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A locally corrected Nystrom (LCN) discretization of a magnetostatic volume integral equation is presented. Anomalous magnetization spikes can occur when the underlying mesh uses tetrahedral cells regardless of discretization order. The mechanism for the anomalous magnetization spikes is discussed, and mitigation of the spikes through use of an LCN-to-Moment Method conversion is investigated. Results are presented validating that the LCN-to-Moment Method suppresses the anomalous spikes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although practice by doing is typically regarded to be an effective method to facilitate student learning in a laboratory setting, stretched resources may require alternative approaches to accommodate students and to promote student retention. A portable multipurpose lab bench is presented that facilitates student learning by incorporating demonstration and discussion in a lab environment. In a first course for power electronics, improved student engagement and learning enhancement were targeted through the use of this single bench cohesively with classroom presentations and relevant theory. Laboratory assessments and end of course surveys for two consecutive years were collected to assess the learning experience as well as the effectiveness of the established mobile lab bench concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While physical therapy may help improve function and quality of life in patients with neurofibromatosis (NF), a standard of care remains to be established. This case report describes the physical therapy management of an individual with NF who was at high fall risk. A 61-year-old male with NF and multiple comorbidities was determined to be at high fall risk by the Dynamic Gait Index, Berg Balance Scale, and Modified Falls Efficacy Scale. Deficits included coordination and strength which limited his ability to ascend and descend stairs or walk on uneven terrain. This reduced his independence at home and in his rural community. Interventions incorporated components of hip and trunk coordination, and addressed balance, strength, and functional mobility. The patient scored above the cutoff for high fall risk on all outcome assessments. This case report describes physical therapy management to reduce fall risk for an individual with NF. Due to the limited research on NF, the treatment plan was developed using evidence-based practice for fall-risk reduction in other neurological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A measurement system capable of in situ measurements of formation permeability is described. The measurement method relies upon imaging the distribution of magnetic permeability fluid injected into a wellbore system through mutual inductance measurements between pairs of coils and relating the change in distribution of this fluid over time to a direct measurement of formation phase permeability. Analysis of the mutual inductance measurement method shows a unique response to distributions of magnetic permeability for various coil spacings and insensitivity to other confounding electrical parameters. The lower bound of measurement variance for this system is modeled for a continuum of coil spacings and radii of investigation for a perturbation in magnetic permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Occupational musculoskeletal injuries are prevalent in healthcare workers and are reported to be profession-specific. There is, however, a paucity of information around the injuries sustained from working as a podiatrist. This paper looks at the incidence of injury from working as a podiatrist, the aggravating factors to sustain these injuries and whether the changes in workload due to the COVID-19 pandemic altered the incidence. Methods: A modified work based musculoskeletal injury questionnaire was distributed in the UK via podiatry led social media platforms. Open and Closed questions explored the demographics of the sample, perceived injury 12 months prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and then 6 months into the lockdown. Pre and post COVID-19 data were analysed for differences and thematic analysis was included to categorise reported experiences. Results: 148 podiatrists representing 3 % of HCPC registered practitioners responded to the questionnaire. Employment status altered as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic with a 13 % reduction in those working full time. Environments also changed with domiciliary and telehealth significantly increasing (p > 0.00) and non-clinical roles being extended (p > 0.002). Pain frequency and intensity significantly (p > 0.04) increased as a result of the pandemic with shoulder pain being most frequent before lockdown altering to the neck during the lockdown. Two main themes were identified that were attributed to the causes of pain including physical demands and working in awkward spaces. Conclusions: Work-related musculoskeletal pain in podiatrists is common with the shoulder and neck being the most frequently affected. Changes in work practices due to the restrictions enforced from the COVID-19 pandemic increased the frequency and intensity of pain mostly associated with increased domiciliary and telehealth working environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has three parts. The first outlines the history of Nestorianism. From the end of the fifth century all the way into the thirteenth century (c. e.), quite a large population—in fact most Christians in Asia—belonged to branches of the Nestorian church. The second part provides a brief biography of Nestorius, after whom this church was named. The third part explores two elements of Nestorius's christology, as they are found in his posthumously discovered theological writings. (1) Does Christ have one nature or two (both human and divine), and if two, how can one person have two natures? (2) To what extent was Adam, the first man, created for a role that Christ eventually fulfilled? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveMethodResultsConclusions\nKey PointsAthletes typically report a high prevalence of mental health issues and face significant barriers within the sporting environment that prevent help seeking. However, little is known about how retired or non-elite athletes engage with support; this lack of empirical data is even more pronounced in the case of sleep disorders.A cross-sectional online survey was completed by current and former athletes (n = 946; 495 women, 444 men, 7 non-binary) from all sports and competition levels in seven countries. Self-disclosed diagnosis history, help-seeking behaviours, and functional impact of sleep and mental health disorders were assessed.Comparable rates of mental health disorders were observed between current athletes (39.3%) and former athletes (42.0%), OR = 1.17, p = .337. Similarly, comparable rates of sleep disorders were observed between current athletes (25.4%) and former athletes (30.9%), OR = 1.20, p = .298. Men reported lower mental health disorder prevalence than women (32.9% vs. 46.3%), OR = 1.82, p < .001. Gender differences were also evident in the types of disorders reported. For sleep disorders, men were less likely to seek assistance from a psychologist than women (8.4% vs. 26.2%), p < .001,φ = 0.23. No differences in help seeking avenues for mental health were observed. Comorbid disorders had more frequent functional impairment than individual sleep or mental health disorders.These self-reported prevalence estimates have significance for practitioners and clinicians. Data indicates the most prevalent types of disorders in these populations and where athletes typically engage in support. Evaluating the time course of these disorders can inform health promotion strategies and treatment methods for practitioners and support staff.What is already known about this topic: Higher rates of mental health