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Addicts or users of narcotics are both victims and criminal perpetrators of crimes. All narcotics abusers utilizing criminal provisions are governed by the Article 127 of Law No. 35 of 2009 pertaining to narcotics According to Article 127, those who abuse drugs face jail time, while those who are addicted to drugs or who have been abused by them are sent to facilities for social and medical rehabilitation. However, it is often found that addicts experience a relapse after carrying out medical and social rehabilitation. When it comes to keeping drugs users from relapsing, religious rehabilitation is superior to medical and social rehabilitation. This study was carried out with a sociological juridical methodology. Purposive nonrandom sampling was the method employed for sampling. The data collection was carried out by library and field studies (through observation, questionnaires and interviews) of the authors and book users. Data analysis was performed using qualitative descriptive analysis. There is a gap in the motivation to resume drug use to shortcomings in medical and social recovery. Additionally, treating addicts with a religious approach that touches their hearts makes them less likely to hesitate to take drugs in the future.

هدف البحث الحالي إلى الكشف عن العلاقة بين المخططات المعرفية اللاتكيفية وإدمان المخدرات ، وعن دور المخططات اللاتكيفية في التنبؤ بالانتكاسة على المخدرات لدى عينة الدراسة، علاوة على معرفة الفروق بين عينة الدراسة في كل مجالات المخططات المعرفية اللاتكيفية تعزي لمتغير العمر، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف فقد أستخدمت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي بصورته الارتباطية التنبؤية، وقد تم أختيار العينة من المدمنين التابعين لقسم التأهيل النفسي (الهاف واي- منتصف الطريق) لعلاج الإدمان وعددهم(200) مدمناً معتمداً على عدة أنواع من المواد المخدرة، تراوحت أعمارهم ما بين (20- 50) سنة بمتوسط حسابي (31.2) وانحراف معياري (9.4) ، وأُختيرت العينة من الذكور فقط، اعتمدت الباحثة في الدراسة على الادوات الآتية : استمارة جمع البيانات الديمجرافية من إعداد الباحثة، مقياس الانتكاسة للإدمان (عاصم عبد الحميد ،2023)، مقياس المخططات المعرفية اللاتكيفية إعداد جيفري يونج وتعريب (محمد عبد الرحمن ومحمد سعفان، 2015 )، تم التحقق من ثبات وصدق الأدوات وأسفرت النتائج عن:1- وجود علاقة ارتباطية موجبة بين المخططات المعرفية اللاتكيفية والشعور بالانتكاسة للإدمان.2- تُسهم المخططات المعرفية اللاتكيفية في التنبؤ بالانتكاسة لدى عينة البحث .3- توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطات درجات عينة البحث في الدرجة الكلية لمقياس المخططات المعرفية اللاتكيفية وفي كل بعد من أبعاده تبعا لمتغير العمر .Abstract The Current research aims to investigate the relationship between maladaptive cognitive schemas, the Big Five personality factors, and drug addiction; in addition to predicting relapse and drug re-use in the study sample. The sample consists of 200 male patient's dependent on various substances, their ages range from (20 – 50) years, The researcher relied on these tools: A Demographic Data Collection Form (designed by researcher), the Addiction Relapse Scale (Asim Abdel Hameed, 2023), the Maladaptive Cognitive Schemas Scale (by Jeffrey Young and translated by Mohamed Abdel Rahman & Mohamed saafan (2015). The results are as follows: 1- There is a positive correlation between maladaptive cognitive schemas and the feeling of relapse in addiction.2- maladaptive schemas contributing to predicting relapse in the research sample.3- There are statistically significant differences regarding the means of the research sample scores in the full score of the non-adaptive cognitive schemata scale and in each dimension according to the variables of type of age.

Abstract Background Given the destructive nature of addiction and its relapse after quitting, the present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting substance abuse relapse based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in male addicts covered by addiction treatment centers in Shiraz, Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 male addicts covered by addiction treatment centers in Shiraz, Iran, in 2021–2022. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software through descriptive statistical methods, linear regression, and binary logistic regression. Results 190 people (47.50%) were aged 31–40 years, 265 people (66.25%) were married, 224 people (56%) lived with their spouses, and 192 people (48 percent) had their first use at the age of 16–20. The substance respondents used were methamphetamine (59.5%), heroin (53%), opium (48%), and alcohol (40%). 138 people (34.5%) had their first place of consumption at friends’ houses (Tables 1 and 2). 342 people (85.5%) had a history of relapse, and 172 people (50.29%) had 1–5 relapses. Marital status, occupation, and income were among the demographic risk factors, and addicted friends and close relatives were among the behavioral risk factors for drug relapse among people with a history of relapse. Personal desire and the insistence of friends were also among the individual and interpersonal factors of drug use among participants. The regression results showed that the constructs of awareness, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention were predictors of drug relapse among addicts (P

