 years (range: <1month-97 years). Children 0-4 years accounted for 69.3% (985/1421) of all cases. The predominant subtypes were B lineage not determined (32.3%), A/H1N1 pdm09 (28.8%) and A/H3 (23.0%). There were periods of sustained transmission in most years with 2011 having the highest number of cases. Overall, there were more cases around January to March and August to November. Heart disease and chronic shortness of breath were the most common co-morbidities identified among confirmed cases., Conclusion: Influenza remains a significant cause of respiratory illness, especially among children aged less than 4 years. Influenza cases occur all year round with irregular seasonality in Nigeria. Children less than 4 years and those with co-morbidities should be prioritized for vaccination. Vaccine composition in the country should take cognizance of the prevailing strains which are type B (lineage not determined), A/H1N1 pdm09 and A/H3., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest I declare that this manuscript is original and has not been published before. It is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. No financial support was received for this study. As the corresponding author, I have approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of this work., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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44. Mpox (monkeypox) risk and mortality associated with HIV infection: a national case-control study in Nigeria.

Author: Yinka-Ogunleye A, Dalhat M, Akinpelu A, Aruna O, Garba F, Ahmad A, Adeleye A, Botson I, Oluwafemi B, Ogunbode O, Amao L, Ekripo U, Aliyu GG, Adetifa I, Ihekweazu C, and Abubakar I
Subjects: Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Case-Control Studies, Nigeria epidemiology, Coinfection epidemiology, HIV Infections epidemiology, Mpox, Monkeypox
Abstract: Introduction: Recent outbreaks of mpox are characterised by changes in the natural history of the disease, the demographic and clinical characteristics of the cases, and widening geographical distribution. We investigated the role of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) coinfection among cases in the re-emergence of mpox to inform national and global response., Methods: We conducted a national descriptive and case-control study on cases in the 2017-2019 Nigerian mpox outbreak. Mpox cases were age, sex and geographical area matched each with two randomly selected controls from a representative national HIV/AIDS survey. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between HIV infection and the risk of mpox acquisition and death., Results: Among 204 suspected mpox cases, 86 were confirmed (median age 31 years (IQR 27-38 years), mostly males (61 cases, 70.9%). Three-fifths of mpox cases had serological evidence of one or more STIs with 27.9% (24/86) coinfected with HIV. The case fatality rate was 9.4% (8/86) and 20.8% (5/24) overall and in HIV positive cases respectively. Mpox cases were more likely to have HIV coinfection compared with an age, gender and geography-matched control group drawn from the general population (OR 45 (95% CI 6.1 to 333.5, p=0.002) and when compared with non mpox rash cases (7.29 (95% CI 2.6 to 20.5, p<0.0001)). HIV coinfection and young age were associated with mortality among mpox cases (aOR 13.66 (95% CI 1.88 to 98.95, p=0.010) and aOR 0.90 (0.82-0.97, p=0.008), respectively)., Conclusion: HIV infection was associated with a higher risk of contracting and dying from mpox. Children are also at high risk of death. STIs in mpox cases may be suggestive of high-risk sexual behaviours among these individuals., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
Published: 2023
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45. Schistosomiasis Seroprevalence among Children Aged 0-14 Years in Nigeria, 2018.

Author: Straily A, Tamunonengiyeofori I, Wiegand RE, Iriemenam NC, Okoye MI, Dawurung AB, Ugboaja NB, Tongha M, Parameswaran N, Greby SM, Alagi M, Akpan NM, Nwachukwu WE, Mba N, Martin DL, Secor WE, Swaminathan M, Adetifa I, and Ihekweazu C
Subjects: Child, Male, Animals, Humans, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Nigeria epidemiology, Risk Factors, Schistosoma, Drinking Water, Schistosomiasis epidemiology
Abstract: The first nationally representative, population-based study of schistosomiasis seroprevalence in Nigeria was conducted using blood samples and risk-factor data collected during the 2018 Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey (NAIIS). Schistosomiasis seroprevalence was estimated by analyzing samples for reactivity to schistosome soluble egg antigen (SEA) in a multiplex bead assay; NAIIS survey data were assessed to identify potential risk factors for seropositivity. The SEA antibody data were available for 31,459 children aged 0 to 14 years. Overall seroprevalence was 17.2% (95% CI: 16.3-18.1%). Seropositive children were identified in every age group, including children < 5 years, and seroprevalence increased with increasing age (P < 0.0001). Several factors were associated with increased odds of seropositivity, including being a boy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.24-1.45), living in a rural area (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.9-2.5), and animal ownership (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.52-1.85). Access to improved sanitation and drinking water sources were associated with decreased odds of seropositivity (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.47-0.58 and OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.47-0.60, respectively) regardless of whether the child lived in a rural (sanitation: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.8; drinking water: aOR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6-0.8) or urban area (sanitation: aOR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5-0.7; drinking water: aOR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.4-0.6), highlighting the importance of these factors for schistosomiasis prevention and control. These results identified additional risk populations (children < 5 years) and a new risk factor (animal ownership) and could be used to monitor the impact of control programs.
Published: 2023
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46. APOBEC3 deaminase editing in mpox virus as evidence for sustained human transmission since at least 2016.

