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Despite the great diversity of bats (64 species) in the State of Acre, northwestern Brazil, there are no studies on occurrence and diversity of Bartonella spp. in bats in this region. The present study investigated the occurrence and molecular identity of Bartonella spp. in spleen samples (n = 271) from bats of 30 different species from this region, within the Amazon biome. Twenty-one out of 208 (10.1%) samples positive in the PCR for the mammalian gapdh endogenous genes were positive in the qPCR for Bartonella spp. based on the nuoG gene. The two gltA Bartonella genotypes detected grouped with those previously identified in bats from other locations, expanding the diversity of genotypes associated with bats. This study provided the first molecular evidence of the presence of Bartonella spp. in bats in the state of Acre and in bats of the species Lophostoma silvicolum, Vampyressa thyone, Tonatia saurophila and Phyllostomus elongatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Geometric earthworks are evidence of ancient human activity in western Brazilian Amazonia. We used a review of existing and new data to map earthworks across 27,569 km2 of deforested areas in southwestern Amazonia using satellite imagery. We developed a conceptual basis for the classification of earthworks based on their structural characteristics using fuzzy sets. We recorded 1,279 structures with a distinctive core density zone. Most of the structures displayed geometric shapes, but they varied in construction accuracy. Geoglyphs accounted for 80% of all objects, with geographically variable shapes and enclosure areas. Other earthwork types included associated embankments, solitary embankments and mound sites. The abundance of earthworks provided evidence of strong pre-European human influence on the study area. A 10-km buffer around each earthwork included 75% of recent deforestation areas and 25.7% of standing forest, suggesting a significant potential for the presence of further earthworks in this ancient anthropogenic landscape and its possible far-reaching ecological legacy. The available radiocarbon data confirm a long-term anthropogenic impact in the study area, with ceremonial geoglyphs indicating activities over a thousand years old and other structures revealing more recent cultural transformations.

Two new species of Bromelia L. (Bromelioideae, Bromeliaceae) endemic to the Amazon are described, increasing to 16 the number of species recorded from the Brazilian part of the biome. Bromelia longipedicelata is characterized by a lax inflorescence emerging from the leaf rosette, primary bracts ovate with entire margins, floral bracts linear‐lanceolate, shorter than the pedicel, flower 5.8–8 cm long, sepals elliptic and rounded, and petals ca. 60 mm long. Bromelia stellata has a floccose leaf sheath, inflorescence embedded in the leaf rosette, floral bract linear and completely tomentose, sepal linear‐elliptic, asymmetric, lepidote to pannose, and apex acute‐attenuate. Detailed descriptions, comparisons with similar species, illustrations, and comments on their etymologies, distributions, habitats, conservation status, and morphology are provided. An identification key to the Bromelia species of the Brazilian Amazonia is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Linguagens, Educação e Sociedade (LES) is the property of Revista Linguagens, Educacao e Sociedade (LES) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wood basic density (WD) plays a crucial role in estimating forest biomass; moreover, improving wood-density estimates is needed to reduce uncertainties in the estimates of tropical forest biomass and carbon stocks. Understanding variations in this density along the tree trunk and its impact on biomass estimates is underexplored in the literature. In this study, the vertical variability of WD was assessed along the stems of large trees that had a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 50 cm from a dense ombrophilous forest on terra firme (unflooded uplands) in Acre, Brazil. A total of 224 trees were sampled, including 20 species, classified by wood type. The average WD along the stem was determined by the ratio of oven-dry mass to saturated volume. Five models were tested, including linear and nonlinear ones, to fit equations for WD, selecting the best model. The variation among species was notable, ranging from 0.288 g cm−3 (Ceiba pentandra, L., Gaertn) to 0.825 g cm−3 (Handroanthus serratifolius, Vahl., S. Grose), with an average of 0.560 g cm−3 (±0.164, standard deviation). Significant variation was observed among individuals, such as in Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (H. ex D.), which ranged from 0.305 to 0.655 g cm−3. WD was classified as low (≤0.40 g cm−3), medium (0.41–0.60 g cm−3), and high (≥0.61 g cm−3). The variability in WD along the stem differs by wood type. In trees with low-density wood, density shows irregular variation but tends to increase along the stem, whereas it decreases in species with medium- and high-density wood. The variation in WD along the stem can lead to underestimations or overestimations, not only in individual trees and species but also in total stocks when estimating forest biomass. Not considering this systematic bias results in significant errors, especially in extrapolations to vast areas, such as the Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No Brasil, a Agricultura Familiar tem exibido uma dinâmica de diversificação das fontes de rendimentos, de tal modo que, ao lado do trabalho agropecuário, tem crescido o número de estabelecimentos com renda proveniente do trabalho não agropecuário e do não trabalho. Diante disso, o presente tem como objetivo analisar as diferentes fontes de rendimentos da agricultura familiar acreana. A metodologia adota uma abordagem descritiva dos dados do Censo Agropecuário de 2017, obtidos partir do Sistema de Recuperação Automática do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (SIDRA/IBGE). Os resultados mostram que a agricultura familiar acreana tem 64,9% de sua renda proveniente das atividades internas ao estabelecimento e 26,2% do trabalho não agropecuário e do não trabalho.