Background: Given the destructive nature of addiction and its relapse after quitting, the present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting substance abuse relapse based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in male addicts covered by addiction treatment centers in Shiraz, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 male addicts covered by addiction treatment centers in Shiraz, Iran, in 2021–2022. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software through descriptive statistical methods, linear regression, and binary logistic regression. Results: 190 people (47.50%) were aged 31–40 years, 265 people (66.25%) were married, 224 people (56%) lived with their spouses, and 192 people (48 percent) had their first use at the age of 16–20. The substance respondents used were methamphetamine (59.5%), heroin (53%), opium (48%), and alcohol (40%). 138 people (34.5%) had their first place of consumption at friends' houses (Tables 1 and 2). 342 people (85.5%) had a history of relapse, and 172 people (50.29%) had 1–5 relapses. Marital status, occupation, and income were among the demographic risk factors, and addicted friends and close relatives were among the behavioral risk factors for drug relapse among people with a history of relapse. Personal desire and the insistence of friends were also among the individual and interpersonal factors of drug use among participants. The regression results showed that the constructs of awareness, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention were predictors of drug relapse among addicts (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The current study's findings indicate that among the behavioral risk factors for drug relapse in individuals with a history of relapse are addicted friends and close relatives, while marital status, occupation, and income are among the demographic risk variables. Among the individual and interpersonal factors influencing drug usage among participants were personal desire and friends' insistence. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the TPB's structures might be used to predict drug relapse in addicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cytogenotoxic damage caused by the consumption of legal and illegal drugs in drug abusers has been demonstrated, primarily due to alterations in their antioxidant capacity, cellular repair mechanisms, and increased production of free radicals. Folic acid shows antioxidant activity by acting as a reducing agent, neutralizing present free radicals, and reducing genomic damage. Methods: The intervention involved administering 15 mg of folic acid, divided into three doses per day, to a group of 44 drug abusers. The frequency of nuclear abnormalities (NAs) was determined; micronuclei (MNs), nuclear buds (NBUDs), binucleated cells (BNs), abnormally condensed chromatin (CC), karyorrhexis (KX), pyknotic nuclei (PNs), and karyolysis (KL) were determined at different pre-treatment (baseline) and post-treatment time points at 15 and 30 days. Additionally, a group of 44 healthy individuals was used as the control group. Results: We observed a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of NAs in the drug abuser group (28.45 ± 17.74 before supplementation vs. 11.18 ± 7.42 at 15 days and 9.11 ± 10.9 at 30 days of supplementation). Specifically, it decreased the frequency of NBUDs, BNs, CC, KX, and PNs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a clear improvement in cytogenotoxic damage in drug abusers supplemented with folic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug abuse is considered a global health problem with serious social impact. In recent decades, changes in drug consumption patterns have shown a clear rising trend in the use of multiple drugs. Although the buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay has evaluated cytotoxicity in drug abuse, there has not been an approach that takes into account this pattern of multiple drug use. Therefore, in this study, we evaluate for the first time the cytogenotoxic effects in multidrug users, and its correlation with the amount consumed and years of abuse. This study was conducted on 166 individuals by the BMCyt assay. A total of 83 individuals with a history of multiple licit (alcohol and tobacco) and at least one illicit drug abuse (marijuana, methamphetamines, cocaine, and/or inhalants), and 83 healthy individuals, non‐drug abusers were analyzed. The results showed that drug abusers had higher frequencies of nuclear abnormalities nuclear buds, binucleated cells, pyknotic nuclei (PNs), karyorrhexis (KX), and abnormally condensed chromatin when compared with healthy controls. Moreover, results suggests that the use of licit and illicit drugs is related to cytogenotoxic damage, as was shown by an upward trend in the frequency of nuclear abnormalities identified in groups 1 (alcohol + tobacco + at least one illicit drug) and 2 (tobacco + at least one illicit drug). Furthermore, a positive correlation was found in the different groups, between the years and the amount of consumption of some drugs (alcohol, methamphetamine, and tobacco) with cytotoxicity markers such as KL, KX, and PNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rehabilitasi mempunyai peran sentral dalam membimbing dan memberikan bimbingan kepada orang-orang yang menjadi korban penyalahgunaan atau pecandu psikotropika. Undang-undang disusun terhadap pihak-pihak yang menyalahgunakan psikotropika yang dapat dikenakan sanksi dan rehabilitasi. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah 1. Bagaimanakah rehabilitasi bagi pecandu untuk memberantas kejahatan psikotropika? 2. Kendala apa saja yang ada dalam rehabilitasi pecandu psikotropika? Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif. Dengan sumber data sekunder pada data yang diolah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rehabilitasi sangat diperlukan bagi penyalahguna atau pecandu psikotropika agar lepas dari kecanduan dan penyalahgunaan obat psikotropika. Sementara itu, dalam proses rehabilitasi muncul kendala-kendala yang ada, baik dari sisi internal maupun eksternal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of narcotics addictives is very concerning today and certainly requires comprehensive, integrated and continuous handling. However, in several cases, judges did not consider Article 103 of the Narcotics Law to provide rehabilitation for addicts and victims of narcotics abuse. Based on the background above, the problems that will be discussed in this study are: how is the implementation of the rehabilitation process for addicts and victims of narcotics abuse in Indonesia? And how does restorative justice apply to narcotics addicts through the rehabilitation process? This research is normative legal research with descriptive nature. The research results show that the implementation of rehabilitation for addicts and victims of narcotics abuse in Indonesia can be seen from the data for 2021 and 2022. It shows that the punishment for most narcotics addicts is imprisonment. So that efforts are needed from law enforcement officials prioritising rehabilitation for narcotics addicts to enforce restorative justice law. One of the efforts of restorative justice from law enforcement officials against narcotics addicts is the establishment of the Attorney General's Guidelines Number 18 of 2021 concerning the Settlement of Handling Cases of Crime of Narcotics Abuse through Rehabilitation with a Restorative Justice Approach as the Implementation of the Prosecutor's Dominus Litis Principle.

