Search

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in distillers dried grains with solubles derived from corn (C-DDGS), sorghum (S-DDGS), and triticale (T-DDGS) fed to growing pigs. A total of 16 barrows [initial body weight (BW) = 23.1 ± 2.03 kg] surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were divided into four groups based on BW and assigned to a quadruplicated 4 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with four dietary treatments and two experimental periods. Three diets containing C-DDGS, S-DDGS, or T-DDGS, as well as a nitrogen-free diet, were fed in each experimental period consisting of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Pigs fed S-DDGS had less (P

The objective of this study was to characterise the nutritional potential of leaves and identify a diversity centre with low cyanide and high nutrient content among 178 Latin American cassava genotypes. This field‐based collection, represents the seven diversity centres, held at The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT Palmira, Colombia) by the Cassava Program. The cyanide, all‐trans‐β‐carotene and lutein concentrations in cassava leaves ranged from 346 ‐ 7484 ppm dry basis (db), from 174‐547 μg.g‐1 db and 15 ‐ 181 μg · g‐1 db respectively. Cassava leaves also showed significant levels of essential amino acids leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, valine and threonine, and average total protein content of 26.24 g · 100g‐1 db. Among seven diversity centres, South American rainforest group showed low cyanide and high carotene content in leaves. In addition, VEN77 and PAN51 genotypes stood out for having low cyanide in leaves and roots and high carotene in leaves. This genetic diversity can be used to select high potential progenitors for breeding purposes.

International audience; The protein requirement is generally defined as the amount necessary to maintain the body's protein pool. However, under free choice conditions, animal models often ingest more protein than required for nitrogen balance (10 %–15 %). This behavior possibly reflects the search for a high protein-to-carbohydrate ratio (0.6–0.8), inducing metabolic benefits. This indicates that in addition to protein homeostasis, dietary proteins are also involved in energy homeostasis. The mechanisms controlling protein and energy intake are partly independent and in specific conditions, there may be a conflict between the two. Protein density in the human diet has decreased ∼ 2 % since the 1970s and, according to the protein leverage hypothesis, this decrease may be involved in the increase in energy intake and prevalence of obesity observed today.; Le besoin en protéines est en général défini comme la quantité nécessaire pour le maintien du pool de protéines corporelles, or dans des conditions de libre choix, les modèles animaux ingèrent souvent plus de protéines que nécessaire pour l’équilibre azoté (10 %–15 %). Ce comportement semble refléter la recherche d’un rapport protéines/glucides élevé (0,6–0,8), induisant des bénéfices métaboliques. Cela indique qu’en plus de l’homéostasie des protéines, les protéines alimentaires sont impliquées dans l’homéostasie énergétique. Les mécanismes contrôlant l’apport protéique et énergétique sont en partie indépendants et dans des conditions spécifiques, il peut y avoir un conflit entre les deux. La densité des protéines dans l’alimentation humaine a diminué d’environ 2 % depuis les années 1970 et, selon l’hypothèse de l’effet de levier des protéines, cette diminution pourrait contribuer à l’augmentation de l’apport énergétique et de la prévalence de l’obésité observées aujourd’hui.

Les interactions impliquant les bactéries lactiques (BL), responsables des propriétés sanitaires, organoleptiques et santé des produits fermentés, sont souvent étudiées en association avec des levures ou des bactéries propioniques dans divers produits alimentaires fermentés et les mécanismes de leurs interactions sont assez bien caractérisés. En ce qui concerne les interactions entre BL, elles ont principalement été étudiées pour tester des interactions antagonistes. Comprendre comment les BL peuvent interagir positivement serait utile dans de multiples domaines liés à l'alimentation, comme la production de produits fermentés aux propriétés fonctionnelles améliorées ou la fermentation de nouvelles matrices alimentaires. Les dépendances nutritionnelles, notamment celles vis-à-vis des sources d'azote, régissent de nombreuses interactions positives microbiennes. De telles interactions positives ont déjà été étudiées entre les BL du yaourt. Cependant, elles n'ont jamais été exploitées pour créer des co-cultures de BL issues de biotopes différents. L'objectif de cette étude était de favoriser les interactions positives entre BL, basées sur les dépendances aux sources d’azote dans les co-cultures pour augmenter les taux d'acidification, la consommation de sucres comme le raffinose et la production de composés volatils. La stratégie consistait à exploiter les activités protéolytiques et les auxotrophies des acides aminés des BL. Un milieu chimiquement définia été développé pour permettre spécifiquement la croissance des six souches de BL utilisées, trois protéolytiques et trois non protéolytiques. Chacune des souches protéolytiques, Enterococcus faecalis CIRM-BIA2412, Lactococcus lactis NCDO2125 et CIRM-BIA244, a été cultivée avec chacune des souches de BL non protéolytiques : L. lactis NCDO2111, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CIRM-BIA465 et CIRM-BIA1524. La croissancebactérienne a été suivie à l'aide de chambres compartimentées pour comparer la croissance en mono- et co-cultures. Chaque souche protéolytique a induit différents types d'interactions 2 : fortement positives avec E. faecalis CIRM-BIA2412, faiblement positives avec L. lactis NCDO2125, ou nulles avec L. lactis CIRM-BIA244. En co-cultures directes, les interactions ont conduit à des taux d'acidification plus rapides, à un pH final plus bas, à une utilisationplus élevée du raffinose et à des concentrations plus élevées en cinq composés volatils, pouvant donner des arômes intéressants. Les fortes interactions étaient associées à des concentrations plus élevées en tryptophane, valine, phénylalanine, leucine, isoleucine et en peptides. Une analyse peptidomique a permis d’identifier les acides aminés hydrophobes et à chaîne ramifiée comme essentiels dans ces interactions. Cette étude donne un nouvel aperçu des mécanismes régissant les interactions entre BL et offre des solutions pour améliorer ou concevoir des ferments lactiques.