Abstract The Amazon floodplain is home to an extremely high diversity of fish, with lakes playing an important role in the establishment of this biological richness. These lacustrine environments are subject to constant fluctuations caused by the annual flood pulse, with local factors and other regional patterns also contributing to the variation in fish community structure. The present study verified how local (depth and transparency of the water, the size and species composition of the macrophyte stands) and regional factors (spatial distribution of the stands and the hydrological phase) influence the structure of the fish community of the floodplain lakes of the Môa River, in northern Brazil. Fish species richness was influenced by the depth of the water and the spatial distribution of the macrophyte stands. Fish species composition was influenced by local environmental variables, spatial structure, and the hydrological phase. However, variation partitioning indicated that only the hydrological phase explained the variation in fish composition. These findings indicate that the local environment, the spatial structure, and the hydrological phase drive changes in the structure of the fish communities associated with aquatic macrophytes in the floodplain lakes of the Amazon basin.

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The income of brazilian Family Farming (AF) is currently characterized by the strong participation of non-agricultural work income sources and non-work income, a dynamic also noticeable in the state of Acre. In light of this, the present study aims to analyze the total income of Acrean family farming. The methodology adopts a descriptive approach to the data from the 2017 Agricultural Census, obtained through the Automatic Recovery System (SIDRA) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results indicate that 64.9% of Acrean family farm total income comes from activities within the establishment (agricultural work), 2.3% from other sources of revenue, and 32.9% from pensions, pensions, and revenue obtained outside the family production unit (non-agricultural work and non-work). There is thus a strong heterogeneity within Acrean family farming, a scenario already observed in the more developed Brazilian regions. This implies the need to broaden the scope of public policies, as the demands that emerge in today's rural areas are no longer restricted to income and agricultural work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente artigo é uma investigação que aborda a reocupação dos territórios indígenas que dariam origem ao futuro estado do Acre, Brasil, entre 1869 e 1955. Os vales dos rios Juruá, Tarauacá-Envira e Purus são os cenários enfocados, onde seus povos originários serão investigados para entender como lidaram com os problemas dessa reocupação, a saber as correrias, as reduções catequéticas e as doenças estranhas ao seu meio ambiente. As fontes primárias levantadas são oriundas dos jornais de época, relatórios governamentais e pesquisas contemporâneas ao período abordado. Secundariamente, bibliografias especializadas são trazidas para a análise. O resultado é uma narrativa analítica que procura sistematizar os problemas enfrentados pelos indígenas, sobretudo com o avanço dos seringais em suas terras.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes isolated from soils in the Brazilian Amazon. Soil samples were collected for the isolation of actinomycetes. The actinomycetes were grown in submerged culture and the metabolites extracted in ethyl acetate. The well diffusion method was used to verify the antimicrobial activity of isolated actinomycetes against test microorganisms. The microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts against the test microorganisms. Bioautography was used to verify the bioactive compound of the extracts. The biomass and active metabolites were determined. 219 actinomycetes were isolated from Amazonian soils, organized into 153 morphospecies. The most frequent genus were Streptomyces (48.85%) and Nocardia (20.09%). Of the 153 extracts analyzed, 12 (7.84%) had antimicrobial activity, 9 against Gram positive bacteria and 5 against Candida albicans. The MICs of the extracts with activity ranged from 15 to 250 ug/mL. The bioautography method showed that the extracts from Streptomyces 3323 HEX, Streptomyces 3098 DCM, Streptomyces 3333 DCM and Streptomyces 3333 EtOAc generally had an active substance, and that they are different from commercial antimicrobials produced by actinomycetes. Therefore, the actinomycetes from these areas can contribute to the discovery of new antibiotics and the fight against resistant pathogens.