The psychological and expressive implications of The drug addicts dreams By drawingsPrepared by Dr. Seham Badrelden ZidanProfessor of psychology, art education and assistant art therapy – Faculty of Art Education – University of Helwan Dreams are a kind of mental activity that happens in the brain during sleep, and it's different in detail and images from person to person, depending on the circumstances of his life, his social creation, his mental abilities, and his thoughts, where dreams include many visual images that reflect the previous day or events in human life, or events, or his aspirations. Dreams are therefore natural and healthy phenomena to maintain our mental capabilities with strength after the tense daily events that occur during vigilance.The phenomenon of drug addiction is a phenomenon that has occupied many researchers in the world, given its gravity on all aspects of the life of the person and society, which threatens the ingredients of any society and its youth in the flower phase, leading to the fragmentation of families and societies in general. Addiction leads to some changes in the character of addiction, such as frustration, psychosocial disorders, which adversely affects the way it is compatible and adapted to the surrounding environment, so dreams are a means of venting and transmission of visual mental images.Drawings are a fertile source of emotion to reflect and to highlight the needs of the individual and not to achieve them. Art reveals the consciousness of knowing past factors that have an influential role in the individual's personality. The person is making this balance between him and the environment through his or her breathing operations. This is because it gives the individual the opportunity to project his or her internal psychological components and self-perception, to breathe his or her emotions and to reflect his emotions through formal and visual symbols.

Background: Emotional processing and destructive lifestyle are among the components that impact drug abuse; However, interventions for improving the emotional processing and lifestyle of addicts have received less consideration. Therefore, considering the mechanism of the impact of compassion-based therapy and its effectiveness on the component's risk of recurrence, might this intervention be effective on the lifestyle and emotional processing of addicts? Aims: The aim of the present study was to the effectiveness of compassion therapy intervention on the lifestyle and emotional processing of addicts in the non-drug rehabilitation phase. Methods: The quasi-experimental research design was pretest-posttest and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of this study included all addicts who had received a diagnosis of opioid dependence in 2021 at addiction treatment clinics in Urmia. The sample size consisted of 30 Subjects of adolescents (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The statistical population was selected by the available sampling method and placed in two groups. The compassion therapy intervention was implemented for the experimental group, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instruments included the Lifestyle Scale (Lali et al., 2012) and the Emotional Processing Scale (Backer et al., 2007). Finally, Data were analyzed using the Repeated Measures ANOVA. Results: The results showed that compassion therapy intervention had a significant effect on lifestyle components and emotional processing (P< 0.001). So that the scores of physical health, exercise and fitness, weight control and nutrition, disease prevention, psychological health, spiritual health, social health, drug avoidance, accident prevention, and environmental health increase, and scores of suppression, Lack of emotional experience, symptoms of lack of emotional processing, lack of emotion regulation and avoidance had a significant decrease in the post-test phase and the change in scores in the follow-up phase was stable. Conclusion: According to the results, it might be concluded that compassion therapy intervention improves lifestyle (Physical and psychological health, daily activities, and diet) and emotional processing (Management and processing of emotional information) in addicts in the non-drug rehabilitation phase.