disorders are observed in athletes who are women–a potential consequence of men fearing breaches of masculinity.Former athletes present similar prevalence of sleep and mental health problems to current athletes, despite the removal of sport specific demands and barriers to help seeking.Despite increased attention to mental health in sports, various barriers prevent athletes from engaging in help-seeking behaviours.Higher rates of mental health disorders are observed in athletes who are women–a potential consequence of men fearing breaches of masculinity.Former athletes present similar prevalence of sleep and mental health problems to current athletes, despite the removal of sport specific demands and barriers to help seeking.Despite increased attention to mental health in sports, various barriers prevent athletes from engaging in help-seeking behaviours.What this topic adds: This novel study explores the help seeking behaviours of both current and retired athletes. Comparable diagnosis rates between cohorts were observed, underscoring the need for continued support post-retirement.Gender disparities in diagnosis rates, diagnosis types and help-seeking avenues were apparent, emphasising the need for further research in gender diverse samples.Comorbid disorders appeared to have greater perceived functional impairment, highlighting the importance of early intervention and equal promotion of sleep and mental health education.This novel study explores the help seeking behaviours of both current and retired athletes. Comparable diagnosis rates between cohorts were observed, underscoring the need for continued support post-retirement.Gender disparities in diagnosis rates, diagnosis types and help-seeking avenues were apparent, emphasising the need for further research in gender diverse samples.Comorbid disorders appeared to have greater perceived functional impairment, highlighting the importance of early intervention and equal promotion of sleep and mental health education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Quetiapine is an antipsychotic medication indicated for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, quetiapine also has hypnotic properties and as such is increasingly being prescribed at low doses 'off‐label' in people with insomnia symptoms. Pharmacologically, in addition to its dopaminergic properties, quetiapine also modulates multiple other transmitter systems involved in sleep/wake modulation and potentially breathing. However, very little is known about the impact of quetiapine on obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), OSA endotypes including chemosensitivity, and control of breathing. Given that many people with insomnia also have undiagnosed OSA, it is important to understand the effects of quetiapine on OSA and its mechanisms. Accordingly, this concise review covers the existing knowledge on the effects of quetiapine on sleep and breathing. Further, we highlight the pharmacodynamics of quetiapine and its potential to alter key OSA endotypes to provide potential mechanistic insight. Finally, an agenda for future research priorities is proposed to fill the current key knowledge gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terpenes, volatile plant secondary compounds produced by woody plants, have historically been thought to act as feeding deterrents for mammalian herbivores. However, three species of woodrats, Neotoma stephensi, N. lepida, and N. albigula, regularly consume juniper, which is high in terpenes, and N. stephensi and N. lepida are considered juniper specialists. By investigating the terpene profiles in Juniperus monosperma and J. osteosperma, which are browsed or avoided by woodrats in the field, and recording the caching and consumption of juniper foliage by woodrats in the lab, we have evidence that terpenes may serve as feeding and/or foraging cues. The obligate specialist N. stephensi chose to forage on trees higher in p-cymene and preferred to consume juniper rather than caching it in a laboratory setting. These observations provide evidence that terpenes serve as a feeding cue and that the obligate specialist's physiological mechanism for metabolizing the terpenes present in juniper may negate the need for caching. The facultative specialist N. lepida chose to forage on trees lower in four terpenes and cached more juniper than the obligate specialist N. stephensi, providing evidence that terpenes serve as a feeding deterrent for N. lepida and that this woodrat species relies on behavioral mechanisms to minimize terpene intake. The generalist N. albigula foraged on trees with higher terpenes levels but consumed the least amount of juniper in the lab and preferred to cache juniper rather than consume it, evidence that terpenes act as foraging but not feeding cues in the generalist. Our findings suggest that volatile plant secondary compounds can act as feeding and/or foraging cues and not just feeding deterrents in mammalian herbivores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fast neutron detector based on elastic scattering with hydrogen, a silver-activated zinc sulfide scintillator to convert the recoil proton energy to light, and wavelength-shifting fibers (WLSFs) to collect the scintillation light. The detector uses silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to recognize individual scintillation photons and a digital filter algorithm based on single photon counting to find clusters of photons belonging to neutron events. The detector presented in this paper features four detection channels, arranged in a 2 × 2 square. The sensitive volume of each detection channel covers a ∼ 5 mm by ∼ 5 mm area from the frontal direction, is 3 cm long, and contains 49 WLSFs. The detector is versatile and performs well under different conditions. Its performance can be tuned to match different applications by simply changing some parameters of the digital filter algorithm. This is illustrated in this paper by extensive measurements in different environments. Using one set of parameters, the detector achieved a gamma-blindness of 1 0 − 8 with an intrinsic neutron detection efficiency of ∼ 1 %. With another set of parameters and with lower requirements for gamma blindness, the intrinsic neutron detection efficiency was increased to ∼ 11 %. Yet another set of parameters allows the detector to time incoming fast neutrons with an accuracy of ∼ 60 ns. Additionally, the decay time of the scintillation light created by neutron events was measured, falling to 10% of its peak value in ∼ 10 μ s. Finally, the detector was exposed to strong gamma radiation for a prolonged time to test its radiation resistance. The detection efficiency dropped about linearly with the accumulated gamma fluence, reaching a drop of 40% compared to the initial efficiency at a total gamma fluence of ∼ 2 ⋅ 1 0 13 cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances are prevalent in older populations. Numerous factors can affect sleep, including medications, living environment and physical, mental and psychosocial factors (e.g. loneliness and stress). Sleep architecture changes with aging, with less deep sleep (slow wave sleep) and an increased frequency of awakenings after sleep onset. Benzodiazepines, Z‐drugs and low doses of the tricyclic antidepressant doxepin have modest positive benefits for sleep complaints, but side effects are a concern in older people because they include an increased risk of falls, fractures and cognitive impairment. Somnolence can be prolonged in older adults. Melatonin has very modest effects on sleep initiation in older adults, although appears safe. Overall, the effects of pharmacological treatments are modest and there are concerns about the efficacy and safety of their ongoing use. There is strong evidence for non‐pharmacological interventions, including cognitive and behavioural strategies, to improve sleep. These have at least comparable efficacy to pharmacological