Abstract The international Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) initiative works to recover global climate history and build an accessible databank, with data from the past 250 years of terrestrial and marine surface. Argentina is part of that effort with ACRE Argentina recovering data from various sources that have been recorded throughout the country since the 19th century. In this paper, weather observations transcribed from the original records into digital form and taken every day during the years 1860–1879 at Bahía Blanca and from 1873–1886 at Corrientes are presented. The digitization was carried out through the project Meteorologum ad Extremum Terrae (MET) launched in the Zooniverse interface, which is currently working with near 900 citizen scientist volunteers per day. The present analysis corresponds to data retrieved from the collection ‘Anales de la Oficina Meteorológica Argentina’ and contains information on atmospheric pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, cloud types, wind direction, wind speed, rainfall and weather remarks. For the present analysis, only temperature and pressure values, measured in °C and mm of Hg, respectively, were considered, after a quality control of the digitization process was applied. Data values were tested and used to rebuild the time series of both places and correlation with SOI index and monthly pressure values for both places was tested using Spearman correlation. Results show that the influence of El Niño episode during 1877–1878 can be found in the pressure values at Corrientes.

The discovery of the unpublished will of a Venetian merchant, Marco Zeno, notarized in Tripoli in 1278 (a deed published in the Appendix of the present paper), offers the opportunity to re-examine the presence of the lagoon merchants in that city, from the earliest evidence to the end of the fourteenth century. During the period of the crusades, the Venetians mainly frequented Acre and Tyre but were also active in Tripoli. After the fall of the city in 1289, we have no further evidence of the presence of the Venetians, who only reappeared there in the 1360s, following the profound restructuring of Venice's trade towards the Levant that took place during that century. After 1360, Damascus became increasingly important as a market for cotton, silk and spices, overtaking Tabriz. This opened a new route for Venetian merchants, with Beirut as its terminus. The other ports on the Syrian-Palestinian coast were also frequented by them in that period, albeit as secondary destinations; and among them the role of Beirut's most important subsidiary port was played precisely by Tripoli, as demonstrated by the rich unpublished documentation relating to the last thirty-five years of the century presented and discussed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a list of references and citations from various sources related to topics such as international trade, economic development, and logistics in Brazil and the Amazon region. The sources cover a range of subjects, including the impact of the BRICS bloc on international economic challenges, the integration of Brazil and Peru through physical infrastructure, the role of the state of Acre in foreign trade, and the potential benefits and challenges of the Abunã Bridge in Rondônia. The document also includes references to studies on qualitative and quantitative research methods, as well as the political and economic context of Brazil. [Extracted from the article]

This article looks at the impact of harsh environmental conditions on the development of the Zionist narrative and the pursuit of Jewish urban settlement in Arab cities, specifically Acre. While overcoming adversity was part of the Zionist farming ethos, settling in areas that were environmentally challenging was one of the factors that kept the Zionist establishment from acknowledging or supporting urban Jewish settlement in Arab towns. In fact, the openly professed ideology of settling in such locations and creating mixed cities was implemented only in the few cases where an economic or political incentive existed. These incentives aside, environmental issues like swampy land and seasonal flooding were major inhibiting factors, not only affecting the scope of Jewish settlement but also the way they were addressed in the Zionist narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O artigo a seguir elabora uma análise narrativa sobre as contribuições dos soldados de baixa patente nas lutas pela incorporação do Acre ao Brasil entre 1902 e 1904, dando atenção a três temas: o alistamento, as contribuições de mulheres e crianças e, por último, o esquecimento que pairou sobre eles na hora de receberem benefícios do Estado. Os documentos primários da pesquisa compõem-se de 248 fichas de seringueiros e trabalhadores menos graduados que foram convocados ou não para as lutas e que hoje estão guardadas no acervo Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Acre, pertencente ao Centro de Documentação e Informação Histórica do Museu Universitário, da Universidade Federal do Acre, na coleção Documentos Históricos. Essas fichas contêm relatos dessas pessoas, que contam como participaram dos levantes armados contra o Peru e Bolívia nos vales do Purus e Acre respectivamente. Como suporte secundário foram acionadas determinadas fontes e bibliografias, que deram suporte à construção do texto. Palavras-chave: Incorporação; Acre; Brasil; soldados; baixa patente.