Background: Cytogenotoxic damage caused by the consumption of legal and illegal drugs in drug abusers has been demonstrated, primarily due to alterations in their antioxidant capacity, cellular repair mechanisms, and increased production of free radicals. Folic acid shows antioxidant activity by acting as a reducing agent, neutralizing present free radicals, and reducing genomic damage. Methods: The intervention involved administering 15 mg of folic acid, divided into three doses per day, to a group of 44 drug abusers. The frequency of nuclear abnormalities (NAs) was determined; micronuclei (MNs), nuclear buds (NBUDs), binucleated cells (BNs), abnormally condensed chromatin (CC), karyorrhexis (KX), pyknotic nuclei (PNs), and karyolysis (KL) were determined at different pre-treatment (baseline) and post-treatment time points at 15 and 30 days. Additionally, a group of 44 healthy individuals was used as the control group. Results: We observed a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of NAs in the drug abuser group (28.45 ± 17.74 before supplementation vs. 11.18 ± 7.42 at 15 days and 9.11 ± 10.9 at 30 days of supplementation). Specifically, it decreased the frequency of NBUDs, BNs, CC, KX, and PNs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a clear improvement in cytogenotoxic damage in drug abusers supplemented with folic acid.

Background: Afghanistan is one of the biggest opium producing country in the world. There are more than a million drug addicts in the country, which most of them are living in public places. Stray dogs who lives with drug addicts are at highest risk of inhaling drugs Aim: Aim of this study is to evaluate changes in physical and biochemical parameters of stray dogs inhaling drugs. Methods: Total of 12 dogs were assigned into two groups of healthy and infected (stray dogs who inhale drugs) dogs. Physical and biochemical parameters of both groups were evaluated. Results: Subjective evaluation showed clinical changes such as congestion of conjunctiva in infected group. Biochemical examination showed significantly higher level of glucose (P

Background: Addiction is one of the most important social issues influencing all aspects of people’s lives, including personal, social, physical, and mental. Given the increasing rate of addiction and its associated irreparable damages to the community, , the methods of preventing and treating addiction should be meticulously investigated. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of expressive arts group therapy in resilience and emotion regulation among addicts undergoing rehabilitation. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was followed a pretest-posttest design with a control group. A sample of 30 addicts (15 people assigned to the experimental group and 15 to the control group) undergoing rehabilitation from March to June 2017 at Mohabbat Addiction Treatment Center in Zahedan City, Iran, were selected using the convenience sampling method. Ten 45-minute sessions of expressive arts group therapy were carried out in the experimental group. After completing the sessions, a posttest was conducted. To collect data, Connor and Davidson’s resilience scale and emotional self-regulation questionnaire were used. Results: Results of analyses of covariance indicated that expressive arts group therapy was effective on resilience and emotion regulation among the addicts undergoing rehabilitation. Conclusion: Accordingly, using expressive arts group therapy is recommended to promote resilience and emotion regulation among addicts undergoing rehabilitation.

Background: Emotional processing and destructive lifestyle are among the components that impact drug abuse; However, interventions for improving the emotional processing and lifestyle of addicts have received less consideration. Therefore, considering the mechanism of the impact of compassionbased therapy and its effectiveness on the component's risk of recurrence, might this intervention be effective on the lifestyle and emotional processing of addicts? Aims: The aim of the present study was to the effectiveness of compassion therapy intervention on the lifestyle and emotional processing of addicts in the non-drug rehabilitation phase. Methods: The quasi-experimental research design was pretest-posttest and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of this study included all addicts who had received a diagnosis of opioid dependence in 2021 at addiction treatment clinics in Urmia. The sample size consisted of 30 Subjects of adolescents (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The statistical population was selected by the available sampling method and placed in two groups. The compassion therapy intervention was implemented for the experimental group, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The research instruments included the Lifestyle Scale (Lali et al., 2012) and the Emotional Processing Scale (Backer et al., 2007). Finally, Data were analyzed using the Repeated Measures ANOVA. Results: The results showed that compassion therapy intervention had a significant effect on lifestyle components and emotional processing (P< 0.001). So that the scores of physical health, exercise and fitness, weight control and nutrition, disease prevention, psychological health, spiritual health, social health, drug avoidance, accident prevention, and environmental health increase, and scores of suppression, Lack of emotional experience, symptoms of lack of emotional processing, lack of emotion regulation and avoidance had a significant decrease in the post-test phase and the change in scores in the follow-up phase was stable. Conclusion: According to the results, it might be concluded that compassion therapy intervention improves lifestyle (Physical and psychological health, daily activities, and diet) and emotional processing (Management and processing of emotional information) in addicts in the non-drug rehabilitation phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Klotho is an aging-suppressor gene that encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein and acts as a hormone. In this study, we aim to investigate the serum α-Klotho level in male opioids addicts with normal kidney function compared to healthy male non-smokers and smokers in Tabriz, Iran. Methods: Participnts were 87 men with normal kidney function referred to Sina Educational Research and Treatment Center in Tabriz, Iran (29 opioids addicts, 29 healthy non-smokers, and 29 healthy smokers). Blood samples were collected to measure the soluble a-Klotho level using an ELISA kit. Furthermore, blood creatinine (Cr) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels was measured. Body mass index (BMI) was also calculated for all participants. Results: In addicts, BMI, Hb, and Cr levels were significantly lower than in healthy non-smokers and smokers, but their Klotho level was higher (P>0.05). The Klotho level in healthy smokers was significantly lower than in healthy non-smokers and addicts. The Klotho level of healthy smokers decreased as the pack year increased, but the duration of opioid addiction had no significant association with the Klotho level. There was no significant difference in the Klotho level between control groups (non-smokers and smokers) and men with addiction to different types of opioids. Conclusion: The Klotho level in male opioid addicts is significantly higher than in smokers. There is a significant negative correlation between BMI and Klotho levels among men with normal BMI and overweight. Further studies are recommended in these fields.