interventions, fewer adverse effects and are more likely to have longer‐term, sustained benefits. Sleep complaints in older adults need to be approached on a patient‐by‐patient basis, and medication should be reviewed frequently, with preference to limit pharmacological intervention as far as practicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The mechanical behaviour of two elastomeric fuel tank sealants was investigated. Laboratory tests were conducted on two sealants, an epoxy cured polythioether and a manganese cured polysulfide. Tensile, planar tension and torsion tests were performed to characterize and understand the response of the sealants under quasi-static loading. Single lap joint tests in tension were also carried out using four different sealant layer thicknesses and two types of adherend (aluminium and steel). The adherends were either primed with an epoxy primer or otherwise conventionally treated (e.g. grit blasted). Experimental results showed a decrease in joint strength with increasing sealant layer thickness. Emphasis was given to the understanding of the failure and the prediction of the strength of the single lap joints. Predicted failure loads were derived by analytical calculations and finite element simulation of the joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Compact Deuterium-Deuterium fast neutron generators are generally limited to a low neutron yield due to outgassing of implanted deuterium in case of ion beam target overheating. This is even more pronounced for a generator with a small emitting spot tailored to transmission-based imaging applications, resulting in long exposure times. In this work a novel water-cooled rotating copper target rod with a 5 µm thin titanium coating as a deuteron beam target was developed. Using extensive computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer analysis, an optimized target configuration was chosen. The details of the target rod design, construction and loading with deuterium are outlined. The first results after loading showed a peak total neutron output of 4.8 × 107 n/s for −107 kV target high voltage and 0.9 mA average target current at 220 rpm target rotational velocity. The comparison between actual and theoretical ideal neutron yield suggested that no loss of deuterium density in the target due to outgassing occurred. Highlights • Computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer analysis of a water-cooled rotating deuteron beam target. • Mechanical design of the high voltage rotating target rod and support structure. • Novel target design achieving a neutron output of 4.8 × 107 n/s at −107 kV target voltage and 0.9 mA beam current. • Experiments indicated that the titanium deuteride surface successfully remained below the degassing temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic properties of a structural tape used for adhesive bonding applications have been measured at different temperatures to determine its glass transition temperature and damping properties. For this purpose, free layer beams consisting of a base layer steel and the tape layer were vibrated using a resonant beam technique with free-free end conditions. To measure the dynamic values (elastic modulus and loss factor) of the tape, the necessary equations were derived and the frequency dependence of the beams was investigated from -55°C to +60°C. Three beams with different layers were tested. Results have shown that as the temperature increases, the elastic modulus of the tape decreases, while the loss factor of the tape increases up to 20°C and then decreases to a constant level. The results from the three beams are in agreement, showing that the glass transition temperature of the tape is about 20°C, which implies viscoelastic properties at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated levels of FGF23 in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with adverse health outcomes, such as increased mortality, large vessel disease, and reduced white matter volume, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Apart from the well-known link between cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, especially diabetes and hypertension, and cerebrovascular damage, elevated FGF23 is also postulated to be associated with cerebrovascular damage independently of CKD. Elevated FGF23 predisposes to vascular calcification and is associated with vascular stiffness and endothelial dysfunction in the general population with normal renal function. These factors may lead to microangiopathic changes in the brain, cumulative ischemia, and eventually to the loss of white matter fibers. The relationship between FGF23 and brain integrity in individuals without CKD has hitherto not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between FGF23, and white matter integrity in a cohort of 50 participants with varying degrees of CV risk burden, using high resolution structural human brain connectomes constructed from MRI diffusion images. We observed that increased FGF23 was associated with axonal loss in the frontal lobe, leading to a fragmentation of white matter network organization. This study provides the first description of the relationship between elevated levels of FGF23, white matter integrity, and brain health. We suggest a synergistic interaction of CV risk factors and FGF23 as a potentially novel determinant of brain health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-resolution two-phase flow data in the rod bundle are important in the development and validation of high-fidelity models for computational fluid dynamics and subchannel codes, in particular, those pertaining to light water reactor cooling systems. The Michigan Adiabatic Rod Bundle Flow Experiment (MARBLE) has been constructed as a modular assembly of an 8 × 8 lattice rod bundle to simulate scaled pressurized water reactor and boiling water reactor subchannel assemblies. To establish a high-spatial resolution database of the void fraction in the reactor fuel assembly geometries, tomographic measurements were performed with the High-Resolution Gamma-ray Tomography System, which was designed and built in house; the detector system has a spatial resolution of less than 1.0 mm using 240 LYSO (Lu1.8Y0.2SiO5) scintillators with a fan-beam array. In the present study, the local void fraction was measured with the MARBLE facility under various air-water flow conditions (jg = 0.04 to 0.85 m/s and jl = 0.12 to 0.77 m/s) covering from bubbly to cap-turbulent flows. The local void fraction was also successfully measured under nonuniform and asymmetric air bubble distribution conditions with an investigation of the effect of spacer grids and mixing vanes on void drift across subchannels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-fertile accessions of vetiver grass ( Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) have been utilized in many parts of the world for environmental remediation and erosion control, but fertile plants can become noxious weeds. Due to the global interest in the environmental benefits of sterile vetiver, unique polymorphisms are needed to distinguish non-fertile from fertile plants. In this research, the chloroplast (cp) genomes of three non-fertile and two fertile vetivers were sequenced. The size, structure, and content of the vetiver cp genomes were typical of other grasses within the Andropogoneae. However, the total cp polymorphism rate of 0.02% was 5- to 7-fold lower, suggesting a recent divergence or slower rate of evolution in non-fertile and fertile vetivers relative to other grasses. In total, 28 polymorphisms––including 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 11 microsatellites, two small indels, and one microinversion––were identified that distinguished the sterile Sunshine from fertile accessions. In a broader survey of Poaceae cp genomes, one of the SNPs was used to develop a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) assay