Author: O'Toole Á, Neher RA, Ndodo N, Borges V, Gannon B, Gomes JP, Groves N, King DJ, Maloney D, Lemey P, Lewandowski K, Loman N, Myers R, Omah IF, Suchard MA, Worobey M, Chand M, Ihekweazu C, Ulaeto D, Adetifa I, and Rambaut A
Subjects: Animals, Humans, Africa, Central epidemiology, Africa, Western epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Mutation, Phylogeny, APOBEC Deaminases genetics, Mpox, Monkeypox epidemiology, Mpox, Monkeypox genetics, Mpox, Monkeypox transmission, Monkeypox virus genetics, Monkeypox virus metabolism, Viral Zoonoses genetics, Viral Zoonoses transmission, RNA Editing
Abstract: Historically, mpox has been characterized as an endemic zoonotic disease that transmits through contact with the reservoir rodent host in West and Central Africa. However, in May 2022, human cases of mpox were detected spreading internationally beyond countries with known endemic reservoirs. When the first cases from 2022 were sequenced, they shared 42 nucleotide differences from the closest mpox virus (MPXV) previously sampled. Nearly all these mutations are characteristic of the action of APOBEC3 deaminases, host enzymes with antiviral function. Assuming APOBEC3 editing is characteristic of human MPXV infection, we developed a dual-process phylogenetic molecular clock that-inferring a rate of ~6 APOBEC3 mutations per year-estimates that MPXV has been circulating in humans since 2016. These observations of sustained MPXV transmission present a fundamental shift to the perceived paradigm of MPXV epidemiology as a zoonosis and highlight the need for revising public health messaging around MPXV as well as outbreak management and control.
Published: 2023
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47. National prevalence and risk factors for tungiasis in Kenya.

Author: Elson L, Kamau C, Koech S, Muthama C, Gachomba G, Sinoti E, Chondo E, Mburu E, Wakio M, Lore J, Maia M, Adetifa I, Orindi B, Bejon P, and Fillinger U
Subjects: Female, Male, Humans, Kenya epidemiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tungiasis epidemiology
Abstract: Background: Tungiasis is a highly neglected tropical skin disease caused by the sand flea, Tunga penetrans, the female of which burrows into the skin, causing pain and itching. The disease occurs throughout South America and sub-Saharan Africa but there are few systematic data on national disease burdens. The tungiasis research community is keen to develop survey methods to fill this gap. Here we used a school-based, thorough examination method to determine the prevalence and risk factors for tungiasis in Kenya., Methods: We conducted the first nationally representative survey of tungiasis, including nine counties covering the major ecological zones of Kenya. A stratified multistage random sampling was used to select 22 primary schools from each of the nine counties and to select up to 114 pupils aged 8 to 14 years in each school. Pupils were examined thoroughly for tungiasis. Two surveys were conducted, the first between May and July 2021 and the second between October 2021 and April 2023 when pupils were also interviewed for risk factors. Mixed effect logistic regression models were used to test associations of independent variables with tungiasis using the school as a random effect., Results: The overall prevalence of tungiasis in the first survey was 1.35% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-1.59%], and 0.89% in the second survey. The prevalence ranged from 0.08% (95% CI: 0.01-0.59%) in Taita Taveta county to 3.24% (95% CI: 2.35-4.44%) in Kajiado county. Tungiasis infection was associated with county of residence, male sex [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.52-2.67], and lower age (aOR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.75-0.88). For the first time we demonstrate an association with attending public schools rather than private schools (aOR = 5.62, 95% CI: 1.20-26.22) and lower socioeconomic status (aOR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.03-0.33). Using a rapid screening method of the top of feet only, would have missed 62.9% of all cases, 78.9% of mild cases and 20.0% of severe cases., Conclusions: Tungiasis is widely but heterogeneously distributed across Kenya. School-based surveys offer an efficient strategy for mapping tungiasis distribution., (© 2023. National Institute of Parasitic Diseases.)
Published: 2023
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48. Distinct monkeypox virus lineages co-circulating in humans before 2022.

Author: Ndodo N, Ashcroft J, Lewandowski K, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Chukwu C, Ahmad A, King D, Akinpelu A, Maluquer de Motes C, Ribeca P, Sumner RP, Rambaut A, Chester M, Maishman T, Bamidele O, Mba N, Babatunde O, Aruna O, Pullan ST, Gannon B, Brown CS, Ihekweazu C, Adetifa I, and Ulaeto DO
Subjects: Humans, Animals, Zoonoses, Disease Outbreaks, Biological Evolution, Monkeypox virus genetics, Mpox, Monkeypox epidemiology, Mpox, Monkeypox genetics
Abstract: The 2022 global mpox outbreak raises questions about how this zoonotic disease established effective human-to-human transmission and its potential for further adaptation. The 2022 outbreak virus is related to an ongoing outbreak in Nigeria originally reported in 2017, but the evolutionary path linking the two remains unclear due to a lack of genomic data between 2018, when virus exportations from Nigeria were first recorded, and 2022, when the global mpox outbreak began. Here, 18 viral genomes obtained from patients across southern Nigeria in 2019-2020 reveal multiple lineages of monkeypox virus (MPXV) co-circulated in humans for several years before 2022, with progressive accumulation of mutations consistent with APOBEC3 activity over time. We identify Nigerian A.2 lineage isolates, confirming the lineage that has been multiply exported to North America independently of the 2022 outbreak originated in Nigeria, and that it has persisted by human-to-human transmission in Nigeria for more than 2 years before its latest exportation. Finally, we identify a lineage-defining APOBEC3-style mutation in all A.2 isolates that disrupts gene A46R, encoding a viral innate immune modulator. Collectively, our data demonstrate MPXV capacity for sustained diversification within humans, including mutations that may be consistent with established mechanisms of poxvirus adaptation., (© 2023. Crown.)
Published: 2023
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49. Mpox neglect and the smallpox niche: a problem for Africa, a problem for the world.

