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We investigate the effect of Incentivized Gradual Retirement plans (GRPs) on employment. GRPs encourage later retirement of older workers by offering a reduction in working hours with only a limited decrease in net earnings and pension accrual. A second policy aim is that municipalities use this freed up capacity to hire more young employees. We exploit variation in the availability of GRPs between Dutch municipalities to identify its employment effects. We find that GRPs increase labor supply for older civil servants by almost 7 full-time weeks on a yearly basis. We do not find an increase in the hiring of young workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ubiquitous digitalization combined with recent crises has increased the drive to develop new virtual tourism (VT) offerings. However, the factors influencing end-users' adoption, participation and, most crucially, their readiness to pay have yet to be sufficiently investigated. In the paper, we test behavioral intentions regarding VT experiences and their actual use. We integrate the extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) with perceptions of travel risk, past behavior and measurement of actual behavior – the decision to participate and pay for a VT experience. Data were collected from 660 participants, half of whom were offered the virtual tourism experience for free and the other half for a payment. The results show a strong overall intention to use virtual tourism and that the UTAUT2 extended precedents predict it well. Still, once the user is asked to pay for the virtual experience, actual participation rates drop significantly, and strong behavioral intentions are not good predictors of actual behavior. While free virtual tourism experiences might see wide use, ones that are paid for must be carefully crafted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that research aiming to understand or change human behavior must measure real behavior, not just behavioral intentions, to draw valid conclusions. The work highlights the well-established gap between people's intentions and behavior across various tourism and hospitality contexts. Methodologically, we encourage authors not to rely on behavioral intentions and instead measure real behavior. We provide an overview of methods available to capture real behavior either automatically or manually in tourism contexts. The article also introduces a special issue in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism that showcases the measurement of real environmentally significant tourist behavior using diverse methods, such as biometric techniques, big data analytics, field observations, and experiments. We conclude by discussing five issues that prevent studies form drawing causal conclusions about behavior, namely, (i) reliance on behavioral intentions; (ii) a sample that does not reflect the population of interest; (iii) errors in measuring latent psychological constructs; (iv) consumer hypocrisy and social desirability bias; and (v) situational factors and habits. By advocating for a transition towards measuring real behavior, the article and the special issue aim to increase the validity and impact of research seeking to understand human behavior and drive effective behavior change for addressing global challenges. Highlights: Much tourism research aims to understand or change behavior. Yet, behavior is not routinely measured, limiting the validity of findings. This article discusses the many possible approaches to capturing real behavior. This article outlines the most valid research design to study behavior (change). This article introduces the special issue on measuring real behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Climate change and global warming, driven by CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption, are critical issues. In Malaysia, while the energy mix is sustainable, the industry and transportation sectors heavily rely on fossil fuels. To address this, energy conservation is essential to modify behaviors and reduce energy usage, as reliance on conventional energy sources is no longer viable. This study aims to determine the current energy conservation practices among Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) students and investigate the relationship between these practices and students' energy conservation perspectives. Focusing on UUM students from academic session A221 (semesters 1 to 7), researchers used quantitative methods, distributing a questionnaire via Google Forms on social media and gathering responses from 377 students. Data analysis using SPSS revealed that the mean attitude score of 31.87 is higher than the levels of awareness, energy conservation knowledge, and subjective norms, indicating that attitude significantly influences students' perspectives on energy conservation. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between awareness levels, energy conservation knowledge, attitudes, and subjective norms. Based on these findings, energy-saving intervention strategies are proposed for student accommodations. The government is urged to implement educational programs and campaigns to enhance awareness and promote energy conservation practices among students. The study highlights the importance of attitudes in shaping energy conservation behaviors and the need for comprehensive educational efforts to foster sustainable practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the determinants affecting the adoption behavior of eCourier services and to establish a moderating role of resistance to change between behavioral intention and actual usage behavior. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through a survey questionnaire that was distributed to the eCourier users. A total of 260 collected data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling. Findings – The results of the study demonstrate that all the factors considered for the study have a significant impact on the adoption of eCourier except social influence and customer service. The results also confirm that there is no moderating effect of resistance to change in the relationship between behavioral intention and actual usage. Practical implications – This research provides theoretical contribution by extending the practical knowledge focusing on the adoption intention of eCourier, and actual usage behavior using Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model—a pertinent and unresearched topic in the existing literature that presents a number of potential avenues for further study. Originality/value – This study provides a general understanding of consumers in underdeveloped nations and advances earlier research on the usage of e-commerce in the courier sector.