to uniquely identify Sunshine genomes. In a panel of 26 fertile and sterile vetivers, the four Sunshine and six additional non-fertile vetivers were distinguished from all other accessions. Two other sterile accessions were not detected by the assay, suggesting that sterility has originated more than once in vetiver. These variations in cp genome sequence can be used to assess sterility in other accessions through sequencing or by the newly developed CAPS assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma imaging using a relatively low strength 5.8 mCi laboratory Co-60 source and a CsI(Tl) scintillator screen read out by a CCD camera was investigated. A simple model was used to estimate the effective count rate, which was verified with experiments. Radiography and tomography of phantoms were used to determine the test setup spatial resolution of about 1.3–2.5 mm. Exposure times were on the order of a couple minutes per radiograph. These tests demonstrate the value of the count rate model and the feasibility of the setup as a simple and low-cost solution for gamma imaging cases where acquisition time is flexible and resolution requirements are moderate. The approach can be applied with higher activity sources for short exposure times and with thinner scintillator screens for better resolution. This work was performed with non-destructive testing applications in mind, particularly for the study of multi-phase flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an algebraic technique for generating arbitrary-order divergence-conforming bases for curvilinear triangular cells. The bases are constructed by enforcing appropriate constraints on a linear combination of general functions and then extracting the desired bases using singular value decompositions. Koornwinder–Dubiner polynomials are chosen as the general function set. Basic constraints are presented to obtain divergence-conforming bases, and additional constraints are presented to further enforce the bases to be Nédélec. Results from a variety of problems are given to show that the bases exhibit high-order convergence and also produce systems that are relatively well conditioned compared to other basis sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical stimulation is used to enhance neuron growth, and the role of neuronal intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is an area of research interest. Widely varying stimulation parameters in the literature make it difficult to compare stimulation protocols. The results in this manuscript are the first to show neuronal [Ca2+]i in response to a broad and defined range of electrical pulse durations and intensities. These results validate our previously published novel computational model of [Ca2+]i. Peripheral nerve injury can be disabling. Regeneration is limited by the rate of axonal extension, and proximal injury to peripheral nerves can take over a year to reach target organs. Electrical stimulation (ES) has been shown to increase the rate of neurite growth, though the mechanism is not yet well understood. In our prior manuscript, we developed a computational model that demonstrates how ES can functionally elevate intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) based on ES intensity and duration. In this article, we validate the computation model for the [Ca2+]i changes in neuron soma. Embryonic chicken dorsal root ganglion cells were suspended in 3-dimensional collagen scaffolds. Fura-2 was used to measure [Ca2+]i in response to biphasic ES pulses ranging from 70 to 60,000 V/m in intensity and from 10 µs to 100 ms in duration. The computational model most closely matched the experimental data of the neurons with the highest [Ca2+]i elevation for ES pulses 100 µs or greater in duration. Nickel (200 µM) and cadmium (200 µM) blocked 98–99% of the [Ca2+]i rise, indicating that the rise in [Ca2+]i in response to ES is via voltage-dependent calcium channels. The average [Ca2+]i rise in response to ES was about one-tenth of the peak rise. Therefore, the computational model is validated for elevating [Ca2+]i of neurons and can be used as a tool for designing efficacious ES protocols for improving neuronal regeneration. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Electrical stimulation is used to enhance neuron growth, and the role of neuronal intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is an area of research interest. Widely varying stimulation parameters in the literature make it difficult to compare stimulation protocols. The results in this manuscript are the first to show neuronal [Ca2+]i in response to a broad and defined range of electrical pulse durations and intensities. These results validate our previously published novel computational model of [Ca2+]i. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients in rural communities lack access to acute stroke therapies. Rapid administration of lytic therapy increases the likelihood of favorable functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). At the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), we implemented a Web-based telestroke program that allows patients presenting with AIS at a rural hospital to receive expert stroke consultation within minutes. This increases their chances of receiving lytic therapy, and therefore increases the likelihood of good functional outcome. Objectives: Our study aims to provide an update on how our telestroke program had developed and the rate and safety of intravenous (IV) alteplase administration through telestroke. Methods: Data were collected on all patients evaluated through the MUSC Telestroke program from May 2008 through April 2014. Collected data included National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on presentation, number of IV alteplase administrations, number of patients transferred to MUSC, number of mechanical thrombectomies performed on transferred patients, rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhages (sICHs), and discharge location. Results: A total of 7,694 consults were performed during the study period. Of them 3,795 (49.2%) patients were diagnosed with ischemic stroke, of those 1,324 (34.8%) received IV alteplase. A total of 1,282 patients were transferred to MUSC for further care. From November 2014 to April 2016, 56 patients received mechanical thrombectomy. sICH occurred in 33 patients who received alteplase, and in 5 patients receiving a combination of IV and intraarterial thrombolysis. Over the study period, the number of participating sites increased from 6 to 19 sites. The percentage of transfers to MUSC decreased from 36% to 14%. Conclusions: Our study shows that our telestroke program had evolved over time to involve more sites throughout the state of South Carolina. Post-IV alteplase sICH was low and within the expected range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe patterns of testosterone concentrations among men across a range of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics, the authors systematically searched and obtained individual participant and aggregate data from eligible cohort studies. This study reports the findings from a 2-stage random-effects meta-analysis of 9 studies with individual patient data and 2 studies with aggregate data. Background: Various factors modulate circulating testosterone in men, affecting interpretation of testosterone measurements. Purpose: To clarify factors associated with variations in sex hormone concentrations. Data Sources: Systematic literature searches (to July 2019). Study Selection: Prospective cohort studies of community-dwelling men with total testosterone measured using mass spectrometry. Data Extraction: Individual participant data (IPD) (9 studies; n  = 21 074) and aggregate data (2 studies; n  = 4075). Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health factors and concentrations of total testosterone, sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol were extracted. Data Synthesis: Two-stage random-effects IPD meta-analyses found a nonlinear association of testosterone with age, with negligible change among men aged 17 to 70 years (change per SD increase about the midpoint, −0.27 nmol/L [−7.8 ng/dL] [CI, −0.71 to 0.18 nmol/L {−20.5 to 5.2 ng/dL}]) and decreasing testosterone levels with age for men older than 70 years (−1.55 nmol/L [−44.7 ng/dL] [CI, −2.05 to −1.06 nmol/L {−59.1 to −30.6 ng/dL}]). Testosterone was inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) (change per SD increase, −2.42 nmol/L [−69.7 ng/dL] [CI, −2.70 to −2.13 nmol/L {−77.8 to −61.4 ng/dL}]). Testosterone concentrations were lower for men who were married (mean difference, −0.57 nmol/L [−16.4 ng/dL] [CI, −0.89 to −0.26 nmol/L {−25.6 to −7.5 ng/dL}]); undertook at most 75 minutes of vigorous physical activity per week (−0.51 nmol/L [−14.7 ng/dL] [CI, −0.90 to −0.13 nmol/L {−25.9 to −3.7 ng/dL}]); were former smokers (−0.34 nmol/L [−9.8 ng/dL] [CI, −0.55 to −0.12 nmol/L {−15.9 to −3.5 ng/dL}]); or had hypertension (−0.53 nmol/L [−15.3 ng/dL] [CI, −0.82 to −0.24 nmol/L {−23.6 to −6.9 ng/dL}]), cardiovascular disease (−0.35 nmol/L [−10.1 ng/dL] [CI, −0.55 to −0.15 nmol/L {−15.9 to −4.3 ng/dL}]), cancer (−1.39 nmol/L [−40.1 ng/dL] [CI, −1.79 to −0.99 nmol/L {−51.6 to −28.5 ng/dL}]), or diabetes (−1.43 nmol/L [−41.2 ng/dL] [CI, −1.65 to −1.22 nmol/L {−47.6 to −35.2 ng/dL}]). Sex hormone–binding globulin was directly associated with age and inversely associated with BMI. Luteinizing hormone was directly associated with age in men older than 70 years. Limitation: Cross-sectional analysis, heterogeneity between studies and in timing of blood sampling, and imputation for missing data. Conclusion: Multiple factors are associated with variation in male testosterone, SHBG, and LH concentrations. Reduced testosterone and increased LH concentrations may indicate impaired testicular function after age 70 years. Interpretation of individual testosterone measurements should account particularly for age older than 70 years, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Primary Funding Source: Medical Research Future Fund, Government of Western Australia, and Lawley Pharmaceuticals. (PROSPERO: CRD42019139668) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate if sociodemographic characteristics increase the adverse effects of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL).Methods: Cross-sectional, face-to-face survey investigating 2379 adults living in South Australia in 2015 (57.1 ± 14 years; 51.7% females). Questions included diagnosis of CMRF (obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia) and CVD. Physical and mental HRQoL were assessed using the SF-12v1 questionnaire. Multiple linear regression models including confounders (sociodemographic, lifestyle, use of preventive medication) and interaction terms between sociodemographic variables and cardiometabolic conditions were used in adjusted analysis.Results: The prevalence of CMRF (one or more) was 54.6% and CVD was 13.0%. The physical HRQoL reduced from 50.8 (95%CI 50.2-51.4) in healthy individuals to 45.1 (95%CI 44.4-45.9) and 39.1 (95%CI 37.7-40.5) among those with CMRF and CVD, respectively. Adjustment for sociodemographic variables reduced these differences in 33%, remaining stable after controlling for lifestyle and use of preventive medications (p < 0.001). Differences in physical HRQoL according to cardiometabolic conditions were twice as high among those with lower educational level, or if they were not working. Among unemployed, having a CMRF or a CVD had the same impact on the physical HRQoL (9.7 lower score than healthy individuals). The inverse association between cardiometabolic conditions and mental HRQoL was subtle (p = 0.030), with no evidence of disparities due to sociodemographic variables.Conclusions: A lower educational level and unemployment increase the adverse effects of cardiometabolic conditions on the physical HRQoL. Targeted interventions for reducing CMRF and/or CVD in these groups are necessary to improve HRQoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the authors discuss topics presented at the third International Conference on Structural Adhesive Bonding (AB 2015) including the appropriate determination of adhesive properties, the stress analysis, and the design guidelines for adhesive joints.

Objective: To improve peripheral nerve repair, new techniques to increase the speed of regeneration are required. Studies have shown that the electrical stimulation can enhance nerve regeneration; however, stimulation parameters that regulate the growth increases are unknown. The objective of this study was to examine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurite extension, directionality, and density after using methods to specifically control ac electrical field intensity and frequency exposure. Methods: Chick DRG explants were exposed to 20-Hz, 200-Hz, 1-MHz, and 20-MHz sinusoidal electric field of 17.86 V/m, and tissue parameters were measured. Results: Results show that neurite extension and directionality were influenced by frequency; however, the ratio of support cell emigration with respect to neurite extension from the DRG body was not. These results were further verified through finite-element modeling of intracellular calcium, which show that higher frequencies have minimal effect on intracellular calcium. Conclusion: In conclusion, these results demonstrate that 1) directional growth of neurites within EFs can be achieved, 2) high-frequency stimulation in megahertz does not enhance or impair the neurite growth, and 3) low-frequency stimulation affects the growth and directionality. Significance: The significance of this study is the direct comparison of neurite extension after high stimulation frequencies (megahertz) with typical low-frequency fields (20 and 200 Hz), and modeling the results with finite-element modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the validity of using the same scoring coefficients across countries for the SF-12.Methods: We test the equality of scoring coefficients derived for a contraction of the SF-36, the Short Form 12 (SF-12), using a large international database drawn from nine countries, to test equality between Australia and twelve other country/language groups. First, we checked that the theoretical structure of the SF-12 as set out by Ware and colleagues, but including a correlation between physical and mental health, provided an adequate fit to the data for each country/language group in a confirmatory factor analysis. We then compared Australia to all of these country/language groups in multiple-group models to assess whether a model producing common factor score coefficients provided an adequate fit to the data. We also derived Chi-squared tests for the differences between the restricted and unrestricted models, to test the equality of the factor score coefficients across countries.Results: We found that the theoretical structure of the SF-12, with a correlation between physical and mental health, provides an adequate fit to the data for all country/language groups except Hungary. Further, all the unrestricted multiple-group models provide an adequate fit to the data. In contrast, none of the multiple-group models restricted to common parameters provide an adequate fit to the data. The significance tests confirm that the constraints on parameter values produce significantly different models to the unrestricted models.Conclusions: We conclude that researchers should derive their own country-specific scoring coefficients for physical and mental health summary scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many instances of extensive nerve damage, the injured nerve never adequately heals, leaving lack of nerve function. Electrical stimulation (ES) has been shown to increase the rate and orient the direction of neurite