Objective: To compare the outcomes of excision of pseudo aneurysm along with ligation and local debridement with the outcomes of excision of pseudo aneurysm along with ligation and revascularization in the management of infected femoral pseudo aneurysm among drug addicts. Study Design: Retrospective Analytic study. Setting: Surgical Unit-1, Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi. Period: July 2010 to July 2019. Material & Method: Among patients presented with pseudo aneurysm in Surgical Emergency and out patients department. Data was collected through medical record of the hospital. P-value less than 0.05 was set statistically significant. Results: Mean age and duration of addiction for study population were 36.50 years with SD of ±6 years and 2.80 years with SD of ±0.90 years respectively. All enrolled participants were males (100%). Heroine (76%) was the most common used by addicts while other drugs included benzodiazepine (12%), amphetamine (8%), and cocaine (4%). Left sided femoral artery (70%) was more involved in pseudo aneurysm as compare to right sided femoral artery (30%). Post operative adverse events percentage for ligation without revascularization was 22.72%, whereas, it was 100% for ligation with revascularization. Mortality was 0% for excision with ligation and local debridement while it was 50% for excision with ligation and revascularization. Conclusion: For the optimal management of infected femoral pseudo aneurysm, excision with ligation and local debridement is effective in comparison to excision with ligation and revascularization among addicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Afghanistan is one of the biggest opium-producing countries in the world. There are more than a million drug addicts in the country, and most of them are living in public places. Stray dogs who live with drug addicts are at the highest risk of inhaling drugs Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate changes in physical and biochemical parameters of stray dogs inhaling drugs. Methods: A total of 12 dogs were assigned into two groups healthy and infected (stray dogs who inhale drugs) dogs. The physical and biochemical parameters of both groups were evaluated. Results: Subjective evaluation showed clinical changes such as congestion of conjunctiva in the infected group. Biochemical examination showed a significantly higher level of glucose (p < 0.05) and total protein (TP) (p < 0.01) in the infected group compared to the healthy group. The ratio of other biochemical parameters was slightly decreased as compared to healthy dogs. Conclusion: Drug inhalation can alter biochemical parameters like glucose and TP in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundPrior studies have consistently revealed that a combination of physical activity with caloric restriction results in a reduction in body weight in the general population. Both overweight and drug abuse are risk factors for poor physiological health, and poor mental health has been associated with drug abuse and unhealthy body mass index (BMI). However, the effects of low-carbohydrates diet (LC) combined with mind-body exercise intervention on improving anthropometric characteristics, lipid metabolism, quality of life, and craving among overweight people who struggle with drug addiction have yet to be clarified.MethodsFifty-four eligible male patients were randomly assigned to the control group (CON; n = 18), the Baduanjin intervention group (BA, 60 min × 5 times/week, 8 weeks; n = 18), and the Baduanjin combined with LC intervention group (LC; n = 18). We compared the anthropometric characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, quality of life, and drug craving responses between the three groups at baseline (week 0), week 4, and week 8.ResultsAfter repeated measurements in the general linear model, both the BA and LC groups exerted significant effects on decreasing waist circumference, BMI, body weight, hip circumference, body fat percentage, total cholesterol level, and triglyceride level (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the HDL-C level observed among the BA and LC groups at 8 weeks (P > 0.05); however, there was an overall upwards trend. A significant change in trends in the quality of life scale score was determined in the three groups (P < 0.001). The three groups showed reductions in visual analog scale score distribution over time (P < 0.05).ConclusionsEither Baduanjin or an 8-week Baduanjin combined with LC can significantly reduce anthropometric characteristics and body composition, enhance the quality of life, and reduce craving in overweight/obese patients. Baduanjin combined with LC is particularly effective in improving lipid metabolism.