This paper introduces the main characteristics of a variety of Acre Arabic spoken by local residents in Acre today. The description provided is based on new evidence gathered in 2016–17 through interviews with various people, particularly older people, who grew up in Acre. Throughout the paper I discuss a number of distinctive phonological, morphological and syntactical features and compare them to Palestinian Arabic, especially Galilean Arabic, and also to Old Damascene Arabic and Egyptian Arabic. While some features occur in Palestinian Arabic but under different circumstances, other features do not occur in Palestinian Arabic, but are characteristic of Syrian Arabic and/or Egyptian Arabic dialects. Features of the dialect that are unique to Acre are presented, along with some speculations on how the linguistic evidence reflects the history of the city. Finally, a transcribed and translated text is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) initiative works to recover global climate history and build an accessible databank, with data from the past 250 years of terrestrial and marine surface. Argentina is part of that effort with ACRE Argentina recovering data from various sources that have been recorded throughout the country since the 19th century. In this paper, weather observations transcribed from the original records into digital form and taken every day during the years 1860–1879 at Bahía Blanca and from 1873–1886 at Corrientes are presented. The digitization was carried out through the project Meteorologum ad Extremum Terrae (MET) launched in the Zooniverse interface, which is currently working with near 900 citizen scientist volunteers per day. The present analysis corresponds to data retrieved from the collection 'Anales de la Oficina Meteorológica Argentina' and contains information on atmospheric pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, cloud types, wind direction, wind speed, rainfall and weather remarks. For the present analysis, only temperature and pressure values, measured in °C and mm of Hg, respectively, were considered, after a quality control of the digitization process was applied. Data values were tested and used to rebuild the time series of both places and correlation with SOI index and monthly pressure values for both places was tested using Spearman correlation. Results show that the influence of El Niño episode during 1877–1878 can be found in the pressure values at Corrientes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Amazon biome has a great diversity of bat species. In the state of Acre, Brazil, there is an estimated occurrence of 64 bat species with the species of the genus Artibeus as one of the most abundant. Despite their abundance and widespread distribution within the biome, the helminth fauna from Amazonian bats is still poorly known. In this way, the objective of this study is to describe a new species of cestode from the genus Vampirolepis found in A. lituratus, collected at the Parque Estadual do Chandless, a natural preserved area, located in the Purus River Basin, Southwest Amazon, the state of Acre. The new species of Vampirolepis is distinguished from the others by the number and size of hooks, testes disposition, size of the cirrus sac, ovaries and internal and external seminal vesicles. Additionally, molecular study showed that this forms a paraphyletic clade with Vampirolepis elongatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the account of travels in Palestine by one of the most controversial travel writers in early nineteenth century Britain, James Silk Buckingham, whose life, career, and writings sparked a political storm. Buckingham criticised British imperial and missionary activities in the East through his journalism and travel books which reached large audiences. He was the first writer in nineteenth century Britain to use a travel narrative about Palestine as a medium to develop and express liberal, anti-colonial attitudes at a time when Britain's imperial stock in the Middle East was on the rise. While in Palestine, Buckingham uncovered evidence that confirmed and justified his liberal views. He exposed the hypocrisy of missionary activities and undermined the rising calls in Britain for restoring the Jews. He did not call for possessing the land and reconstituting it anew; nor did he see it, as his countryman the Earl of Shaftesbury did, as an empty land needing the restoration of its original Jewish possessors. Yet the fact that he saw the land as a repository of religious fanaticism to which all religions contributed indicate his limited understanding of the diverse communities of Palestine. As this article shows, Palestine, in Buckingham's travelogue, constituted a test case, a laboratory for testing anti-colonial and liberal ideals rather than a land of invested identities and ways of life of equal worth to those in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rare Hellenistic lead scale weight was retrieved from a Hellenistic-period accumulation layer (L121) excavated behind the moat counterscarp wall in the 'Akko Ottoman fortifications (see Gosker, this volume).2 The well-preserved 'Akko Moat weight sheds new light on the iconography and metrology of a series of weights, as it is similar to a lead weight of the same series found underwater offshore from 'Atlit (Finkielsztejn 2016), and it exhibits some similar features to two other lead weights--one from an excavation at the 'Akko Post Office, and the other from the Moussaief Collection. The 'Akko Moat weight is described here, followed by a description of the three other weights, and a discussion on the dating and the metrology of the weights and the series, 3 and their historical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small salvage excavation in 'Akko exposed the remains of a previously unknown ravelin outwork in the counterscarp of the Ottoman-period fortifications--a previously unknown military feature--which cut through earlier Crusader and Hellenistic layers. Ravelins are known components of city fortifications in Europe from the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, continuing in use in the nineteenth century. In 'Akko, it seems that the construction of the ravelin was not completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A expansão acentuada das reentradas no sistema penitenciário acriano indica que o reeducando, por algum motivo, não conseguem se dissociar das atividades criminais. Tornando a taxa de reincidência crescente no período de 2010 a 2015. Neste contexto, tem-se o seguinte problema: quais os determinantes da reentrada penitenciária no município de Rio Branco - Acre? De forma geral, busca identificar os principais fatores que influenciam a reentrada no sistema penitenciário. O modelo analítico utilizado foi o modelo logit de escolha binária estimado pelo método de máxima verossimilhança. A pesquisa identificou que o sexo, estado civil, inserção no crime na adolescência e residir em bairros violentos contribui de forma decisiva para reincidência. Por sua vez, carteira assinada em conjunto com cursos profissionalizantes contribuem para reduzir a propensão a reincidência penitenciária.