Consumer minimalism has emerged as a significant trend influencing purchasing decisions in the evolving landscape of consumer behavior. However, minimalism is well acknowledged across various disciplines, very limitedly explored in tourism literature, especially in the context of shared services in the tourism industry. Based on this knowledge gap, this study proposes an integrative theoretical framework using the value-attitude-behavior theory and the theory of planned behavior to investigate the impact of minimalism on the purchase behavior of shared services. The data collected from 454 tourists with previous experience using sharing economy-based services implies that consumer minimalism profoundly influences purchase behaviors within shared services. Furthermore, Regional brand identity significantly impacts the relationship between consumer minimalism and behavioral intention. The results add substantially to the existing knowledge in the value-attitude-behavior theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The results will also help tourism managers and marketers frame policies to meet tourists' backgrounds and value systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to review the effect of discount framing, brand reputation, purchase intention, and actual behavior based on online food delivery applications during the COVID-19 pandemic. The population, in this study are users of online food delivery applications throughout Indonesia, with the unit of analysis being the individual. Sampling in this study used the purposive method, namely respondents who filled out online questionnaires with total of 119. The data analysis technique in this study used SEM-AMOS version 23. The results showed that discount framing had a positive effect on brand reputation and purchase intention, brand reputation has a positive effect on purchase intention, and purchase intention has a positive effect on actual behavior. The implications of the results of this study for application owners are to know the effect of discount framing, brand reputation, and purchase intention so that they can take strategies and policies related to these matters. For application, users are to be able to use applications that provide discount framing according to their needs.

In the initial days of the COVID-19 pandemic, the most effective way to minimize the COVID risk was maintaining ‘social distancing.’ In places, where vaccinations are still not easily accessible, this is still the most valid preventive measure. This work investigated whether attitude, subjective norm, behavioral control, behavioral intention to social distancing (SD) and actual maintenance of social distancing using the theory of planned behavior framework. The present study applied a deductive reasoning approach to applying the SPSS tool for quantitative techniques. Three hundred thirty-one people participated in a self-administered survey, which was utilized to gather data. The study found significant correlations among attitude to SD, subjective norms, behavioral control of SD, intention to SD and actual social distancing. In logistic regression analysis, behavioral control and intention to social distance profoundly affect the actual use of social distancing except for attitude and subjective norms. Given the data, the TPB model's goodness of fit and accuracy indices based on log-linear ratio, Cox and Snell's and Nagelkerke's R2 is 22.47%, 26.69%, and 35.64%, respectively. The insights generated will help public health policymakers in improving attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioral intentions to enhance social distancing in epidemic crises.

It was not long ago when technological emergence fundamentally changed the landscape of global businesses. Following that, business operations started shifting away from traditional to advance digitalized processes. These digitalized processes gave a further boost to the e-commerce industry, making the online environment more competitive. Despite the growing trend, there has always been a consumer market that is not involved in online shopping, and this gap is huge when it comes to consumers from developing countries, specifically Pakistan. On contrary, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has brought drastic changes to the way consumers used to form their intention and behave toward digitalized solutions in pre COVID-19 times. Evidence shows that the global e-commerce industry has touched phenomenal growth during COVID-19, whereas Pakistan’s e-commerce industry still holds a huge potential and has not fully boomed yet. These facts pave new avenues for marketers to cater to this consumer market for long-term growth. Hence, the study provides insights into how consumers’ online buying behavior has transformed during the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of Pakistan. The study presents a framework based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Furthermore, the moderating role of gender and payment mode has also been examined. For the analysis of variables, the partial least squares (PLS) method was used to conduct structural equation modeling (SEM) by collecting data from 266 respondents. The results show a significant and positive impact of perceived benefits, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, and social influence on consumers’ intention, but they also show an insignificant impact of gender and payment mode as a moderating variable on PEOU-BI and BI-AB, respectively. The results are of utmost significance for Pakistani businesses, marketers, and e-traders to streamline their business practices accordingly. Lastly, the proposed framework demonstrates new directions for future research to work upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was not long ago when technological emergence fundamentally changed the landscape of global businesses. Following that, business operations started shifting away from traditional to advance digitalized processes. These digitalized processes gave a further boost to the e-commerce industry, making the online environment more competitive. Despite the growing trend, there has always been a consumer market that is not involved in online shopping, and this gap is huge when it comes to consumers from developing countries, specifically Pakistan. On contrary, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has brought drastic changes to the way consumers used to form their intention and behave toward digitalized solutions in pre COVID-19 times. Evidence shows that the global e-commerce industry has touched phenomenal growth during COVID-19, whereas Pakistan's e-commerce industry still holds a huge potential and has not fully boomed yet. These facts pave new avenues for marketers to cater to this consumer market for long-term growth. Hence, the study provides insights into how consumers' online buying behavior has transformed during the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of Pakistan. The study presents a framework based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Furthermore, the moderating role of gender and payment mode has also been examined. For the analysis of variables, the partial least squares (PLS) method was used to conduct structural equation modeling (SEM) by collecting data from 266 respondents. The results show a significant and positive impact of perceived benefits, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, and social influence on consumers' intention, but they also show an insignificant impact of gender and payment mode as a moderating variable on PEOU-BI and BI-AB, respectively. The results are of utmost significance for Pakistani businesses, marketers, and e-traders to streamline their business practices accordingly. Lastly, the proposed framework demonstrates new directions for future research to work upon.