growth, and is a promising therapy. However, the mechanism in which ES affects neuronal growth is not understood, making it difficult to compare existing ES protocols or to design and optimize new protocols. We hypothesize that ES acts by elevating intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i ) via opening voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs). In this work, we have created a computer model to estimate the ES Ca2+ relationship. Using COMSOL Multiphysics, we modeled a small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron that includes one Na+ channel, two K+ channels, and three VDCCs to estimate [Ca2+]i in the soma and growth cone. As expected, the results show that an ES that generates action potentials (APs) can efficiently raise the [Ca2+]i of neurons. More interestingly, our simulation results show that sub-AP ES can efficiently raise neuronal [Ca2+]i and that specific high-voltage ES can preferentially raise [Ca2+]i in the growth cone. The intensities and durations of ES on modeled growth cone calcium rise are consistent with directionality and orientation of growth cones experimentally shown by others. Finally, this model provides a basis to design experimental ES pulse parameters, including duration, intensity, pulse-train frequency, and pulse-train duration to efficiently raise [Ca2+]i in neuronal somas or growth cones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very few experimental imaging studies using a compact neutron generator have been published, and to the knowledge of the authors none have included tomography results using multiple projection angles. Radiography results with a neutron generator, scintillator screen, and camera can be seen in Bogolubov et al. (2005) , Cremer et al. (2012) , and Li et al. (2014) . Comparable results with a position-sensitive photomultiplier tube can be seen in Popov et al. (2011) . One study using an array of individual fast neutron detectors in the context of cargo scanning for security purposes is detailed in Eberhardt et al. (2005) . In that case, however, the emphasis was on very large objects with a resolution on the order of 1 cm, whereas this study focuses on less massive objects and a finer spatial resolution. In Andersson et al. (2014) three fast neutron counters and a D–T generator were used to perform attenuation measurements of test phantoms. Based on the axisymmetry of the test phantoms, the single-projection information was used to calculate radial attenuation distributions of the object, which was compared with the known geometry. In this paper a fast-neutron tomography system based on an array of individual detectors and a purpose-designed compact D–D neutron generator is presented. Each of the 88 detectors consists of a plastic scintillator read out by two Silicon photomultipliers and a dedicated pulse-processing board. Data acquisition for all channels was handled by four single-board microcontrollers. Details of the individual detector design and testing are elaborated upon. Using the complete array, several fast-neutron images of test phantoms were reconstructed, one of which was compared with results using a Co-60 gamma source. The system was shown to be capable of 2 mm resolution, with exposure times on the order of several hours per reconstructed tomogram. Details about these measurements and the analysis of the reconstructed images are given, along with a discussion of the capabilities of the system and its outlook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombinant (r) and native butyrylcholinesterse (BChE) are potent bioscavengers of organophosphates (OPs) such as nerve agents and pesticides and are undergoing development as antidotal treatments for OP-induced toxicity. Because of the lethal properties of such agents, regulatory approval will require extensive testing under the Animal Rule. However, human (Hu) glycoprotein biologicals, such as BChE, present a challenge for assessing immunogenicity and efficacy in heterologous animal models since any immune responses to the small species differences in amino acids or glycans between the host and biologic may alter pharmacodynamics and preclude accurate efficacy testing; possibly underestimating their potential protective value in humans. To establish accurate pharmacokinetic and efficacy data, an homologous animal model has been developed in which native and PEGylated forms of CHO-derived rMaBChE were multiply injected into homologous macaques with no induction of antibody. These now serve as controls for assessing the pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity in macaques of multiple administrations of PEGylated and unmodified human rBChE (rHuBChE) by both intravenous (IV) and pulmonary routes. The results indicate that, except for maximal concentration (Cmax), the pharmacokinetic parameters following IV injection with heterologous PEG-rHuBChE were greatly reduced even after the first injection compared with homologous PEG-rMaBChE. Anti-HuBChE antibody responses were induced in all monkeys after the second and third administrations regardless of the route of delivery; impacting rates of clearance and usually resulting in reduced endogenous MaBChE activity. These data highlight the difficulties inherent in assessing pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity in animal models, but bode well for the efficacy and safety of rHuBChE pretreatments in homologous humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new surface integral equation formulation for scattering from perfectly conducting objects is presented. The formulation is developed by adding a constraint on the normal component of the magnetic field to the augmented electric field integral equation (AEFIE) and extracting the static charge solution. The resulting AEFIEnH-S formulation is discretized using the method of moments with Rao–Wilton–Glisson (RWG) source functions and Buffa–Christiansen (BC) test functions. An iterative diagonal matrix scaling algorithm is used to improve the conditioning of the discrete system. Numerical examples demonstrate that the AEFIEnH-S is stable and accurate as the frequency is reduced for closed, open, and multiscale multiply connected geometries. The formulation relies only on diagonal preconditioning, it accurately models the near electric, near magnetic, and far fields, it does not require frequency scaling of the unknowns, and it does not incorporate any type of Helmholtz decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Functional RNAi based screening is affected by large numbers of false positive and negative hits due to prevalent sequence based off-target effects. We performed a druggable genome targeting siRNA screen intended to identify novel regulators of E-cadherin (CDH1) expression, a known key player in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Analysis of primary screening results indicated a large number of false-positive hits. To address these crucial difficulties we developed an analysis method, SENSORS, which, similar to published methods, is a seed enrichment strategy for analyzing siRNA off-targets in RNAi screens. Using our approach, we were able to demonstrate that accounting for seed based off-target effects stratifies primary screening results and enables the discovery of additional screening hits. While traditional hit detection methods are prone to false positive results which are undetected, we were able to identify false positive hits robustly. Transcription factor MYBL1 was identified as a putative novel target required for CDH1 expression and verified experimentally. No siRNA pool targeting MYBL1 was present in the used siRNA library. Instead, MYBL1 was identified as a putative CDH1 regulating target solely based on the SENSORS off-target score, i.e. as a gene that is a cause for off-target effects down regulating E-cadherin expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypercoagulability in sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with multiple SCD phenotypes, association with stroke risk has not been well described. We hypothesized that serum levels of biomarkers of coagulation activation correlate with high transcranial Doppler ultrasound velocity and decreases with blood transfusion therapy in SCD patients. Stored serum samples from subjects in the Stroke Prevention in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP) trial were analyzed using ELISA and protein multiplexing techniques. 