According to the World Health Organization, depression is the fourth most serious in the world and one of the main causes of suicide, currently the widest psychological condition, with an annual incidence of 6-12% among adults in the so-called the prime of life and even more than 15% in people of age and even more than 15% in people of age. It is also estimated that about 30-50 percent. people have suffered from depressive disorders even once in their lifetime. The relationship between depression and addiction is two-way, because people with depression are more likely to use stimulants, and depression itself is the most common complication of addiction. A disturbing phenomenon is the frequent use of addictive substances by people with depression: mainly alcohol, but also drugs or medications. Depression and addiction are said to reinforce each other, and this is increasingly ruining the patient's condition. Any addictive or self-destructive behavior can result in symptoms of depression. The paper analyzes the available literature in the aspect of the problem of depression in addicts. The problem is divided into subsections: Dual diagnosis / dual diagnosis, Drugs and depression, Alcohol and depression, Adult Children of Alcoholics and depression, Gambling and depression, Medical marijuana and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Addiction is one of the most important social issues influencing all aspects of people’s lives, including personal, social, physical, and mental. Given the increasing rate of addiction and its associated irreparable damages to the community,, the methods of preventing and treating addiction should be meticulously investigated. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of expressive arts group therapy in resilience and emotion regulation among addicts undergoing rehabilitation. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was followed a pretest-posttest design with a control group. A sample of 30 addicts (15 people assigned to the experimental group and 15 to the control group) undergoing rehabilitation from March to June 2017 at Mohabbat Addiction Treatment Center in Zahedan City, Iran, were selected using the convenience sampling method. Ten 45-minute sessions of expressive arts group therapy were carried out in the experimental group. After completing the sessions, a posttest was conducted. To collect data, Connor and Davidson’s resilience scale and emotional self-regulation questionnaire were used. Results: Results of analyses of covariance indicated that expressive arts group therapy was effective on resilience and emotion regulation among the addicts undergoing rehabilitation. Conclusion: Accordingly, using expressive arts group therapy is recommended to promote resilience and emotion regulation among addicts undergoing rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim The main aims of this study were to explore the differences between seven Egyptian clinical and non‐clinical samples in death depression, as well as to estimate gender‐related differences. Design A cross‐sectional study. Methods The Death Depression Scale (DDS) was administered to seven groups (N = 765) of Egyptian normal (non‐clinical) patients, anxiety outpatients, schizophrenic inpatients (men and women) and addicts (men only) in individual sessions. Results Anxiety outpatients of both sexes obtained significantly and greatly higher death depression scores than did the other five groups, whereas the male schizophrenics, the male addicts, and the male and female non‐clinical groups had the lowest death depression scores. Female schizophrenics obtained a significantly higher death depression scores than did male schizophrenics, addicts and non‐clinical participants. Female anxiety outpatients and schizophrenics had higher death depression mean scores than did their male counterparts. Discussion The present finding is consistent, in general, with previous studies on death anxiety and death obsession. What applied to death anxiety was consistent also with death depression and death obsession. That is, the death distress concept.

This study aims to examine family socialisation patterns with attitudes towards drug use among addicts to Cannabis and alcohol, seeking treatment in private clinics in Amman, Jordan. The study employed the quantitative research design, and the sample of the study consists of 45 male participants, where 19 were alcohol users and 26 were hashish users. The participants were selected based on convenient sampling from different private clinics. Every individual in the two groups was subjected individually. To achieve the study's objective, the researcher adopted two scales: attitudes towards drugs and narcotics abuse scale, and family socialisation scale. The study findings showed that the highest mean of addiction was for the pattern of democratic, and the correlation coefficients between addiction and family socialisation are statistically significant. Besides, the relationship is negatively strong between addiction and the democratic pattern, while the relationship is positive between addiction and both the authoritarian and lenient socialisation pattern. Also, results showed that the patterns of family socialisation explained 72% of the prediction of addiction, while the square of the correlation coefficient (R²) is (0.520), with an explanatory ability of (49%) in predicting addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low self-esteem is one of the problems that causes individual drugging. Expressive writing is one of the interventions that is able to influence self-esteem improvement on drug addicts. This research aimed to figure out the effectivity of expressive writing in improving self-esteem of drug addicts at rehabilitation of BNN Baddoka. It applied quasy experimental design, one-group pretest-postest design. The research subject were 8 drug addicts with low and medium self-esteem. Self-esteem scale was used as the research measurement adopted from Widyastuti (2002) with realibility of 0.992. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon nonparametrical statistic test. The result reveals that expressive writing improved self-esteem of drug addicts at rehabilitation program of BNN Baddoka, the increase was seen from the significant difference between self-esteem score when pretest with posttest (W = 2, mean pretest = 11,625, mean posttest = 14,625, p = 0.026). Of the eight subjects, six of them experienced an increase in score, one subject decreased the score, and one subject did not change the score. Expressive writing can be used to improve self-esteem of drug addicts, so it can also be given in rehabilitation program

Background: Many studies have emphasized the craving experience as a reason for the persistence of addiction. This study aimed to compare the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) with Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) on reducing craving and increasing the resilience of addicts under treatment. Methods: The study population comprised all addicts referring to addiction clinics in. To implement the research, 45 participants were selected purposely from these clinics based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned to three groups (15 participants in each group). The experimental group number 1 received electrical stimulation of the brain over the skull twice a week for the 10 sequential sessions. Experimental group number 2 received 10 sessions of CBT. Research tools were drug craving and resilience questionnaires. Results: The results of covariance multi-factor analysis of variance showed that TDCS and CBT have decreased craving and increased resilience. Conclusion: Both interventions can be utilized to enhance resilience and decrease craving in volunteers for quitting addiction referring to addiction clinics.