The sharp expansion of reentry in the Acrian penitentiary system indicates that re-educating for some reason cannot dissociate themselves from criminal activities. Increasing the recurrence rate from 2010 to 2015. In this context, we have the following problem: what are the determinants of penitentiary reentry in the municipality of Rio Branco - Acre? In general, it seeks to identify the main factors that influence reentry into the penitentiary system. The analytical model used was the binary choice logit model estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The research identified that gender, marital status, insertion in adolescent crime and living in violent neighborhoods contribute decisively to recidivism. In turn, a portfolio signed in conjunction with vocational courses help to reduce the propensity for recidivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is a public health problem in Brazil. This study aims at analyzing the number of cases and the Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of malaria in Brazil, which was calculated using the number of cases and the population data. Special attention was placed on the State of Acre within the time interval between 2003 and 2017. 4,647,102 malaria cases were registered in the Brazilian Legal Amazon between 2003 and 2017, which represents 99.99% of the total number of national cases. The API of malaria decreased in the Brazilian Legal Amazon over that period. Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, and Acre were the States with the highest number of occurrences. Among these States, only Acre showed an increasing trend in the number of cases in 2017 when compared to the infection cases reported in 2003. Three municipalities of this State, Cruzeiro do Sul, Mâncio Lima and Rodrigues Alves, represented most of the total number of cases from the State and had an increase in the number of cases in the period. Transmission does not occur homogeneously in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. This study is important for the analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution of the malaria occurrences at Acre.

This article examines the formative impact of environmental conditions on spatial policies in the Palestine of the British Mandate government. The article focuses on the Bay area extending from Acre to Haifa, whose southern part was a centre of Mandatory and Zionist economic and urban development, while its northern part, the city of Acre and its environs, was a target of limited urban development and attention from the Mandatory authorities. Moving away from common national dichotomies in the study of modern Palestine's history, this article identifies the environmental conditions and conflicting interests pursued by the various agencies that played key roles in the Mandatory government's urban and rural development policy considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The length-weight relationship (LWR) was estimated for six fish species of the order Characiformes: Curimatella meyeri, Hoplias malabaricus, Potamorhina altamazonica, Potamorhina latior, Pygocentrus nattereri, Schizodon fasciatus, collected from oxbow lakes on the floodplain of the middle Purus River in western Brazilian Amazonia. The specimens were collected in January, May, and September 2012, during both diurnal and nocturnal periods. Allometric coefficients (b) for the studied species ranged between 2.98 and 3.34. The correlation coefficients for the LWR (r²) ranged between 0.954 and 0.993. The data presented here provide important insights for the development of effective measures for the conservation and management of the study species.

Copyright of Gestão e Regionalidade is the property of Universidade Municipal de Sao Caetano do Sul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The length-weight relationship (LWR) was estimated for six fish species of the order Characiformes: Curimatella meyeri, Hoplias malabaricus, Potamorhina altamazonica, Potamorhina latior,Pygocentrus nattereri, Schizodon fasciatus, collected from oxbow lakes on the floodplain of the middle Purus River in western Brazilian Amazonia. The specimens were collected in January, May, and September 2012, during both diurnal and nocturnal periods. Allometric coefficients (b) for the studied species ranged between 2.98 and 3.34. The correlation coefficients for the LWR (r²) ranged between 0.954 and 0.993. The data presented here provide important insights for the development of effective measures for the conservation and management of the study species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Muiraquitã: Revista de Letras e Humanidades is the property of Muiraquita and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents the results from a research that analysed the teaching practices of history and afro-brazilian and african culture. It aims at understanding how teachers and school staff from four public schools in Rio Branco, State of Acre, Brazil, implemented the policy regarding the theme addressed by the law n. 10.639/2003. Focal groups were conducted with teachers and school staff. The results point out that the actions taken by teachers and school management members are influenced by their beliefs concerning race, racism, racial discrimination, local historic education and multiple heritage. Their actions mediate the importance of the implementation of a school curriculum and policies towards the teaching of history and Afro-Brazilian and african culture. The denial of racial discrimination becomes one of the mechanisms for non-implementing the prescriptions for teaching history and Afro-Brazilian and African culture.