Economic assessment of feed restriction or amino-acid deficiency during the pig fattening period The profitability of pig farms is influenced greatly by feed efficiency and carcass grading. The aim of this study was to assess the economic impact of two feeding strategies during the fattening period, compared to that of a control (T), which was ad libitum feeding with no amino-acid deficiency. The first strategy was ad libitum feeding with a three-phase sequence limited in amino acids (CA). The second strategy was restricted feeding at 85% of the ad libitum without amino-acid deficiency (RA). Each of the three feeding strategies was applied to 48 gilts and 48 barrows. Technical performances were estimated using a general linear model. Then, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was standardized to the range of 30-120 kg. The lean meat percentage (LMP) was standardized to 120 kg. These criteria were input into a simulator (GT-DIRECT, "Calculate" module) to assess the economic feeding margin of each strategy. Two extreme economic contexts were considered using two assumptions for fattening feed price (HIGH and LOW). The CA margin was lower than that of T, by € 3.4 and € 5.6 per pig produced for the LOW and HIGH feed price contexts, respectively. The predominant effect was that of feed price, which penalized feed cost due to an FCR higher by 0.18 units. The RA margin was also lower than that of T, by € 0.7 and € 2.8 per pig produced for the LOW and HIGH feed price contexts, respectively. The higher FCR (+0.17 kg/kg) induced an increase in feed cost which was compensated only partially by the increase in output due to the better LMP ratio (+1.5 percentage point). Thus, meeting amino-acid needs and mastering feed restriction remain essential., La rentabilité des élevages de porcs est très dépendante de l’efficacité alimentaire des animaux et du classement des carcasses, impactant leur rémunération. Un des objectifs du projet SCANALI (2018-2021) est de quantifier l’impact de plusieurs stratégies alimentaires sur les performances technico-économiques des porcs. Cette étude vise à évaluer l’incidence d’un rationnement alimentaire ou d’une carence en acides aminés pendant la phase d’engraissement sur le résultat économique de l’élevage.

With a long-term nutrition goal for healthy aging, the aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability of amino acids, in particular the leucine, after the ingestion of two solid and isocaloric dairy products (cheese) based either on whey or on caseins, by using pig as an in vivo digestion model. The whey-based cheese contained 25% more leucine than Mozzarella, however its digestion by pigs resulted in a concentration of postprandial plasma leucine between 2 h and 5 h30 twice higher than that produced during the digestion of Mozzarella. Noting that the dry matter of the duodenal effluents were similar after each of the two cheese meals, differences in gastric emptying would not explain the difference in leucine bioavailability. These results suggest the possibility of stimulating more efficiently the muscle synthesis in elderly people with cheese based on whey proteins rather than those based on caseins.

This thesis reports on the adsorption of two amino acids (AA) with different properties, Leucine and Glutamic acid, on the amorphous silica surface. It exemplifies a general approach to hybrid systems that combines experimental information and molecular modeling in order to characterize at the molecular level the interaction of organic molecules with adsorption sites on the surface of inorganic minerals. State-of-the-art spectroscopic techniques, chiefly IR spectroscopy and solid-state NMR, were used to gather information on the functional groups of the amino acids and the way they were modified by the adsorption. In conjunction with macroscopic characterization techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), which allowed the identification of the parameters that govern surface speciation chiefly the activity of water as well as the competition between site adsorption and precipitation as a separate crystal phase. For both amino acids, experimental data indicate that adsorption involves the formation of specific H-bonds with groups of surface silanols. DFT modeling showed that stable H-bonded adducts can indeed be formed involving silanols, one amino acid molecule and several molecules of water – anhydrous models did not correspond to the experimental observations, especially regarding the observed prevalence of zwitterions. Theoretical values of NMR chemical shifts were calculated and corresponded quite well with the experimental values, once again favouring microsolvated models. Amide formation occurred at moderate temperatures. When adsorbed alone, Glu mostly converted to the cyclic form, pyroGlutamic acid, while Leu was mostly transformed to the cyclic dimer, cyclo(Leu-Leu). Both forms may be considered as “dead ends”. In contrast, when they were adsorbed together on the silica surface, they gave rise to the formation of linear oligopeptides that may be considered as a first step towards the emergence of proteins.; Cette thèse porte sur l'adsorption de deux acides aminés aux propriétés différentes, la leucine et l'acide glutamique, sur la surface de la silice amorphe. Une combinaison d'informations expérimentales et de modélisation moléculaire a été entreprise afin de caractériser au niveau moléculaire l'interaction des molécules organiques avec les sites d'adsorption à la surface des minéraux inorganiques. Des techniques spectroscopiques de pointe, principalement la spectroscopie IR et la RMN à l'état solide, ont été utilisées pour recueillir des informations sur les groupes fonctionnels des acides aminés. En conjonction avec des techniques de caractérisation macroscopique telles que la diffraction des rayons X et l'analyse thermogravimétrique, qui ont permis d'identifier les paramètres qui régissent la spéciation de surface principalement l'activité de l'eau et la compétition entre l'adsorption et la précipitation du site. Pour les deux acides aminés, les données expérimentales indiquent que l'adsorption implique la formation de liaisons H spécifiques avec des groupes de silanols de surface. La modélisation DFT a montré que des adduits stables à liaison H peuvent en effet se former, impliquant des silanols, une molécule d'acide aminé et plusieurs molécules d'eau - les modèles anhydres ne correspondaient pas aux observations expérimentales. Les valeurs théoriques des déplacements chimiques RMN ont été calculées et correspondaient assez bien aux valeurs expérimentales, favorisant les modèles microsolvés. La formation d'amide s'est produite à des températures modérées. Lorsqu'il était adsorbé seul, Glu se convertissait principalement en la forme cyclique, l'acide pyroGlu, tandis que Leu était principalement transformé en dimère cyclique. En revanche, lorsqu'ils étaient adsorbés ensemble à la surface de la silice, ils ont donné lieu à la formation d'oligopeptides linéaires qui peuvent être considérés comme une première étape vers l'émergence de protéines.