Abstract the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies train-ing on improving mental health, self-compassion and craving in the addicts of khorram abad. The research method is a pretest_ posttest_ follow up with control group. Sample included 32 men were an addict who was a member of the addicts treated with buprenorphine maintenance of khorram abad.. They were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to control and ex-perimental groups. The experimental group received gross model-based emotion regulation strate-gies for ten sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention until the end of the project. To collect deta, mental health questionnaire (GHQ), self-compassion (SCS) scale and crav-ing questionnaire were used and for analysis, multivariate analysis of variance was used. The re-sults showed that training of emotion regulation strategies training increased their mental health and self-compassion and decreased craving in the experimental group. Eventually emotion regulation strategies training is a useful applied practice in treating and preventing addiction recurrence.

Background: Telemedicine has the potential to remove geographic and temporal obstacles to health care access. Whether and how telemedicine can increase health care access for underserved populations remains an open question. To address this issue, we integrated facilitated telemedicine encounters for the management of hepatitis C virus (HCV), a highly prevalent condition among people with opioid use disorder (OUD), into opioid treatment programs (OTPs). In New York State, OTPs are methadone-dispensing centers that provide patient-centered, evidence-based treatment for OUD. We investigated the integration and impact of facilitated telemedicine into OTP workflows in these settings., Objective: This study aims to understand OTP staff experiences with integrating facilitated telemedicine for HCV treatment into OTPs, including best practices and lessons learned., Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews with 45 OTP staff members (13 clinical, 12 administrative, 6 physicians, and 14 support staff members) at least one year after the implementation of facilitated telemedicine for HCV management. We used hermeneutic phenomenological analysis to understand OTP staff experiences., Results: We identified 4 overarching themes illustrating the successful integration of facilitated telemedicine for HCV care into OTPs. First, integration requires an understanding of the challenges, goals, and values of the OTP. As OTP staff learned about new, highly effective HCV therapies, they valued an HCV cure as a "win" for their patients and were excited about the potential to eliminate a highly prevalent infectious disease. Second, the integration of facilitated telemedicine into OTPs fosters social support and reinforces relationships between patients and OTP staff. OTP staff appreciated the ability to have "eyes on" patients during telemedicine encounters to assess body language, a necessary component of OUD management. Third, participants described high levels of interprofessional collaboration as a care team that included the blurring of lines between disciplines working toward a common goal of improving patient care. Study case managers were integrated into OTP workflows and established communication channels to improve patient outcomes. Fourth, administrators endorsed the sustained and future expansion of facilitated telemedicine to address comorbidities., Conclusions: OTP staff were highly enthusiastic about facilitated telemedicine for an underserved population. They described high levels of collaboration and integration comparable to relevant integrative frameworks. When situated within OTPs, facilitated telemedicine is a high-value application of telemedicine that provides support for underserved populations necessary for high-quality health care. These experiences support sustaining and scaling facilitated telemedicine in comparable settings and evaluating its ability to address other comorbidities., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02933970; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02933970., (©Suzanne S Dickerson, Saliyah J George, Ana Ventuneac, Arpan Dharia, Andrew H Talal. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 12.06.2024.)