Acre is a port city in the north-western part of Israel, with a history that goes back more than 4000 years. Being inscribed on the World Heritage List, the Old City of Acre preserves the urban and architectural elements of a historic town. Its outstanding value relies on the Crusader remnants preserved under the Ottoman city, showcasing the dynamism and continuous change of Mediterranean port cities. Moreover, the presence of various religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Bahai, adds to its complexity, expressed as monuments and religious sites that enrichen Acre’s cultural heritage. The dramatic change in values over the past decades has a direct impact on the built environment and the citizen’s lifestyles, in some cases jeopardising the physical elements and drastically influencing people’s lives. This paper aims to analyse the changes linked to the sea: livelihoods, tourism, and recreational use; and the change of use of the khan, as both the sea and the khan are constant elements in the city. The analysis of these processes serves as the starting point to identify changes in values which can enhance development or promote gentrification, and in the case of Khan Al-Umdan and its vicinity, we aim to recognise the lights and shadows that followed the adaptive reuse evaluation procedure, and the influence of the multiple narratives in its development. The conclusions will provide a solid base on which to develop a methodology on the one hand, identify changing processes, such as gentrification; and on the other, to evaluate adaptive reuse alternatives of cultural heritage in contested societies and changing values.

Most of the basal area in Amazon forest is in large trees, many of which are species of interest for forest management. In forest management these trees are divided into the commercial bole that is harvested for wood production and the stump and crown that are left in the forest where they decompose and emit CO2 over a period of years. Part of the commercial bole is converted to wood products that store carbon according to their durability. The quantification of these components is difficult due to their size, especially in the case of the crown, which causes uncertainties in the estimates of biomass and carbon. Our study estimated the aboveground biomass and carbon of 223 trees and subsequently fit allometric equations to these estimates. Aboveground biomass was calculated from stem volume, wood density and a biomass expansion factor, while total carbon stock estimates used carbon content determined in the laboratory. Linear models (log-transformed) were tested to derive the best-fit allometric model for total aboveground biomass and carbon. The best-fit allometric models used squared tree diameter, tree height, and wood density for biomass, whereas the best carbon model also used carbon content. Our models were more efficient in estimating biomass than were frequently used regional and pan-tropical models. Our equations allow reducing the errors in estimates of forest biomass and carbon stocks, in addition to allowing estimation of the amount of carbon emitted after harvest, although the other models also had good fits and can be used according to the criteria of each researcher and the availability of data.

The world is undergoing dramatic change in its social and physical environments, resulting in cultural confrontation and conflict. Rapid urban growth, displacement, and gentrification increase urban pressure while jeopardising social cohesion, multicultural values, and local economies. In addition, environmental factors associated with climate change challenge how our cities respond and adapt, prompting the need for urban centre regeneration to confront the urban century challenges (Sassen, 2011). However, adaptation to these changes is also a source of conflict, as urban policies lack citizen engagement in the redefinition of public space, resulting in more disagreement and inefficient use of resources. One way to respond to this ongoing crisis is adaptive reuse, repurposing an underused system for a new use. This process can enhance positive environmental impacts, encourage social and participatory processes, and promote economic dynamism through culture. However, the success of such an intervention will depend on the underlying approach. The paper aims to explore how Jem Bendell’s ambitious four-pronged Deep Adaptation strategy (Bendell, 2018) combined with the cultural resilience approach can result in adaptive reuse processes that act as development catalysers and peace-building mechanisms.

A proposta da resenha é apresentar a obra “Acre, Formas de Olhar e de Narrar: Natureza e História nas Ausências”, do escritor, professor e pesquisador Francisco Bento da Silva. O livro é o resultado do estágio de pós- doutoramento no curso de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e foi, pensado e produzido entre agosto de 2019 até meados de 2020. No texto, o autor propõe desenvolver debates a respeito da historiografia, da natureza e dos imaginários que permeiam a história do Acre. Utilizando-se Para isso, utiliza-se de fontes documentais como: jornais, relatórios da época e referenciais teóricos dos mais diversos campos do conhecimento. Com isso, o autor propõe diálogos que buscam novos modos de narrar e de olhar o Acre.

O livro de Carlos Alberto Alves de Souza, denominado Aquirianas: mulheres da floresta na história do Acre, editorado pelo Instituto de Pesquisa, Ensino e de Estudos da Cultura Amazônicas - ENVIRA, 2010, aborda uma proposta audaciosa – dentro das várias possíveis – de uma escrita da História das Mulheres na Amazônia. O autor é Carlos Alberto Alves de Souza, formado em História pela Universidade Federal do Acre, com Doutorado em História pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, sendo o primeiro Professor Titular da área de História do Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Ufac, foi presidente da Associação Brasileira de História Oral de 2004 a 2006, além de fazer parte da Academia Acreana de Letras, possui obras sobre a História do Acre que se inspiram na História Social Inglesa – notadamente em Thompson e Hobsbawm - e por um diálogo interdisciplinar com os espaços e geografias amazônidas.