International audience; The protein requirement is generally defined as the amount necessary to maintain the body's protein pool. However, under free choice conditions, animal models often ingest more protein than required for nitrogen balance (10 %–15 %). This behavior possibly reflects the search for a high protein-to-carbohydrate ratio (0.6–0.8), inducing metabolic benefits. This indicates that in addition to protein homeostasis, dietary proteins are also involved in energy homeostasis. The mechanisms controlling protein and energy intake are partly independent and in specific conditions, there may be a conflict between the two. Protein density in the human diet has decreased ∼ 2 % since the 1970s and, according to the protein leverage hypothesis, this decrease may be involved in the increase in energy intake and prevalence of obesity observed today.; Le besoin en protéines est en général défini comme la quantité nécessaire pour le maintien du pool de protéines corporelles, or dans des conditions de libre choix, les modèles animaux ingèrent souvent plus de protéines que nécessaire pour l’équilibre azoté (10 %–15 %). Ce comportement semble refléter la recherche d’un rapport protéines/glucides élevé (0,6–0,8), induisant des bénéfices métaboliques. Cela indique qu’en plus de l’homéostasie des protéines, les protéines alimentaires sont impliquées dans l’homéostasie énergétique. Les mécanismes contrôlant l’apport protéique et énergétique sont en partie indépendants et dans des conditions spécifiques, il peut y avoir un conflit entre les deux. La densité des protéines dans l’alimentation humaine a diminué d’environ 2 % depuis les années 1970 et, selon l’hypothèse de l’effet de levier des protéines, cette diminution pourrait contribuer à l’augmentation de l’apport énergétique et de la prévalence de l’obésité observées aujourd’hui.

Protein quality (PQ) is the capacity of a protein to meet the amino acid (AA) requirements of an individual. There are several methodologies for determining the PQ of foods. The protein efficiency ratio is an animal growth bioassay. The protein-digestibility-corrected AA score considers the AA requirements of a reference population, and the true nitrogen digestibility coefficient for each ingredient. The digestible indispensable AA score is based on true ileal AA digestibility and better represents bioavailability of AAs. In vitro techniques for assessment of PQ are available but require validation against a greater range of protein sources. Isotopic methods, such as the indicator AA oxidation and dual tracer techniques measure AA relative bioavailability and digestibility, respectively, but require sophisticated equipment, and may not be cost nor time effective for the industry to adopt. The present review discusses advantages and disadvantages of methodologies for determining PQ of food for humans focused on methods that are or could be adopted by regulatory agencies. Understanding the framework and resources available for PQ determination will help in the selection of appropriate methods depending on the application.Novelty Understanding the framework and resources available for PQ determination will help in the selection of appropriate methods depending on the application.

One of the most attractive aspect of the enantioselective organocatalysis is the simplicity and availability of catalytic species. Catalysts derived from amino acids or peptides take up a central place due to their efficiency in several reactions. Moreover, these catalysts are in general easy to obtain and their modularity make them particularly interesting. Nevertheless, there are some limitations like quite high catalytic rate and difficult recycling. The use of a soluble support would allow to overcome these complications by helping the recycling of the catalyst along while retaining its enantioselectivity. Therefore, we are interested in the synthesis of new di- and tripeptides, containing an amino acid which carries a histidine derived imidazolium group, previously developed by our laboratory and in their utilization in enantioselective catalysis. The ionic part will act as soluble support and will be immobilized in an ionic solvent to simplify the recycling of the catalyst. The first part of my thesis consists of the synthesis of small peptides on an ionic support derived from histidine. The formation of supported di- or tripeptides derivatives has been realized on the N- terminal position of the histidinium platform by using a classic peptidic coupling method. Thereby, we have synthesized two dipeptides bearing in the N-terminal position either the proline, largely used in organocatalysis, either the alanine to have a catalytic site which carries a primary amine, and a tripeptide which is consisted in the N-terminal position of proline bound to a achiral amino acid, glycine as a linker. The second part of this study is focused on the evaluation of the synthesized catalytic species with a model reaction: the enantioselective cross-aldol reaction. The two dipeptides bearing in the C- terminal position a free carboxylic acid turned out to be particularly interesting. The study of the reactivity of these two dipeptides has been realized in common organic solvents and in ionic liquids where these catalysts proved to be more efficient than in the organic solvents. The best results have been obtained with the dipeptide derivative containing proline. The development of the recycling of the supported catalyst has been carried out thanks to the use of a solvent non-miscible with the reaction medium allowing an easy extraction of the product of the reaction and the recycling of the whole of ionic solvent and supported catalyst.; Un des aspects les plus attractifs de l'organocatalyse énantiosélective est la relative simplicité et disponibilité des espèces catalytiques. Les catalyseurs dérivés d'acides aminés ou de peptides occupent une place centrale liée à leur efficacité dans de nombreuses réactions. De plus, ces catalyseurs sont généralement faciles d'accès et s'avèrent particulièrement intéressants du fait de leur modularité. Quelques limitations demeurent néanmoins, telles que des taux catalytiques souvent élevés et un recyclage souvent difficile. L'utilisation d'un support soluble permettrait de pallier ces difficultés en facilitant le recyclage du catalyseur tout en conservant son énantiosélectivité. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à l'élaboration de nouveaux di- et tripeptides incorporant un acide aminé porteur d'un groupe imidazolium dérivé de l'histidine, précédemment mis au point au laboratoire, et à leur exploitation en catalyse énantiosélective. La partie ionique jouera le rôle de support soluble, et sera immobilisée dans un solvant ionique afin de faciliter le recyclage du catalyseur. La première partie de ma thèse a consisté en l'élaboration de petits peptides supportés sur le support ionique dérivés de l'histidine. La formation de dérivés di- ou tripeptides supportés a été réalisé sur la position N-terminale de la plateforme histidinium en employant une méthode de couplage peptidique classique. Nous avons ainsi synthétisé deux dipeptides, comportant en position N-terminale soit la proline, largement employé en organocatalyse, soit l'alanine permettant d'avoir un site catalytique comportant une amine primaire et un tripeptide comportant également en position N-terminale, la proline liée avec un acide aminé non chiral, la glycine, comme espaceur. La deuxième partie de cette étude est consacrée à l'évaluation des espèces catalytiques synthétisées dans une réaction modèle : la réaction d'aldolisation croisée énantiosélective. Les deux dipeptides, comportant en position C-terminale un acide carboxylique libre, se sont avérées particulièrement intéressants. L'étude de la réactivité de ces deux dipeptides a été réalisée dans des solvants organiques usuels et dans des liquides ioniques où ces catalyseurs se sont révélés plus efficaces que dans les solvants organiques. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus avec le dérivé dipeptide contenant la proline. La mise au point du recyclage du catalyseur supporté a été réalisée grâce à l'utilisation d'un solvant non miscible avec le milieu réactionnel permettant l'extraction facile du produit de la réaction et le recyclage de l'ensemble solvant ionique / catalyseur supporté.