Despite the recent successful establishment of systematic land registration programs in some African countries including Ethiopia, updating the land registers has become a growing concern. However, there is limited empirical evidence about whether landholders' behavior is driving the lack of updating land registers in Ethiopia. Using the theory of planned behavior, this study examines the factors that influence landholders' behavior of formalizing rural land transactions in Ethiopia. Primary and secondary data were collected using surveys, key informant interviews, and a literature review. A total of 206 respondents participated in the survey from the Basona Worena district of the Amhara region, central Ethiopia. A structural equation model and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the survey data and supplemented by qualitative findings. The study findings revealed that landholders' attitudes and subjective norms have positively and significantly influenced their intentions to formalize land transactions. However, perceived behavioral control has a negative and insignificant influence. The predictive relevance of the research model is significant and indicates strong intentions to formalize but less actual behavior. This behavior can influence the currency of the information in the land register in the near future and degrade the functions and sustainability of the land registration system in Ethiopia. The study findings recommended facilitating the behavioral changes of landholders to transform their strong intentions into actual practice. Policymakers should develop and implement an innovative information value creation strategy including landholder-oriented services that incentivize the formalization of land transactions and helps landholders overcome hurdles created by subjective norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Bisnis Airlangga (JRABA) is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BackgroundVaccines have contributed to the decline in mortality, morbidity, and even the eradication of various infectious diseases. Over time, the availability of information to the public and the request for public involvement in the health decision-making process have risen, and the confidence in vaccines has dropped. An increasing number of parents and individuals are choosing to delay or refuse vaccines.Objectives(1) Identifying hesitant attitudes among pro-vaccination parents; (2) testing the difference between the rate of hesitant attitudes and the rate of hesitancy in practice among pro-vaccination parents; and (3) examining the association of sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, marital status education and religious affiliation) with the difference between hesitant attitudes and hesitancy in practice among pro-vaccination parents.MethodsDescriptive cross-sectional survey using an online survey that measured vaccine hesitancy among pro-vaccination parents (n = 558) whose children were in kindergarten (3–5 years), according to a variety of sociodemographic characteristics.ResultsA significant difference was found between the rate of hesitant attitudes and the rate of hesitation in actual vaccination among pro-vaccination and hesitant parents, where despite that 26% of the parents had hesitant attitudes, only 19% hesitated in practice [P = 0.0003]. There was also a significant difference between the rate of hesitant attitudes and the rate of hesitancy in practice among women [P = 0.0056] and men [P = 0.0158], parents between 30 and 39 years of age [P = 0.0008], traditional parents [P = 0.0093], Non-academic parents [P = 0.0007] and parents with BA degree [P = 0.0474].ConclusionPro-vaccination individuals may have hesitant attitudes regarding vaccines. Therefore, it is very important for health authorities to address the public's fears and concerns, including those who are classified as pro-vaccination.

This paper investigates the perspective of students in the undergraduate Management program of a Brazilian public university regarding the notion of sustainability. It was articulated the stakeholder theory with the body of knowledge of sustainability, ethics and managers’ education. As to method, a quantitative survey was carried out with data collected through triangulation with questionnaire application and documentary research. Data collected via questionnaire application were underwent to statistical analysis. The research sample reached 233 students (30.98% of the population size) from all terms and morning and evening shifts of the course. The synthesis of results reveals that, according to the respondents’ perspective, the notion of sustainability, which entails an equitable treatment of the economic, social-cultural, and environmental dimensions, remains only in the field of discourse (expected behavior), and does not manifest in practice (actual behavior). Evidence indicates that the economic dimension prevails over the others, especially when the shareholder profitability and the survival of the organization are the objects of investigation. Results refer to reflections on the process of managers’ education, especially because there is evidence that the profit-targeted, Cartesian educational model still prevails over the logic of a sustainability-targeted education.