Author: Adetifa I, Muyembe JJ, Bausch DG, and Heymann DL
Subjects: Humans, Animals, Zoonoses, Africa epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Monkeypox virus, Smallpox epidemiology, Mpox, Monkeypox epidemiology
Abstract: Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a zoonotic viral disease endemic in parts of Africa. In May, 2022, the world was alerted to circulation of monkeypox virus in many high-income countries outside of Africa. Continued spread resulted in a WHO declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Although there has been much attention on the global outbreak, most of the focus has been on high-income countries outside of Africa, despite the fact that monkeypox virus has been causing disease in parts of Africa for at least 50 years. Furthermore, the long-term consequences of this event, especially the risk that mpox fills the niche vacated through smallpox eradication, have not been sufficiently considered. The heart of the problem is the historical neglect of mpox in Africa where the disease is endemic, and the actual and potential consequences if this neglect is left uncorrected., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests DGB is a member of and DLH is an adviser for the WHO Mpox International Health Regulations Emergency Committee. IA and J-JM declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
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50. Predictors of Lassa fever diagnosis in suspected cases reporting to health facilities in Nigeria.

Author: Ochu CL, Ntoimo L, Onoh I, Okonofua F, Meremikwu M, Mba S, Iniobong A, Nwafor O, Dalhat M, Ohonsi C, Arinze C, Esu E, Igumbor EU, Dan-Nwafor C, Ilori E, and Adetifa I
Subjects: Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Middle Aged, Nigeria epidemiology, Logistic Models, Multivariate Analysis, Health Facilities, Lassa Fever diagnosis, Lassa Fever epidemiology
Abstract: Lassa fever (LF) remains endemic in Nigeria with the country reporting the highest incidence and mortality globally. Recent national data suggests increasing incidence and expanding geographic spread. Predictors of LF case positivity in Nigeria have been sparsely studied. We thus sought to determine the sociodemographic and clinical determinants of LF positivity amongst suspected cases presenting to health facilities from 2018 to 2021. A secondary analysis of the national LF surveillance data between January 2018 and December 2021. Socio-demographic and clinical data of 20,027 suspected LF cases were analysed using frequencies and Chi-square statistics with significant p-value set at p < 0.05. The outcome variable was LF case status (positive or negative). Predictors of LF case positivity were assessed using multiple logistic regression models with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Case positivity rate (CPR) for the four years was 15.8% with higher odds of positivity among age group 40-49 years (aOR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.21-1.62), males (aOR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.03-1.20), those with formal education (aOR = 1.33; 95% CI 1.13-1.56), artisans (aOR = 1.70; 95% CI 1.28-2.27), religious leaders (aOR = 1.62; 95% CI 1.04-2.52), farmers (aOR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.21-1.81), and symptomatic individuals (aOR = 2.36; 95% CI 2.09-2.68). Being a health worker (aOR = 0.69; 95% CI 0.53-0.91), a teacher (aOR = 0.69; 95% CI 0.53-0.89) and cases reporting in the 3rd quarter (aOR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.69-0.92) had lower odds. In a sex-disaggregated analysis, female farmers had higher odds of positivity (aOR = 2.43; 95% CI 1.76-3.38; p < 0.001) than male farmers (aOR = 1.52; 95% CI 1.19-1.96; p < 0.01). Fever (aOR = 2.39; 95% CI 2.00-2.84) and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (aOR = 2.15; 95% CI 1.94-2.37) had the highest odds among symptoms. Combination of fever and GI symptoms (aOR = 2.15; 95% CI 1.50-3.10), fever and neurological symptoms (aOR = 6.37; 95% CI 1.49-27.16), fever and musculo-skeletal symptoms (aOR = 2.95; 95% CI 1.37-6.33), fever and cardiopulmonary symptoms (aOR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.24-2.64), and cardiopulmonary and general symptoms (aOR = 1.50; 95% CI 1.19-1.89) were also predictive. Cumulative LF CPR appears high with clearly identified predictors. Targeted interventions with heightened index of suspicion for sociodemographic categories predictive of LF in suspected cases are recommended. Ethnographic and further epidemiological studies could aid better understanding of these associations., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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