One of the most attractive aspect of the enantioselective organocatalysis is the simplicity and availability of catalytic species. Catalysts derived from amino acids or peptides take up a central place due to their efficiency in several reactions. Moreover, these catalysts are in general easy to obtain and their modularity make them particularly interesting. Nevertheless, there are some limitations like quite high catalytic rate and difficult recycling. The use of a soluble support would allow to overcome these complications by helping the recycling of the catalyst along while retaining its enantioselectivity. Therefore, we are interested in the synthesis of new di- and tripeptides, containing an amino acid which carries a histidine derived imidazolium group, previously developed by our laboratory and in their utilization in enantioselective catalysis. The ionic part will act as soluble support and will be immobilized in an ionic solvent to simplify the recycling of the catalyst. The first part of my thesis consists of the synthesis of small peptides on an ionic support derived from histidine. The formation of supported di- or tripeptides derivatives has been realized on the N- terminal position of the histidinium platform by using a classic peptidic coupling method. Thereby, we have synthesized two dipeptides bearing in the N-terminal position either the proline, largely used in organocatalysis, either the alanine to have a catalytic site which carries a primary amine, and a tripeptide which is consisted in the N-terminal position of proline bound to a achiral amino acid, glycine as a linker. The second part of this study is focused on the evaluation of the synthesized catalytic species with a model reaction: the enantioselective cross-aldol reaction. The two dipeptides bearing in the C- terminal position a free carboxylic acid turned out to be particularly interesting. The study of the reactivity of these two dipeptides has been realized in common organic solvents and in ionic liquids where these catalysts proved to be more efficient than in the organic solvents. The best results have been obtained with the dipeptide derivative containing proline. The development of the recycling of the supported catalyst has been carried out thanks to the use of a solvent non-miscible with the reaction medium allowing an easy extraction of the product of the reaction and the recycling of the whole of ionic solvent and supported catalyst.; Un des aspects les plus attractifs de l'organocatalyse énantiosélective est la relative simplicité et disponibilité des espèces catalytiques. Les catalyseurs dérivés d'acides aminés ou de peptides occupent une place centrale liée à leur efficacité dans de nombreuses réactions. De plus, ces catalyseurs sont généralement faciles d'accès et s'avèrent particulièrement intéressants du fait de leur modularité. Quelques limitations demeurent néanmoins, telles que des taux catalytiques souvent élevés et un recyclage souvent difficile. L'utilisation d'un support soluble permettrait de pallier ces difficultés en facilitant le recyclage du catalyseur tout en conservant son énantiosélectivité. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à l'élaboration de nouveaux di- et tripeptides incorporant un acide aminé porteur d'un groupe imidazolium dérivé de l'histidine, précédemment mis au point au laboratoire, et à leur exploitation en catalyse énantiosélective. La partie ionique jouera le rôle de support soluble, et sera immobilisée dans un solvant ionique afin de faciliter le recyclage du catalyseur. La première partie de ma thèse a consisté en l'élaboration de petits peptides supportés sur le support ionique dérivés de l'histidine. La formation de dérivés di- ou tripeptides supportés a été réalisé sur la position N-terminale de la plateforme histidinium en employant une méthode de couplage peptidique classique. Nous avons ainsi synthétisé deux dipeptides, comportant en position N-terminale soit la proline, largement employé en organocatalyse, soit l'alanine permettant d'avoir un site catalytique comportant une amine primaire et un tripeptide comportant également en position N-terminale, la proline liée avec un acide aminé non chiral, la glycine, comme espaceur. La deuxième partie de cette étude est consacrée à l'évaluation des espèces catalytiques synthétisées dans une réaction modèle : la réaction d'aldolisation croisée énantiosélective. Les deux dipeptides, comportant en position C-terminale un acide carboxylique libre, se sont avérées particulièrement intéressants. L'étude de la réactivité de ces deux dipeptides a été réalisée dans des solvants organiques usuels et dans des liquides ioniques où ces catalyseurs se sont révélés plus efficaces que dans les solvants organiques. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus avec le dérivé dipeptide contenant la proline. La mise au point du recyclage du catalyseur supporté a été réalisée grâce à l'utilisation d'un solvant non miscible avec le milieu réactionnel permettant l'extraction facile du produit de la réaction et le recyclage de l'ensemble solvant ionique / catalyseur supporté.

Purpose. A total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) deficient diet can affect the amino acid composition of skeletal muscles. However, it is unknown how the different muscle proteins are affected by the TSAA deficiency.Methods. The proteomic profiles of the fast-twitch glycolytic longissimus (LM) and the slow-twitch oxidative rhomboideus (RM) muscles were compared in 42-day-old piglets fed either a 28% deficient (TSAA-) or a sufficient (TSAA+) diet in TSAA for 10 days. Differentially regulated proteins were identified and submitted to Gene Ontology Pathways Analysis to identify biological processes affected by TSAA deficiency. Results. A total of 36 proteins in LM and 24 proteins in RM differed in abundance between the two dietary treatments. In both muscles, an increased oxidative energy metabolism was observed in TSAA- piglets. However, a greater mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate generated from glycolysis was observed in LM of TSAA- piglets, whereas fatty acid beta-oxidation and glycogen sparing were favored in RM. This suggests a muscle-specific reorientation of energy metabolism in response to a TSAA- deficiency. In both muscles, the protein abundance and enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase were increased in TSAA- piglets. Other enzymes involved in antioxidant defense, heat shock proteins coping with cellular stress, and annexins involved in the regulation of apoptosis were generally found to be more expressed in the LM of TSAA- piglets, with no or minor changes in RM. Conclusions. Skeletal muscle proteome in young growing piglets was modulated in a muscle-dependent manner by a deficient TSAA supply, with accentuated changes in fast-twitch glycolytic muscle.

Gowe is a very popular traditional fermented and non-alcoholic cereal beverage in Benin. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the physical-chemical properties, nutritional and anti-nutrient composition, microbiological safety and mycotoxin occurrence in the various types of gowe. Six to nine samples from four types of technologies were analyzed for the various aspects of quality. Proximate composition, physical properties (particle size, viscosity), nutritional (amino-acid profile) and anti-nutritional (tannin, phytate, and cyanide levels) properties of gowe resulting from the different traditional processes are quite similar except for the physical properties, the differences of which originate from the raw materials and the diverse cooking conditions. The main hazard of traditional gowe are potential mycotoxin contamination, and presence of cyanogenic compounds, which are linked to raw material contamination and the malting step, and occurrence of E. coli and Enterobacteriacae (gowe is free from other pathogens), linked to inappropriate handling and to the packaging material. The main defects are low α-amylase activity of malt linked to poor control of the malting process, low content of several essential amino-acids in the raw materials and which is deteriorated by the cooking step. Several potential solutions are discussed for paving the way for upgrading and re-engineering this process.