The increasing reluctance of cessation programs by cigarette smoking addicts with social disorder necessitates a smoking curb strategy. This paper aims to investigate the reason for the reluctance of cigarette addicts with social phobia disorder to quit cessation programs by comparing affected and uninfected smokers, and verifies that negative thoughts, pain, and stress contribute to refraining from these programs. The quantitative method was followed, and the sample of participants consisted of 191 current smokers, and their ages ranged between 18-45 years, with an average of 22.7, and those with social phobia were diagnosed with the current smokers, whose numbers are 111, or 58.12%, and as for the non-infected, their numbers are 80 current smokers or 41.88%, and for the purpose of verifying the goal of the study, the cigarette smoking addiction scale, the cessation program reluctance scale, and the Rollin Wei scale of social phobia were used, t-test for comparison between independent groups, and using a logistic regression coefficient to determine the relative contribution and effect size. Test results indicated t-test to the outweighing of people infected over people with no social phobia disorder in the level of cigarette smoking addiction and its sub-dimensions, as the results of the logistic regression analysis showed in terms of standard ß value an increase in negative thoughts and expectation of pain is accompanied by an increase in reluctance to quit the cessation programs with a standard degree not exceeding 42%, while an increase in the psychological stress variable is accompanied by a reluctance to quit the cessation programs with a standard degree not exceeding 25%. The results indicate that one of the most important barriers to quitting smoking for people with social phobia is embodied in negative thoughts and stress, and thus it may be a source of changing the strategy of quitting the cessation programs by focusing on changing the distorted cognitive structure and promoting a positive self-concept as part of quit interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: People's ability to acquire, analyze, and understand basic health information and services needed to make decisions about health and health issues is called health literacy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the health literacy of addicts referring to addiction treatment centers in Qom city and its relationship with demographic variables, 2019. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 304 subjects. Samples were obtained through regular random sampling from clients of several addiction treatment centers in Qom city, 2019. Data were collected using Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) questionnaire. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, T test, and Pearson and P Results: The results showed that about 27.3% of subjects had inadequate, 26.6% borderline, 23.7% adequate and 3.6% excellent health literacy. The mean age of the samples was 42.51±11.17 years. 33.9% used health network and health related programs. There was a significant relationship between health literacy a4nd source for Obtaining Health Information (p = 0.015). In this study, there was a significant relationship between health literacy and its dimensions with education (p = 0.000) and job (p = 0.04). Results of correlation test showed that health literacy had a significant negative relationship with age (r = -289 = p = 0.000). Conclusion: Since health literacy can be effective in promoting preventive behaviors and due to the low level of health of the samples studied in this study, more attention should be paid to this issue. Also, because the target population of addicts is low health literacy, there is a lack of awareness about the dangers of addiction, which leads to greater involvement in addiction and its consequences. . By carefully planning and designing effective training programs in this field can be an effective step in improving the health literacy of addicts. The poor use of samples from health-related television programs requires authorities to cultivate health literacy through the use of accessible media, virtual networks, and training classes in addiction treatment centers.

BACKGROUND: Stress management is the ability of individuals to reduce stress and adapt to stressful situations. The objective in the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of stress management training on mental health of addicts quitting substance abuse referred to Raha addiction treatment clinic in Babol, Iran. METHODS: In this quasi-experimental study, available sampling method with pre-test and post-test design was used along with the control and intervention groups. A sample of 36 members of the community (drug quitting clinic) were selected and randomly assigned into the two test and control groups, then a pre-test was performed on them through the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) with a reliability of 78%. For the test group, the stress management skill group intervention was trained in 10 sessions per week with each session lasting 90 minutes. At the end of the session, the post-test was executed on both the test and control groups. The t-test and chi-square tests were employed to compare the quantitative variables between the two groups and the qualitative variables using the SPSS software, respectively. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that group intervention has been effective on the mental health of addicts quitting substance abuse; as a result, participation in the therapy group and cognitive interventions leads to increasing the mental health of patients quitting substance abuse. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, it can be declared that stress management training has been effective on all mental health scales such as symptoms of somatization, anxiety, disorder in social actions, and depression and leads to a decrease in mental symptoms and mental health improvement in addicts quitting substance.

Many researches are seeking evidence and ways in which spirituality can improve the feeling of suffering and quality of life in drug abuse addicts. This study was aimed to investigate the role of spirituality in feelings of suffering and quality of life in self-introduced addicts referring to addiction treatment centers. The statistical population consisted all of self-introduced addicts referring to addiction treatment centers in Yasuj city. 120 participants were selected by convenience sampling. Following instruments were used for data collection; spirituality questionnaire, scale of experience and perception of suffering and the world health organization quality of life questionnaire. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between spirituality and feelings of suffering. There was a significant positive correlation between spirituality and quality of life. Stepwise regression results showed that the best predictors of spiritual/existential suffering were self- awareness and spiritual activities. Also, the component of self-awareness was the best predictor of physical health, psychological health, environmental health and quality of life and social relations. Therefore, reinforcement of spirituality in addicts and encouraging them to perform the related activities can reduce the feeling of pain among them and improve their quality of lives.

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This study investigates the socio-demographics information and socio-economic effects of a synthetic stimulant drug methamphetamine is popularly known as 'ice' which is commonly used in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This study was conducted in two most populous districts (i.e. Peshawar and Mardan) of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The conceptual framework comprises of Independent variable (frequency of ice) and dependent variables (social and economic effects). A total of 180 respondents were sampled through sequential sampling and each respondent was through a snowball sampling technique. For checking the reliability of tool a Chronbach Alpha test was used was stood 0.78. In addition, for testing the association between the variables a Chi-square test was applied. The result shows that male and unmarried male in particular and a range of 21 to 30 years respondents were mostly involved in this evil. Furthermore, the study found is a significant (p=0.05) association between the frequent use of ice and socio-economic effects on the addicts i.e. social stigma, loss of respect, family problems, taunting of people, family neglects addicts and addicts neglects family, engagement in anti-social activities/commit a crime in order to finance drug habit and living of addicts in isolation, economic problems, sold valuables and stealing of money and jewelry/valuables. The study concludes that ice is a toxic drug and effects the users socially and economically which leads the addicts to other crimes and anti-social behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]