It was investigated the opinion of students in the Accountancy undergraduate program regarding the notion of sustainability. Theoretically, the concepts of sustainability, morals and ethics and the accountant educational and professional training were articulated. A survey was carried out and data collection involved the triangulation by combining the application of a questionnaire and documentary research. The sample consisted of 285 students (36.12% of the population size) of all periods and shifts of the course. The results reveal that the notion of sustainability predominant in the literature, which presupposes the equitable treatment of the economic, social and environmental dimensions, is not shared by the respondents. Contrariwise, it was observed the prevalence of the economic dimension in relation to the other dimensions. In part, this prevalence is anchored in the opportunist and utilitarian logic that permeates the accountant education. The results point to the need of rethinking the current education model towards a sustainable logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To address the limitations of self-report measures, we developed the Pro-Environmental Behavior Task (PEBT) as a computerized paradigm for the assessment of actual pro-environmental behavior under controlled laboratory conditions. On each PEBT trial, participants can either choose the faster car option, which causes a series of lights to be illuminated, or they can save the associated energy by choosing the bicycle option at the expense of spending more time in the laboratory. In two pre-registered studies (both N  = 120), we showed that the proportion of environmentally friendly PEBT choices is a valid and reliable measure of pro-environmental behavior. PEBT choices were consistent across trials, correlated to conceptually relevant variables, and sensitive to conceptually relevant manipulations. These effects were replicable and independent of the labelling of PEBT options. Our findings highlight the psychometric quality and utility of the PEBT as a paradigm that can open new avenues for research on pro-environmental behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous research, pro-environmental behavior (PEB) was almost exclusively aligned with in-group cooperation. However, PEB and in-group cooperation can also be mutually exclusive or directly conflict. To provide first evidence on behavior in these situations, the present work develops the Greater Good Game (GGG), a social dilemma paradigm with a selfish, a cooperative, and a pro-environmental choice option. In Study 1, the GGG and a corresponding measurement model were experimentally validated using different payoff structures. Results show that in-group cooperation is the dominant behavior in a situation of mutual exclusiveness, whereas selfish behavior becomes more dominant in a situation of conflict. Study 2 examined personality influences on choices in the GGG. High Honesty-Humility was associated with less selfishness, whereas Openness was not associated with more PEB. Results corroborate the paradigm as a valid instrument for investigating the conflict between in-group cooperation and PEB and provide first insights into personality influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors explored how a technology model captured the factors that motivated and demotivated students to accept a new learning management system in online supply chain courses at an accredited public American university. Technology resistance is a well-known social science problem that results in reduced performance in business although it has rarely been examined in higher education. A new LMS is mandatory technology that is necessary to use in order to perform well in online global supply chain management courses. The authors drew a sample of graduating supply chain management students to explore this problem because these participants represent the next generation of employees who are likely to work with mandatory technology. The authors argue that it is important to study management students because their technology acceptance motivations will generalize to the future supply chain workforce. If decision makers could understand why management students resist new software, then they could develop strategies to address the critical success factors in hopes that organizational performance might be increased. The design was statistically powerful according to social research standards because the authors examined actual behavior by measuring grade as the dependent variable instead of relying on behavioral intent (BI) which is a subjective perceptional factor because participants are generally asked to self-report this through a survey. In keeping with published empirical literature the authors determined that perceived usefulness predicted BI using multiple regression. In contrary to the existing literature, they did not find that perceived resources (PR) was causally related to actual performance, although they did observe through regression that BI could be forecasted from PR. Their regression model indicated that perceived ease of use (PEOU) was not related to BI but in regression they found PEOU significantly impacted actual performance. These were two contradictory findings that PU impacted BI but not actual performance yet PR and PEOU predicted actual performance but not BI. Another unique departure from the empirical literature was that Computer Self Efficacy (CSE), Perceptions of External Control (PEC), and Computer Anxiety (CANX) were not related to either BI or actual performance. An interesting finding was that perceived enjoyment was strongly related to both BI and actual performance, although the perceptions were opposite between intention versus actual behavior. Multiple regression revealed that lower perceptions of enjoyment was significantly linked to BI while strong perceptions of enjoyment predicted actual performance. Although the authors were certain that peer influence would impact BI and actual performance, in their sample they did not find any support for subjective norm pressure on BI or actual performance. In a similar breakthrough they determined that job relevance and output quality were not causally linked to BI or actual performance. Another statistically significant finding was that positive perceptions of