Introduction et but de l’étude: La pepsine, sécrétée dans l’estomac, est la première protéase rencontrée par les protéines alimentaires au cours de la digestion. L’estomac acidifie lentement les bols alimentaires et il a été montré que le pH gastrique a un impact majeur sur les cinétiques de protéolyse 1.En effet, il est généralement admis que la pepsine n’est active qu’à pH acide, pour pH ≤ 5, avec un maximum d’activité autour de pH 2 pour beaucoup de substrats 2.Elle est également représentée comme un diacide 3, ce qui semble vrai lorsqu’elle agit sur l’hémoglobine, substrat de référence pour mesurer son activité. Ce comportement en fonction du pH n’a pas été validé sur des mélanges de protéines alimentaires telles que les caséines, principales protéines du lait, ou les protéines du blanc d’œuf. L’objectif principal de cette étude est de comparer les profils d’activité de la pepsine en fonction du pH sur les caséines du lait de vache (CA) et les protéines du blanc d’œuf (BO).Matériel et méthodes: Les cinétiques d’hydrolyse de protéines de BO entier et de micelles de CA par la pepsine, à différents pH compris entre 1 et 8, ont été suivies au pH-stat pendant 2h, avec quantification du degré d’hydrolyse final (DH) par la méthode OPA. Les vitesses initiales ont été calculées à partir de ces cinétiques entre 0 et 5 minutes. Les concentrations en substrat et en pepsine étaient les mêmes pour chaque expérience, et l’environnement salin était celui du protocole INFOGEST 4. Les CA se présentent en structures supramoléculaires, les micelles, qui précipitent à pH acide. Une étape d’acidification à pH 4 des CA a permis d’étudier des suspensions d’agrégats tous formés dans les mêmes conditions. L’aspect et la taille de ces agrégats ont été observés par microscopie confocale et par morpho-granulométrie.Résultats et Analyse statistique: Les cinétiques d’hydrolyse obtenues suivent, dans leur majorité, des profils de type loi de puissance en fonction du temps. Pour les protéines de BO, le DH final est maximal à pH1 (14,4%) et diminue de manière linéaire en fonction du pH,jusqu’à atteindre des valeurs négligeables pour les pH ≥6. A l’inverse, les valeurs de DH finaux sur les CA ne sont pas significativement différentes sur la gamme de pH 1 à 5 (7,5 ± 1,4 %) puis diminuent à partir de pH 6 et atteignent des valeurs négligeables à pH 8.Le rapport entre la vitesse d’hydrolyse initiale et le DH final des CA est supérieur à celui des protéines du BO quel que soit le pH, suggérant une cinétique d’hydrolyse plus rapide pour les CA.Ces résultats montrent que les caséines du lait,dont le pH se situe un peu au-dessus de 6, n’ont pas besoin d’être longuement acidifiées pour que l’hydrolyse par la pepsine puisse commencer dans l’estomac, atteignant une activité quasi optimale de la pepsine dès pH 5.Conclusion: Les cinétiques d’hydrolyse par la pepsine en fonction du pH diffèrent donc entre un substrat de type protéines globulaires comme l’œuf, et les caséines du lait. Le profil d’activité de la pepsine en fonction du pH est également différent de celui du standard hémoglobine. En outre, contrairement à ce qui est généralement admis, la pepsine peut hydrolyser certains substrats à des pH plus hauts que pH 5.

Oviductal extracellular vesicles (oEVs) have been proposed as key modulators of gamete/embryo maternal interactions. The aim of this study was to examine the metabolite content of oEVs and its regulation across the estrous cycle in cattle. Oviductal EVs were isolated from bovine oviducts ipsilateral and contralateral to ovulation at four stages of the estrous cycle (post-ovulatory stage, early and late luteal phases, and pre-ovulatory stage). The metabolomic profiling of EVs was performed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). NMR identified 22 metabolites in oEVs, among which 15 were quantified. Lactate, myoinositol, and glycine were the most abundant metabolites throughout the estrous cycle. The side relative to ovulation had no effect on the oEVs&rsquo, metabolite concentrations. However, levels of glucose-1-phosphate and maltose were greatly affected by the cycle stage, showing up to 100-fold higher levels at the luteal phase than at the peri-ovulatory phases. In contrast, levels of methionine were significantly higher at peri-ovulatory phases than at the late-luteal phase. Quantitative enrichment analyses of oEV-metabolites across the cycle evidenced several significantly regulated metabolic pathways related to sucrose, glucose, and lactose metabolism. This study provides the first metabolomic characterization of oEVs, increasing our understanding of the potential role of oEVs in promoting fertilization and early embryo development.

Understanding the behavior and structure of food products requires knowledge of the spatial arrangement of the various components and their interactions. Among these components, proteins, beyond their roles in nutrition and health, exhibit specific functional properties inherited from both their molecular flexibility and the plasticity of their diversified assemblies. These structural and functional properties make food proteins versatile and useful ingredients in a wide range of product development. This chapter reviews the role of proteins in the development of food structure with a focus on milk and egg proteins. We first describe the main proteins, their physicochemical characteristics, and the diversity of assembled structures obtained during processing. Through specific examples, including proteins gels, yogurt, and various cheeses, we illustrate how the properties of proteins are explored in the manufacture of food.

International audience

To fulfil the requirements for methionine, animal diets are widely supplemented with synthetic methionine sources such as L-methionine (L-Met), DL-methionine (DL-Met), and DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (DL-OH-Met). The objective of this study is to calculate the energy cost of the different conversion steps leading to L-Met and to propose energy equivalence values for DL-Met and DL-OH-Met, relative to that of L-Met. The conversion of DL-OH-Met to L-Met involves a nitrogen-sparing effect, because excess nitrogen can be used for the transformation of DL-OH-Met to L-Met, rather than being excreted as urea or uric acid Consequently, the ME-to-GE ratio of DL-OH-Met is 109% in mammals and 114% in birds, compared to the value of DL-Met. Because of differences in metabolism and the formation of hydrogen peroxide in the conversion to L-Met, the NE-to-ME ratios are 96% for DL-Met and 100% for DL-OH-Met in both mammals and birds. The conversion of DL-OH-Met to L-Met is therefore energetically less costly than the conversion of DL-Met. The stoichiometric approach presented here only considers the biochemical conversion steps, without considering the cost of transport and further transformation steps.