The Amazon biome has a great diversity of bat species. In the state of Acre, Brazil, there is an estimated occurrence of 64 bat species with the species of the genus Artibeus as one of the most abundant. Despite their abundance and widespread distribution within the biome, the helminth fauna from Amazonian bats is still poorly known. In this way, the objective of this study is to describe a new species of cestode from the genus Vampirolepis found in A. lituratus, collected at the Parque Estadual do Chandless, a natural preserved area, located in the Purus River Basin, Southwest Amazon, the state of Acre. The new species of Vampirolepis is distinguished from the others by the number and size of hooks, testes disposition, size of the cirrus sac, ovaries and internal and external seminal vesicles. Additionally, molecular study showed that this forms a paraphyletic clade with Vampirolepis elongatus.

The objective of the paper is to provide an analysis of the role of supportive institutions in fostering entrepreneurial access to rural development policies (RDP) in Italy, namely dedicated measures for boosting farm investments. Access to RDP is considered the outcome of either the farmer's individual disposal or a supportive environment mediated by actors conducive to rural entrepreneurship (ACRE). An empirical analysis has been carried out based on a survey of farms enrolled in the most important Italian farmers' organization, Coldiretti. Quantitative analysis has been integrated through direct interviews with expert witnesses with the purpose of exploring how the farmer organization acts as a supportive institution and how permeability of farmers may differ on the one hand, on the basis of personal and business characteristics of the farm and on the other hand, in the institutional context of raising transaction costs in accessing RDP. The results confirm the fundamental role of ACRE in performing entrepreneurial access to RDP, but, at the same time, it calls for renewed tools to remove the barriers impeding access to RDP, above all for small-sized farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the ways in which religion(s) and religious groups are increasingly contributing to changes in the politics of planning of cities and challenge the hierarchical modern planning order. Following the notion of heterarchy as suggesting a diversity of relationships among elements in a system, the argument is made that the religious-cum-ethnic component is becoming part of an urban habitus that influences and redefines modern urban planning. Taking the case of a recently developed gentrified religious Jewish neighborhood in Acre, a multi-ethnic and multi-religious town in northern Israel, the article follows the ways in which urban planning is being shaped by three interrelated processes: the production of space driven by forms of capitalism intertwined with local heterarchical projects of space and power; a set of social struggles over urban space; and the framing of religious and ethnic urban identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was carried out in order to create the Turkish version of the Anaesthesia Case Report (ACRE) criteria, to increase the quality of perioperative case reports in the field of anaesthesiology and reanimation and to establish a standard in this field. Methods: These criterias were translated into Turkish independently by authors and then a draft was determined.In order to ensure language equivalence, the adapted checklist was checked by an expert translator and the final version was created by making necessary corrections. Then, 20 case reports published between 2016 and 2021, indexed in the Turkish Medical Index, were examined by two independent specialists in the field of anaesthesiology and reanimation. Finally, inter-rater agreement was evaluated using the Bland-Altman method by calculating the intra-class correlation coefficient (CCT) and agreement percentages. Results: The case report studies analyzed as a result of the evaluations made differed in the reporting frequency of the criteria. Although CCT values varied between 0.484 and 0.905, the agreement between anaesthesiology and reanimation specialists was statistically significant (p<0.05). According to the Bland- Altman chart, agreement was found between the raters. Conclusion: Although ACRE criteria are rarely required for the review of perioperative case reports, there is solid evidence that standardized reporting guidelines improve the reporting quality of studies. It is thought that ACRE will bring a measurable standard status to case reports, and it will be beneficial and guide for researchers who will work in the field of anaesthesiology and reanimation in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper draws on the theoretical methodological proposal of a Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) corpus to be developed under the scope of the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) Inventory in the region of Rio Branco municipality, in the State of Acre project. First, we address some issues regarding corpus definitions and characteristics, some aspects of Libras, and documentation of sign languages. Second, we address the methodology used in gathering, transcription and analysis of data from Brazilian Sign Language Inventory focusing on the Region of Rio Branco – Acre, shedding light on the contributions of the gathered data to identification, recognition, valuing, and documentation of the Brazilian Sign Language in use in the State of Acre. Keywords: Inventory; Brazilian Sign Language (Libras); Rio Branco; Acre. Resumo: Este artigo se baseia na proposta teórico-metodológica de um corpus de Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) a ser desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto Inventário de Língua Brasileira de Sinais na Região do município de Rio Branco, no estado do Acre. Em primeiro lugar, abordamos algumas questões relativas às definições e às características do corpus, alguns aspectos da Libras e documentação das línguas de sinais. Em segundo lugar, abordamos a metodologia utilizada na coleta, transcrição e análise de dados do Inventário Brasileiro de Língua de Sinais com foco na Região de Rio Branco – Acre, destacando as contribuições dos dados coletados para identificação, reconhecimento, valorização e documentação da Língua Brasileira de Sinais em uso no Estado do Acre. Palavras-chave: Inventário; Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras); Rio Branco; Acre.