40 subjects from each treatment arm (Standard Care [SC] and Transfusion [Tx]) at three time points—baseline, study exit and one year post-trial and 10 each of age matched children with SCD but normal TCD (SNTCD) and with normal hemoglobin (HbAA) were analyzed. At baseline, median vWF, TAT and D-dimer levels were significantly higher among STOP subjects than either HbAA or SNTCD. At study exit, median hemoglobin level was significantly higher while median TCD velocity was significantly lower in Tx compared to SC subjects. Median vWF (409.6 vs. 542.9 μg/ml), TAT (24.8 vs. 40.0 ng/ml) and D-dimer (9.2 vs. 19.1 μg/ml) levels were also significantly lower in the Tx compared to the SC group at study exit. Blood levels of biomarkers coagulation activation/thrombin generation correlated positively with TCD velocity and negatively with number of blood transfusions. Biomarkers of coagulation activation/thrombin generation were significantly elevated in children with SCD, at high risk for stroke. Reduction in levels of these biomarkers correlated with reduction in stroke risk (lower TCD velocity), indicating a possible role for hypercoagulation in SCD associated stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Single and multiphase CFD of a small-scale crystallizer with two stirrer types. • Indications when each stirrer is preferably used based on hydrodynamics. • X-ray CT applied in mixing studies used for the validation of the CFD simulations. Although small-scale crystallizers have gained increasing importance in recent years, their hydrodynamic properties have not yet been thoroughly studied. The purpose of this work is to characterize an intensively stirred small-scale crystallizer and to analyze whether its fluid mechanics behavior deviates from being homogeneously well-mixed. To this aim, single and multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been conducted. Two types of stirrers, including one overhead stirrer (OS) and one magnetic stirrer (MS), were compared. The single-phase CFD simulations showed that the mixing characteristics of the two stirrers differ significantly, thereby leading to variations in the distribution of solids. The MS is an axial flow type impeller, which is better at handling solid suspensions than the OS. The simulations were complemented by X-ray computed tomography measurements, which confirmed that spatial variations in solid distribution occur and that assuming a homogeneous suspension might lead to errors when modeling crystallization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world of health care delivery is becoming increasingly complex. The purpose of this manuscript is to analyze current metrics and analytically predict future practices and principles of medical dosimetry. The results indicate five potential areas precipitating change factors: a) evolutionary and revolutionary thinking processes, b) social factors, c) economic factors, d) political factors, and e) technological factors. Outcomes indicate that significant changes will occur in the job structure and content of being a practicing medical dosimetrist. Discussion indicates potential variables that can occur within each process and change factor and how the predicted outcomes can deviate from normative values. Finally, based on predicted outcomes, future opportunities for medical dosimetrists are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well-conditioned, high-order Nyström discretization of a volume integral equation for quasi-magnetostatic, time-harmonic eddy current analysis of magnetic-conducting materials is presented. Good conditioning is contingent on augmenting the system with a charge neutrality constraint. Two forms of the continuity constraint are discussed. An iterative diagonal preconditioning scheme is applied to greatly improve the condition number. Results are presented for canonical problems and the TEAM Workshop Problem 7. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The experimental characterization of a pulsed D–D fast neutron generator designed for fan-beam tomography applications is presented. Using Monte Carlo simulations the response of an LB6411 neutron probe was related to the neutron generator output. The yield was measured to be up to ∼ 10 7 neutrons / s . An aluminum block was moved stepwise between the source and a BC400 plastic scintillator detector in order to measure an edge response. This edge response was related to the neutron emitting spot size using Monte Carlo simulations and a simplified geometry-based model. The experimentally determined spot size of 2.2 mm agreed well with the simulated value of 1.5 mm. The time-dependence of pulsed output for various operating conditions was also measured. The neutron generator was found to satisfy design requirements for a planned fast neutron tomography arrangement based on a plastic scintillator detector array which is expected to be capable of producing 2D tomograms with a resolution of ∼1.5 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In automotive construction, adhesive bonding can be used for joining metals, plastics or combinations of the two, and it offers the further advantage that, because the joints are continuous, an overall increase in body stiffness is achieved, thus enabling thinner material to be used. Because of their ability to absorb energy adhesive joints can also contribute to the impacted system. The objective of this work is to investigate the behavior of a flexible adhesive under impact loading using the single lap joint configuration. This adhesive showed a high strain to failure with good strength. These features of the adhesive under impact loading improve structural crashworthiness. Results showed that the lap joint strength increases considerably under impact loading compared with those under quasi-static loading and that there is a relationship between the joint performance and the loading speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the measurement properties of the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores of the SF-36 and SF-12 based on the traditional orthogonal scoring algorithms with the performance of the PCS and MCS scored based on structural equation model coefficients from a correlated model. Methods: This study used three large-scale representative population studies to compare the measurement properties of the PCS and MCS scores of the SF-36 and SF-12 with the performance of the PCS and MCS scores based on structural equation models producing coefficients from a correlated model. We assessed the relationships of these scores with selected important mental health measures and chronic conditions from three representative Australian population studies that address clinical conditions of high prevalence and health service importance. Results: Structural equation model scoring methods produced summary scores with higher correlations than the recommended orthogonal methods across a range of disease and health conditions. The problem experienced in using the orthogonal methods is that negative scoring coefficients are applied to negative z-scores for sub-scales, inflating the resulting summary scores. Effect sizes over a half of a standard deviation were common. Conclusions: If health policy or investment decisions are made based on the results of studies employing the recommended orthogonal scoring methods then the expected outcome of such decisions or investments may not