The rate of absorption and appearance in the blood, and therefore the metabolic bioavailability of AA are influenced by the form AA are supplied in the feed. This study compared the postprandial profile of plasma insulin, glucose and AA after the ingestion of different protein sources providing AA as protein (feather meal, FM or poultry meal, PM) or free AA and small peptides (Extensive hydrolysed feather meal, EHFM). Five Yucatan adult mini pigs were fitted with a catheter. Three experimental diets were formulated to supply AA from FM, EHFM or PM only. The three diets provided the same amount of AA and were given once to each pig as meal test (300 g) after an overnight fasting. Serial blood samplings were collected before and 6 hours after the meal to measure insulin, glucose and plasma free AA. Compared to FM and PM, the ingestion of EHFM induced a greater postprandial insulin response. The plasma concentration of total proteinogenic AA was 51% greater after EHFM ingestion than after FM and PM ingestion. Valine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, alanine, arginine, glycine and serine exhibited a similar postprandial response. The reason of AA accumulation in the plasma after EHFM ingestion deserves further investigations.

Balancing rations for essential amino acids (AA) to improve efficiency of utilisation (Eff) of N requires a better knowledge of AA use by different tissues under various nutritional conditions. Effects of infusion of AA (AAinf) and glucose (Glcinf), in a 2×2 factorial arrangement, were tested using 5 cows in a 4×4 Latin Square plus one cow. At the end of each period, splanchnic, mammary and other peripheral tissue metabolisms of AA were measured. There was no AAinf×Glcinf interaction on most of the measured parameters. Milk protein yield (MPY) increased with AAinf and Glcinf. With AAinf, catabolism by portal-drained viscera (PDV) and mammary gland of group 2 AA (Ile, Leu, Lys, and Val) increased leading to a decreased Eff. In contrast, with Glcinf, liver removal of His + Met + Phe (HMP) decreased, improving their Eff.

International audience; Increasing the supplies of methionine (Met), lysine (Lys), and histidine (His) at two levels of net energy of lactation (NEL) increased milk protein yield (MPY) and metabolisable protein (MP) efficiency (MP_Eff), reducing the efficiency (Eff) of these amino acids (AA) but increasing the Eff of the other essential AA (EAA). The increased MPY occurred with different changes in mammary net uptake (MGU) of AA in response to AA or NEL supplies. In addition, milk yield (MY) tended increased or increased in response to AA or NEL, respectively.

International audience; Effects of AA and glucose infusions on efficiency of use of essential AA (EAA) were studied according to a 2 × 2 factorial using 5 multicatheterized cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square plus one cow, with 2-wk periods. The diet provided 87% of energy and 70% of metabolizable protein requirements, and the 4 treatments were abomasal infusions of (1) water, (2) an AA mixture with a casein profile (695 g/d), (3) glucose (1,454 g/d), or (4) a combination of AA and glucose infusions. Milk samples were collected on the last 6 milkings. On d 14, 6 blood samples were collected from arterial, and portal, hepatic, and mammary venous vessels. Splanchnic plasma flow was calculated by dilution of p-aminohippurate and mammary flow by the Fick principle using Phe + Tyr. The net flux of AA across tissues [splanchnic, i.e., portal-drained viscera (PDV) + liver, and mammary gland] was calculated as the efflux minus the influx across that tissue. The efficiency of EAA was calculated as the sum of exported true proteins [milk protein yield (MPY), scurf, and metabolic fecal protein] multiplied by their respective AA profile and divided by the predicted AA supply minus AA endogenous urinary loss. In addition, catabolism was estimated for each tissue: AA supply − (portal net flux + metabolic fecal protein) for the PDV; −hepatic net flux for the liver; splanchnic net flux − (−mammary net flux + scurf) for the other peripheral tissues; and −mammary net flux − milk for the mammary gland. The MIXED procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used with cow as a random effect. No AA × glucose interaction existed for most of the measured parameters. With infusions of AA and glucose, MPY increased by 17 and 14%, respectively. The decreased efficiency of EAA-N with AA infusion resulted from increased EAA-N in MPY smaller than the increased EAA-N supply and was accompanied by increased liver catabolism of His + Met + Phe (representing group 1 AA) and increased mammary and PDV catabolisms of group 2 AA-N (Ile, Leu, Lys, and Val). In contrast, the increased efficiency of EAA-N with glucose infusion, resulting from increased EAA-N in MPY with no change in EAA-N supply, was accompanied by decreased mammary catabolism of group 2 AA-N and hepatic catabolism of His + Met + Phe. No mammary catabolism of His, Met, and Phe existed in all treatments, as indicated by the mammary uptake to milk output ratio close to one for these EAA. Therefore, the mammary gland contributes significantly to variations of efficiency of group 2 AA-N through variations of AA catabolism, in response to both AA and glucose supplies, whereas additional PDV catabolism was observed with increased AA supply. Partition of AA use between tissues allows to delineate their anabolic or catabolic fate across tissues and better understand changes of efficiency of EAA in response to protein and energy supplies.