Toponymy, a discipline that studies place names, is one of the branches of Onomastics: science responsible for the study of proper names. This study aims to trace a profile of toponyms of indigenous origin in the rural area of Acre, analyzing toponymic motivations related to fauna, flora and hydrography in Acrean geographic features. This corpus – collected in the maps provided by IBGE, with a scale of 1: 250,000 and 1:1,000,000 – was based on the theoretical-methodological proposal by Dick (1990, 1992), especially regarding the taxonomic model, composed of 27 taxa, subdivided into physical and cultural categories, and as to the catalogue and storage of toponymic database (DICK, 2004). The results revealed that, out of 392 toponyms, 74% are names linked to physical and geographic characteristics, 20% concerning cultural factors and 6% were unclassified. The research showed that toponymic motivation is mainly based on flora, fauna and hydrography predominantly from Tupi language origin.

The molluscan fauna of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia is poorly known due to the lack of focused collection areas in the region since the early 20th century. The present study provides an inventory of the terrestrial gastropods from a forest fragment in the eastern Acre state, Brazil: the Humaitá Forest Reserve (“Reserva Florestal Humaitá”). Live specimens and empty shells were collected between August 2018 and January 2019. A total of 20 species were identified, distributed in 11 families. Most (13) of these species were recorded in Acre for the first time. Furthermore, we confirm the occurrence of Systrophia helicycloides (d’Orbigny, 1835) in Brazil, reiterate the synonymy of Plekocheilus pentadinus (d’Orbigny, 1835) with P. floccosus (Spix in Wagner, 1827), and synonymize Solaropsis peruviana Haas, 1951 with S. juruana Ihering, 1905.

Introduction: the prison system in the Brazilian state of Acre, located in the Western region of the Amazon, is a branch of the criminal justice system that has been suffering from issues such as overcrowding and growth in internal organized crime. The prevalence of these matters directly affects the resocialization of prisoners and inhibits the successful re-engineering of their social values and beliefs. Objective: to analyze the epidemiological profile of jailed women in the State of Acre, Brazil. Methods: in a cross-sectional descriptive study, 129 participants were recruited from female penitentiaries in the state of Acre. Conducted between August and December of 2017, data was collected through a validated questionnaire, divided into modules, using both open and closed-ended items. Results: we found that most women who participated in the study were single (n = 86, 66.7%), had brown skin (n = 93, 72.1%), had children (n=102, 79.1%), resided in the state of Acre (n=117, 90.5%). The mean age of the sample was 27.69 years. Among those participants who reported having partners (n = 40, 31%), we found that half had partners who were also incarcerated (n = 20, 50%). The study results also indicate that drug trafficking (n = 86, 66.7%) was the major cause for female incarceration, followed by homicide crime (n = 16, 12.4%). Over half of the participants were in prison for the first time (n = 75, 58.1%), with a high recidivism rate observed in the total sample (n = 54, 41.9%). A majority of the participants (n = 97, 75.2%) kept in touch with members of their families and a smaller portion (n = 15, 11.6%) received conjugal visits. With regard to social activities, slightly more than half (n = 75, 58.1%) worked and the majority (n = 114, 88.4%) did not study while jailed. Conclusion: the difficulties associated with accessing inmate data and the lack of peer-reviewed studies on inmate health in Brazil suggests that the public policies recommended by the PNSSP and the National Policy for Comprehensive Health Care for Women should be reevaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsistence hunting is the main source of protein for forest reserve dwellers, contributing to the development of spurious infections by Calodium hepaticum, frequently associated with the consumption of the liver from wild mammals. The prevalence of infections by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and intestinal protozoa is considered an indicator of the social vulnerability of a country, besides providing information on habits, customs and quality of life of a given population. Intestinal parasites mostly affect poor rural communities with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This study reports the results of a parasitological survey carried out in 2017 and 2019, in two municipalities (Xapuri and Sena Madureira) in Acre State. Stool samples were collected from 276 inhabitants. Upon receipt, each sample was divided into two aliquots. Fresh samples without preservative were processed and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. Samples fixed in 10% formalin were processed by the spontaneous sedimentation and the centrifugal sedimentation techniques. Calodium hepaticum eggs were found in three stool samples. The overall STH prevalence was 44.9%. The hookworm prevalence (19.2%) was higher than that of Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.7%), an unexpected finding for municipalities belonging to the Western Brazilian Amazon. When considering parasites transmitted via the fecal-oral route, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli showed the highest positivity rates, of 13% and 10.9%, respectively. This study is the first report of spurious infection by C. hepaticum among forest reserve dwellers that consume undercooked liver of lowland pacas. Additionally, this is the first report of Blastocystis sp. in Acre State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]