be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Stroke With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea (SWiCH ) trial compared standard (transfusions/chelation) to alternative (hydroxyurea/phlebotomy) treatment to prevent recurrent stroke and manage iron overload in children chronically transfused over 7 years before enrollment. Standardized brain magnetic resonance imaging /magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) exams were performed at entry and exit, with a central blinded review. A novel MRA vasculopathy grading scale demonstrated frequent severe baseline left/right vessel stenosis (53%/41% ⩾ Grade 4); 31% had no vessel stenosis on either side. Baseline parenchymal injury was prevalent (85% /79% subcortical, 53%/37% cortical, 50%/35% subcortical and cortical). Most children had low or uninterpretable baseline middle cerebral artery TCD velocities , which were associated with worse stenoses (incidence risk ratio [IRR] =5.1,P⩽.0001 and IRR = 4.1 ,p <.0001) than normal velocities ; only 2% to 1 2% had any conditional/abnormal velocity . Patients with adjudicated stroke (7) and transient ischemic attacks (19 in 11 standard /8 alternative arm subjects) had substantial parenchymal injury /vessel stenosis.At exit, 1 child (alternative arm) had a new silent infarct, and another had worse stenosis .SWiTCH neuroimaging data document severe parenchymal and vascular abnormalities in children with SCA and stroke and support concerns about chronic transfusions lacking effectiveness for preventing progressive cerebrovascular injury. The novel SWiTCH vasculopathy grading scale warrants validation testing and consideration for use in future clinical trials. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00122980. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Development of a novel fast neutron imaging system for two-phase flows in fuel bundles. [•] Novel D–D fusion neutron generator with small emitting spot for imaging. [•] Dedicated fast neutron imaging detector based on plastic scintillator and SiPM. [•] Novel proton recoil converter coupled with THGEM readout as imaging detector. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The risk of stroke for a child with SCD is many times greater than that of a healthy child without SCD or heart disease. There is a technique that allows the identification of the children with SCD who have high risk even within this relatively high-risk group. And there is a highly effective preventive treatment. While this would on the surface appear to be a straightforward medical decision, it is not. One must weigh the benefits of preventing permanent brain damage against the risks of infection from transfused blood, iron overload, which is the result of the frequent transfusions, and rare transfusion reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the conflated text of Piers Plowman in NLW MS 733B, tracing its relationships with other conflated texts of the poem, which we locate as products of the metropolitan book-trade. We first show that the A-text section of MS 733B, with its passages intruded from the C text, link it to Borthwick MS Add. 196. We then look at its C-text section to reveal that it is a pair with the C-text passages from the most thoroughly conflated of all texts of Piers Plowman, Huntington MS HM 114. We show that these two manuscripts record a C-text many generations removed from the original. Finally, we look at readings shared by MS 733B with the beta branch of the B text. An investigation of these features is intrinsically valuable, but added interest derives from Lawrence Warner’s recent proposal that the B readings in MS 733B actually survive from a good early draft of the C text and were only subsequently introduced into the B tradition. We argue that this is an impossible hypothesis. Instead, we show that MS 733B, though of no value for determining Langland’s text, illustrates a different ‘lost history’ from the one proposed by Warner: the circulation of passages from the poem among professional London scribes keen to provide as complete a version of Piers Plowman as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: A conceptual design optimization of a fast neutron tomography system was performed. The system is based on a compact deuterium–deuterium fast neutron generator and an arc-shaped array of individual neutron detectors. The array functions as a position sensitive one-dimensional detector allowing tomographic reconstruction of a two-dimensional cross section of an object up to 10cm across. Each individual detector is to be optically isolated and consists of a plastic scintillator and a Silicon Photomultiplier for measuring light produced by recoil protons. A deterministic geometry-based model and a series of Monte Carlo simulations were used to optimize the design geometry parameters affecting the reconstructed image resolution. From this, it is expected that with an array of 100 detectors a reconstructed image resolution of ~1.5mm can be obtained. Other simulations were performed in order to optimize the scintillator depth (length along the neutron path) such that the best ratio of direct to scattered neutron counts is achieved. This resulted in a depth of 6–8cm and an expected detection efficiency of 33–37%. Based on current operational capabilities of a prototype neutron generator being developed at the Paul Scherrer Institute, planned implementation of this detector array design should allow reconstructed tomograms to be obtained with exposure times on the order of a few hours. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose – The purpose of this review is to summarize new research indicating that high-dose supplements of the antioxidant vitamin C can interfere with the benefits of physical exercise for athletic performance and the risk for chronic disease. Design/methodology/approach – This article reviews current original literature on the regulation of human metabolism by oxidants and antioxidants and evaluates the role of exercise and high-dose vitamin C in this context. The presentation in this article aims to be informative and accessible to both experts and non-experts. Findings – The evidence reviewed here indicates that single, high-dose supplements of the antioxidant vitamin C abolish the beneficial effects of athletic training on muscle recovery and strength as well as abolishing the benefits of exercise in lowering the risk for chronic disease. In contrast, an antioxidant-rich diet based on regular foods apparently enhances the benefits of exercise. These findings are consistent with an updated understanding of the critical importance of both oxidants and antioxidants in the regulation of human metabolism. While more research is needed to address the role of timing and level of antioxidant consumption, it is clear that a balance between oxidants and antioxidants is essential. Practical implications – The information presented in this review is important for both athletes and the public at large in their efforts to choose nutrition and exercise regimes appropriate to maximize the outcome of their training efforts and lower their risk for chronic disease. Originality/value – This article provides accessible and comprehensive information to researchers, nutritionists, and consumers interested in optimal nutrition during athletic training and for obtaining the full benefit of physical exercise in lowering the risk for chronic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the method developed by Equipment Engineers at Texas Instruments GFAB facility in Greenock, Scotland, for polymer defect reduction in plasma metal etch systems. It is noted that the method increases the preventive maintenance interval and decreases associated Preventive Maintenance (PM) costs. It is noted that Fab Yield (PY), Tool Availability (Ao) and Cost of Ownership (CoO) were hampered by the problem of polymer flaking on plasma metal etch systems.