The responses in milk yield (MY) and composition to a supplementation in Met, Lys and His at 2 levels of NEL were investigated. Four Holstein cows received 2 dietary levels of NEL (LE: 30.9 vs. HE: 36.0 Mcal/d) and duodenal infusion of 2 AA mixtures, arranged in factorial and distributed according to a 4 × 4 Latin square, with 3-wk periods. Diets were composed of corn silage and concentrates (60:40). The 2 AA mixtures, both providing 92 ± 2 g/d of PDI (MP in INRA 2018), contained (g/d) Lys (28), Met (9), His (9) and NEAA in AA+ or only NEAA in AA−. Diets plus infusions provided 2.4 vs. 2.0, 7.2 vs. 5.8, 2.4 vs. 2.0% of PDI of Met, Lys and His respectively in AA+ vs. AA- compared with INRA (2018) requirements at 2.4, 7.0 and 2.4% PDI, for Met, Lys and His, respectively. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment and period as fixed effects and cow as random. Treatments did not affect DMI. The CP content of LE and HE diets were 147 vs. 145 g/kg DM, but current estimated MP supply increased by 101 g/d between LE and HE diets. Analyses of rumen N degradability will confirm the MP supply from LE and HE diets and associated MP efficiency (MPef) variations in response to NEL. Increasing NEL supply increased milk protein yield (MPY: 73 g/d) through an increased MY(1.8 kg/d) and increased milk fat yield (MFY: 84 g/d). Better balancing AA increased MPY (61 g/d) through a tendency to increased MY at the 2 NEL levels and increased true milk protein content (MPC) at LE only (AA × E interaction), leading to an overall increase in MPef from 73.8 to 78.5%. Milk fat yield (38 g/d) tended to increase in response to AA+ vs. AA-. Milk lactose content tended to be lower in LEAA- than in the other treatments (AA × E). In conclusion, better balancing Met, Lys and His improved MPef at both levels of NEL and has other effectson MY and composition.

Variations of mammary gland (MG) metabolism were studied in dairy cows in response to diets containing 2 levels of net energy of lactation [NEL; 25.0 and 32.5 Mcal/d for low (LE) and high energy (HE), respectively], combined with 2 levels of metabolizable protein [MP, 1,266 and 2,254 g/d of protein digestible in the intestine for low (LP) and high protein (HP), respectively] in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Four cows received 4 diets (LELP, HELP, LEHP, and HEHP) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 2-wk experimental periods. Milk production and feed intake were measured on the last 5 d of each period, whereas MG net uptake of AA was determined on d 13. Efficiencies were estimated as the sum of measured milk true protein yield (MPY) and of estimations of metabolic fecal and scurf proteins multiplied by their respective AA profile and divided by the estimated AA supply minus the AA endogenous urinary loss. The increased MPY in the HE compared with the LE diets (higher by 123 g/d) was accompanied by increased mammary plasma flow and MG uptake of the nonessential AA (NEAA) and the essential AA (EAA), except for branched-chain AA. In contrast, the increase in MPY (higher by 104 g/d) observed in the HP compared with the LP diets was linked to increased MG uptake of EAA without a change in mammary plasma flow and a decreased NEAA uptake. Because MG uptake of total AA-N was almost equal to cows' milk output on a nitrogen basis, these different mechanisms involve a large MG flexibility, with variable synthesis of NEAA. In addition, MP efficiency did not increase only through increased MPY in the HE compared with the LE diets but also through metabolic fecal protein, estimated to increase (by 65 g/d) with dry matter intake. The MPY increased in the HP compared with the LP diets, but the increase was smaller than the calculated increase (greater by 993 g/d) in MP supply. The highest MG clearance rates of individual EAA could suggest that Met, His, and Lys were limiting in LP, and Met was the most limiting AA in HP. Interestingly, a similar hypothesis could be stated by analyzing estimated AA efficiencies. The highest efficiencies among EAA, observed for His in HELP and for Met with the other diets, could indicate that they were the most limiting AA in these respective diets, whereas other EAA (including Lys) efficiencies varied with MP efficiency. The MG metabolic flexibility with regard to individual AA utilization partially contributes to the anabolic fate of AA through MPY; however, other export proteins also contribute to variations in MP and AA efficiencies.

To avoid boar taint before slaughtering, late castration by immunisation against gonadotrophin releasing hormone or immunocastration has been developed. The current study aimed at determining whether differences in feed efficiency between castrated male (CM), immune castrated (IM) and entire male pigs (EM) can be explained by differences in nutrient plasma profiles after a meal. In this study, 24 male pigs (n = 8/type) were enrolled between 14 to 19 weeks of age. Entire and IM pigs ate less and were more feed efficient than CM pigs (p < 0.05). The postprandial plasma profiles of glucose, insulin, urea and amino acids (AA) were determined before (d –6), just after (d 8) and well after (d 16) the decrease in testicular hormones in IM pigs. For each test day, pigs were fasted overnight and subsequently fed a small meal (400 g). On d –6, postprandial profiles of plasma glucose of IM pigs did not differ from the two other types of pigs. On d 8, EM pigs had a greater average plasma glucose concentration than IM and CM pigs (p < 0.05) but the profiles did not differ. On d 16, the differences between profiles of glucose suggest a lower clearance of glucose in EM compared with IM and CM pigs. Plasma insulin did not significantly differ between the three types. Plasma urea profiles did not differ between CM, EM and IC pigs on d –6 whereas CM pigs showed higher plasma urea concentrations than EM and IM thereafter (p < 0.01). Among AA, Lys plasma concentrations were greater in CM than in EM and IM pigs on d –6, d 8 and d 16 (p < 0.05), whereas on d 16 plasma Hypro concentrations were lower in CM than in EM and IM pigs (p < 0.05). The finding that plasma glucose profiles were modified by immunocastration much faster and earlier than urea and AA profiles, suggest that the decrease in testicular hormones impacted energy metabolism more rapidly than protein metabolism.

Glycine is the proteinogenic amino-acid of lowest molecular weight, harboring a hydrogen atom as a side-chain. In addition to being a building-block for proteins, glycine is also required for multiple metabolic pathways, such as glutathione synthesis and regulation of one-carbon metabolism. Although generally viewed as a non-essential amino-acid, because it can be endogenously synthesized to a certain extent, glycine has also been suggested as a conditionally essential amino acid. In metabolic disorders associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLDs), lower circulating glycine levels have been consistently observed, and clinical studies suggest the existence of beneficial effects induced by glycine supplementation. The present review aims at synthesizing the recent advances in glycine metabolism, pinpointing its main metabolic pathways, identifying the causes leading to glycine deficiency—especially in obesity and associated metabolic disorders—and evaluating the potential benefits of increasing glycine availability to curb the progression of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disturbances. This study focuses on the importance of diet, gut microbiota, and liver metabolism in determining glycine availability in obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