voluntariness were causally related to BI through multiple regression tests and also positively related to actual performance based on hierarchical regression. The authors determined that results demonstrability was causally related to BI from their multiple regression tests but interestingly it was not related to actual performance. The authors extensively discuss the above findings in their conclusions and provide many recommendations for future research. Finally, another valuable contribution the authors made to the scholarly community of practice through this study was to develop large effect-size parsimonious models with very few required factors that captured 56% of the variance on BI and 49% of the variance on actual performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article profiles consumers based on their attitude toward different practices of responsible tourism, the extent to which they behave consistently with these attitudes, and, finally, the behavioral change they need to make to adopt those practices. Qualitative research informed the development of the quantitative study of a sample of Italian tourists self-selected as being responsible. Factor analysis identified the underpinning dimensions of what is meant by responsible tourism, and these factors were used to profile the respondents. The results of cluster analysis identified three different clusters with different levels of commitment and, especially, consistency between attitude and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Electronic-commerce has become an important channel for conducting business. Researchers as well as market executives are trying to better understand online consumer behavior. One model used by researchers to understand behavior in the information systems field in general is the technology acceptance model (TAM). The TAM variables are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intentions. In this study, we suggest the extension of the TAM for its application in the E-commerce field. The original TAM will be extended, by adding four predictor variables. The four predictor variables are process satisfaction, outcome satisfaction, expectations, and E-commerce use. In addition, the TAM will be extended by measuring actual behavior as opposed to measuring intentions as a substitute for actual behavior in previous TAM application studies. We suggest measuring actual use variable in terms of four criterion variables, namely, purchase, access number, access total time, and access average time. The extended TAM is expected to better explain actual behavior in E-commerce environments than the original TAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Demand (attendance) forecasts are often based on respondents' intentions to attend an event or purchase a product. People, however, do not always act on their intentions; an intention–behavior gap exists. Limited research to date in the tourism realm has addressed this gap; that is, what proportion of visit intentions is actually realized. In this respect, this study investigates the intention–behavior gap based on a national survey using a quota sampling method (N = 2015) in the realm of visiting the 2012 Yeosu Expo. Results reveal that approximately 50% of the respondents who had intentions to visit the Expo actually visited the Expo. The stronger the intentions are to visit the Expo, the larger the percentage of respondents who acted on their intentions. Results contribute to potentially obtaining more accurate forecasts of attendance to mega events and how various factors influence the intention–behavior gap. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mixed findings have been reported in the literature on the effectiveness of menu labeling in assisting consumers to make informed purchase decisions when eating out. Therefore, this study examined factors that influenced consumers' intentions to use menu labeling and whether these intentions influenced caloric purchases relative to actual caloric needs. While other researchers have assessed impacts of menu labeling on total calories purchased, our study assessed the impact relative to caloric needs, therein recognizing that each consumer has different caloric needs. An extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) incorporating health consciousness served as the theoretical underpinning. The TPB addresses reasons why an individual takes action on a certain behavior; in the case of this research, that behavior was purchasing food. Food purchases were further operationalized using the calorie content of foods and comparing that number of calories to caloric needs. Two-step structural equation modeling was used to analyze 316 surveys from restaurant consumers. Results indicated that attitudes, subjective norms, and health consciousness positively influenced intentions to use menu labeling. Intentions to use menu labeling also significantly influenced actual purchase behaviors (measured as the difference between caloric purchases and caloric needs). Overall, the current research findings provide novel insights for researchers to further explore the role of menu labeling on purchase behavior by using the TPB model with integration of health consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present a behavioral process model of personality that specifies explicit and implicit aspects of the self-concept of personality as predictors of actual behavior. An extensive behavioral study (N = 130) including a variety of relevant social situations was conducted. This approach allowed reliable measurement of more than 50 behavioral indicators. A priori assignment of indicators to the Big Five dimensions was conducted on the basis of theory and expert ratings. In line with the authors' model, 3 main findings were revealed: First, direct measures (questionnaires) of personality predicted actual behavior for all Big Five dimensions. Second, indirect measures (implicit association tests) of neuroticism and extraversion also predicted actual behavior. Third, the predictive validity of these indirect measures was incremental. The authors were additionally able to show that controlling for valence did not affect any of these results. Implications and future prospects for the study of personality and actual behavior are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]