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In 2022, prostate cancer (PCa) is estimated to be the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the United States—almost 270,000 American men are estimated to be diagnosed with PCa in 2022. This review compares and contrasts in vivo models of PCa with regards to the altered genes, signaling pathways, and stages of tumor progression associated with each model. The main type of model included in this review are genetically engineered mouse models, which include conditional and constitutive knockout model. 2D cell lines, 3D organoids and spheroids, xenografts and allografts, and patient derived models are also included. The major applications, advantages and disadvantages, and ease of use and cost are unique to each type of model, but they all make it easier to translate the tumor progression that is seen in the mouse prostate to the human prostate. Although both human and mouse prostates are androgen-dependent, the fact that the native, genetically unaltered prostate in mice cannot give rise to carcinoma is an especially critical component of PCa models. Thanks to the similarities between the mouse and human genome, our knowledge of PCa has been expanded, and will continue to do so, through models of PCa.

Short reach communication systems, such as datacenters and access networks, exhibit steep capacity growth and require opto-electronic technologies with small size, low complexity, and low power consumption. Here, we demonstrate large-scale arrays of reflective surface normal electroabsorption modulators (SNEAMs). With very small active volumes, SNEAMs enable ultra-wide electro-optic bandwidth (>>65 GHz). We show modulation at 25 Gbit/s with 1 Vpp drive voltage on packaged SNEAMs and ultra-high bit-rate modulation at 107 Gbit/s with bare chips. These modulators are polarization-independent and have very low total input/output coupling loss of 0.7 dB to single-mode-fibers. We package SNEAM arrays with arrayed waveguide gratings into wavelength division multiplexing transmitters. Due to their broad wavelength range of modulation, SNEAMs do not need power hungry wavelength tuning or locking systems. Future co-integration of SNEAM arrays with low-power electronic driver arrays will enable high-capacity, low-power electro-optic engines.

We report the transmission of probabilistically shaped (PS) 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) at 7.46 b/s/Hz over a 5523-km in-service trans-Atlantic fiber-optic cable that consists of 65–89-km spans of Erbium-doped fiber amplifier only amplified fiber. Using a looped-back system configuration, we achieve 5.68 b/s/Hz over a trans-Pacific-equivalent distance of 11 046 km. Net spectral efficiencies are increased by 18% and 80% by using PS, at 5523 km and 11 046 km, respectively, compared to uniform square QAM. Throughout our experiments, we pay particular attention that our claims are backed by implementable forward error correction schemes. In addition, we demonstrate real-time coherent transmission of single-carrier 200 and 250-Gb/s uniform 8-QAM and 16-QAM at 4 b/s/Hz over the 5523-km cable.

We demonstrate an all-electronic digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with 100-GHz electrical bandwidth, sampling at 240 GSa/s, based on digital band interleaving (DBI). We discuss digital predistortion techniques for compensating the nonideal performance of the high-speed and radio-frequency components in our DBI architecture. We then test the DAC by generating up to 190-GBaud Nyquist-shaped pulse amplitude modulation. We analyze the performance of the digital band interleaved DAC and demonstrate coherent detection of single-polarization optical binary phase-shift keying at 140 GBaud.

We review optical modulation using temporal reshaping based on segments with in-terleaved phase modulation and dispersion. The proposed technique is compared to traditional IQ-modulators with focus on generating frequency comb-based superchannels.

We measure performance of 44-Gb/s (22-GBd) PAM-4 short-reach direct detection links with a polarization-independent surface-normal electro-absorption modulator. Performance below the KP-4 FEC threshold is demonstrated in standard single-mode fiber links with no dispersion compensation for distances up to 18 km.

We demonstrate arrays of surface-normal electroabsorption modulators with ultrawide bandwidth (>>65 GHz), polarization insensitive response and ultralow total coupling loss to single-mode-fibers (0.7 dB). We show modulation up to 107 Gbit/s and packaging with arrayed-waveguide-gratings.

Anal fistula is pathological tract lined by inflammatory granule connects bottom of the anal crypt with perianal skin. In most cases, anal fistula is a consequence of abscess developed due to infection of anal the glands. The most common symptoms of anal fistula are recurrent inflammation around the anus, pruritus and purulent leakage. In the treatment of fistulas mainly surgical methods are used, however, attempts of conservative treatment (tissue adhesives glues or plugs) are also undertaken. The goal of treatment is to choose a method that will be characterized by high radicality with the lowest possible risk of complications. Literature describes only few cases of perianal fistula caused by a foreign body. The paper presents a case of a 57-year-old man who was diagnosed with fistula-in-ano caused by a foreign body of unknown origin. The patient reported long-term purulent discharge only. Surgical treatment involved resection of the foreign body and fistula with subsequent uneventful recovery during outpatient follow-up. Anal fistula was diagnosed by anamnesis and physical examination, but its cause was detected post-operatively. The reasons and consequences of gastrointestinal perforation as a result of swallowing a foreign body are also discussed.

We report multi-level modulation in polarization-independent surface-normal electro-absorption modulators (SNEAMs). Four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) at a line rate of 44 Gb/s is demonstrated on a fully packaged SNEAM with a 30 µm active area diameter and a 14 GHz electro-optic bandwidth. High-capacity PAM-4 transmission at 112 and 160 Gb/s is demonstrated on an unpackaged SNEAM chip, with a 15 µm active area diameter and ultrawide electro-optic bandwidth ( ≫ 65 G H z ). Fiber transmission is investigated for direct detection link lengths up to 23 km at 44 Gb/s and 2 km at 112 and 160 Gb/s, the highest multi-level modulation rates achieved on a SNEAM.

We demonstrate a full-field modulator for encoding independent waveforms onto wavelength separated inputs without demultiplexing. The modulator uses phase-only modulation and dispersive filtering for temporal reshaping and has no theoretical losses. Simultaneous modulation of three wavelengths with independent random 1% roll-off data patterns is experimentally verified.

International audience; In this Letter, the authors report on the design, optimisation and electrical measurements of a new fully integrated multiplexing selector fabricated in 0.7-mu m indium phosphide (InP) double-heterojunction bipolar transistor technology. All parts of the circuit were optimised to obtain 200-Gbit/s class of operation. They present electrical performances at 140 and to a record speed of 212 Gbit/s, highlighting their respective measurement challenges. The power consumption of the circuit is 0.5 and 0.8 W for a differential output amplitude of 240 and 730 mV, respectively. This selector has been successfully used as modulator driver in optical transmission experiments up to 204 Gbit/s.

We present theoretically lossless optical arbitrary waveform generation based on time-domain multi-plane light conversion, with alternating phase modulation and dispersion. We demonstrate the concept by implementing Nyquist shaped QPSK and OOK using phase modulation only.