Centella asiatica is a herbal plant generally used for its curative properties. Two foliar morphotypes were recently identified in Madagascar: a reniform tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36) in the Center and the East of the island and a round diploid (2n = 2x = 18) in the West. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional properties of these two morphotypes and to compare them with other green leafy vegetables. Reniform leaves were collected in Antananarivo and Moramanga and round leaves were collected in Tsiroanomandidy and Analavory. Macronutrient content was determined by standard methods, mineral contents were analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Ascorbic acid and carotenoids were quantified by HPLC. Food composition showed significant differences between the morphotypes. Reniform leaves have higher protein content (19–22 % dry weight (DW)) than round leaves (17–21 % DW). Lipid content are from 2.5 to 6.0 % DW. Reniform leaves have higher iron content than round leaves. Iron content of C. asiatica’s leaves range from 3.8 to 12.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW). Reniform leaves from Moramanga have the highest protein, lipid and iron content. Round leaves from Analavory have the highest calcium and magnesium content, which can cover 41 % and 17 % of the Recommended Dietary Allowances(RDA), respectively. Leaves of C. asiatica have low vitamin C content (1.3 to 7.7 mg/100 g FW). Consumption of 100 g of C. asiatica leaves could cover 10 to 21 % of vitamin A daily requirements of women for reniform leaves and 21 to 37 % of vitamin A requirement of women for round leaves. Round leaves from Analavory have the highest β-carotene content. It is hoped that from these findings, the people of Madagascar will be encouraged to include C. asiatica in their diets for its nutritional benefits.Keywords: Centella asiatica, reniform leaves, round leaves, protein, lipid, vitamin A, minerals, amino acidsAfr. J. Food Agric. Nutr. Dev. 2019; 19(3): 14654-14673

Aim: Nitrogen availability is an essential parameter for wine alcoholic fermentation. Moreover, recent results have shown that it plays a key role in yeast cell death in interaction with micronutrients limitations such as lipids or vitamins. We found that yeast cell death was triggered by starvation for a set of micronutrients, including oleic acid, ergosterol, pantothenic acid and nicotinic acid whenever the level of nitrogen was high, but not in low nitrogen conditions. We examined here the impact of the nature of the nitrogen source supplementation in the light of these previous results.Methods and results: 19 amino acids or NH4+ were added, in amounts corresponding to 354 mg/L assimilable nitrogen, to an oenological medium that was low in nitrogen and oleic acid. Yeast viability in function of the fermentation progress was assessed and showed differences in cell death during the alcoholic fermentation in function of the amino acid added. The addition of NH4+ was also tested at two different times during wine fermentation. The results obtained show that various nitrogen sources (amino acids, ammonium) can trigger cell death but with different intensities.Conclusion: It appears that some amino acids are preferable to others in alcoholic fermentation because they do not trigger cell death. We also provide evidence that the timing of nitrogen addition has a strong impact on cell death in musts with micronutrient limitations: an early nitrogen addition is more likely to trigger cell death than a late addition.Significance and impact of the study: Our results provide a novel frame for managing nitrogen supplementation of grape musts and to avoid stuck fermentation.

Claviceps purpurea bifunctional Δ12‐hydroxylase/desaturase, CpFAH12, and monofunctional desaturase CpFAD2, share 86% of sequence identity. To identify the underlying determinants of the hydroxylation/desaturation specificity, chimeras of these two enzymes were tested for their fatty acid production in an engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strain. It reveals that transmembrane helices are not involved in the hydroxylation/desaturation specificity whereas all cytosolic domains have an impact on it. Especially, replacing the CpFAH12 cytosolic part near the second histidine‐box by the corresponding CpFAD2 part annihilates all hydroxylation activity. Further mutagenesis experiments within this domain identified isoleucine 198 as the crucial element for the hydroxylation activity of CpFAH12. Monofunctional variants performing the only desaturation were obtained when this position was exchanged by the threonine of CpFAD2. Saturation mutagenesis at this position showed modulation in the hydroxylation/desaturation specificity in the different variants. The WT enzyme was demonstrated as the most efficient for ricinoleic acid production and some variants showed a better desaturation activity. A model based on the recently discovered membrane desaturase structures indicate that these changes in specificity are more likely due to modifications in the di‐iron center geometry rather than changes in the substrate binding mode.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the associated effects of ambient temperature and inflammation caused by repeated administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on insulin, energy, and AA metabolism. Twenty-eight pigs were assigned to one of the two thermal conditions: thermoneutral (24 °C) or high ambient temperature (30 °C). The experimental period lasted 17 d, which was divided into a 7-d period without LPS (days −7 to −1), and a subsequent 10-d LPS period (days 1 to 10) in which pigs were administered 5 repeated injections of LPS at 2-d intervals. Postprandial profiles of plasma insulin and nutrients were evaluated through serial blood samples taken on days −4 (P0), 4 (P1), and 8 (P2). Before the LPS-challenge (P0), postprandial concentrations of glucose, lactate, Gln, Ile, Leu, Phe, Tyr, and Val were greater in pigs kept at 24 °C than at 30 °C (P < 0.05). In contrast, Arg, Asp, Gly, His, and Met postprandial concentrations at P0 were lower at 24 °C than at 30 °C (P < 0.05). At both 24 and 30 °C conditions, pigs had greater postprandial concentrations of insulin (P < 0.01) and lower concentrations of NEFA (P < 0.01) and α-amino nitrogen (P < 0.05) at P1 and P2 than at P0. Compared with P0, postprandial concentrations of glucose were greater (P < 0.05) at P1 in pigs kept at 24 °C, and at P1 and P2 in pigs kept at 30 °C. At both ambient temperatures, pigs had lower (P < 0.05) postprandial concentrations of Ala, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Pro, Ser, Thr, Trp, and Val at P1 and P2 than at P0. Arginine postprandial concentration at P1 was lower than at P0 in pigs kept at 24 °C (P < 0.05), whereas no difference was observed in pigs at 30 °C. Relative to P0, Gln and Tyr concentrations were lower at P1 and P2 in pigs kept at 24 °C (P < 0.01), whereas lower Gln concentration was observed only at P2 (P < 0.01) and lower Tyr only at P1 (P < 0.01) in pigs kept at 30 °C. Our study shows a hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic state in LPS-challenged pigs and a greater magnitude of this response in pigs kept at 30 °C. Furthermore, LPS caused important changes in BCAA, His, Thr, and Trp profiles, suggesting the role these AA in supporting the inflammatory response. Finally, our results suggest that LPS-induced effects on postprandial profiles of specific AA (Arg, Gln, Phe, and Tyr) may be modulated by ambient temperature.

National audience