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The present study focused on exploring the chemical composition of essential oil and corresponding hydrolate obtained by steam distillation of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivar “Helena” (low THC content). Chemical characterization of industrial hemp essential oil and hydrolate was performed by gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, while biological activities included antimicrobial and antioxidant tests. Antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring diameters of the inhibition zone by using a disc-diffusion method with nine microbial strains from ATCC culture. Moreover, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) as well as time-kill kinetic studies, antiadhesion, and antibiofilm formation potential were also evaluated. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through three different antioxidant assays: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS+), and reducing power (RP).

Having in mind food security and the fact that basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is used as fresh seasoning, the development of innovative technologies for its cultivation is required. This study aimed to isolate and characterize plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolates from basil rhizospheric soil and monitor the effects of their application on basil growth under different water stress conditions. Isolation, determination of isolates biochemical and PGP properties, evaluation of isolates influences on seed germination and parameters of growth of basil plant, growing under well-watered conditions (70% water holding capacity, WHC), under water deficit stress (35% WHC), and flooded conditions (95% WHC), were done. A total of five representative bacterial isolates were selected: Two Azotobacter isolates (A13, A14), one Pseudomonas isolate (P57), and two Bacillus isolates (B79, B82). The results of this experiment revealed that rhizospheric bacteria of O. basilicum L. var. minimum have multiple biochemical and PGP properties. The most intensive reactions on tested abiotic stressors - drought (higher total phenolics, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde content) and flooding (higher superoxide dismutase activity) - were from basil plants inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. P57 isolate, yet along with Azotobacter sp. isolate A13. The highest number of germinated seeds was obtained with the A13 isolate (96.0%), while the highest response for vigour index was observed with Azotobacter isolates (7200.0% and 5628.0%). In well-watered conditions, basil mass inoculated with P57 was 34.2% higher than control. In drought-stressed conditions, plant mass inoculated with A13isolate was 90% higher than control. In flooded-stressed conditions, the plant mass inoculated with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas isolates increased by more than 100%.

The development of active edible coatings with improved mechanical and barrier properties is a huge challenge. In this study, active edible coatings for sliced cheese have been developed using pullulan (Pull) in combination with two different biopolymers, chitosan (CS) and gelatine (Gel), and a combination of hydrolats as a source of active compounds with antimicrobial effects. In comparison to the monolayer coating, the bilayer coating system demonstrates improved barrier and mechanical properties. A preliminary assessment of the antimicrobial effect of lemongrass and curry plant hydrolats has revealed that both hydrolats exhibited antimicrobial activity against the targeted bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, albeit at different levels. The obtained results suggest that a mixture of 1.56% lemongrass and 12.5% curry plant hydrolats yielded a lower fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) value. Bilayer coating systems (Pull/CS and Pull/Gel) with an incorporated mixture of hydrolats have demonstrated effectiveness in both cases: artificial contamination before application of the coating system and after application of the coating system. In both contamination scenarios, the coating systems consistently effectively limited bacterial proliferation, indicating the antimicrobial effect of the hydrolat mixture in the coating layers. In the case of artificial contamination before applying the coating system, both coatings demonstrated antimicrobial effectiveness, but the formulation with chitosan had a biocide effect, while the other, with gelatine, had only a bacteriostatic effect in a long-term setting. In the second case, both Pull/CS and Pull/Gel coatings demonstrated effectiveness in inhibiting bacterial growth regardless of the moment of contamination of the sample; the Pull/CS coating showed slightly better antimicrobial activity, achieving complete elimination of bacteria earlier compared with the Pull/Gel coating system.

The purpose of this systematic overview is to establish the impact of inhalation and topical application of Rosa damascena essential oil in aromatherapy practice. A bibliometric analysis using the different scientific databases was conducted to examine scientific documents related to “rose aromatherapy” and “Rosa damascena aromatherapy”. Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer software were used to extract and visualize information. Founded on a review of 93 papers, the scent of rose essential oil has applications in aromatherapy for reducing anxiety, alleviating pain, improving sleep quality, as well as alleviating physiological symptoms during menopause and PMS. It aids in mitigating stress and reducing stress and reducing depression and fatigue, for relaxation and improving cognitive function, among other benefits. Ultimately, rose essential oil is safe and suitable for self-administration via inhalation or topical application, either alone or with other essential oils.

This study investigated the impact of climate conditions on the quality of essential oils extracted from Apiaceae fruits, specifically coriander (Coriandrum sativum var. microcarpum), aniseed (Pimpinella anisum), and annual caraway (Carum carvi var. annuum) grown at three distinct locations in Serbia over three consecutive years. Field experiments were conducted, and essential oils were extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus followed by gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis for compound identification. Weather conditions during the vegetation periods were recorded, and statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis, were performed to assess the volatile compound compositions. Results indicate significant correlations among various compounds within each fruit type, with distinct patterns observed across different years. PCA further elucidates the influence of both year and sampling location on the chemical profiles of essential oils. Cluster analysis reveals clustering primarily based on the year of cultivation rather than geographical location, emphasizing the dominant role of weather conditions in shaping essential oil compositions. This study highlights the intricate relationship between climate conditions and the quality of essential oils in Apiaceae fruits, providing valuable insights for optimizing cultivation practices and enhancing essential oil production. In general, climate conditions strongly influence the coriander, anise, and annual caraway cultivation, and also essential oil quality.

Lavender essential oil (EO) applications are numerous; it is most frequently used among EOs in cosmetics, household products, and aromatherapy. The genus Lavandula (common name lavender) includes a large number of species; however, only four of them (L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. × intermedia, and L. stoechas) are used for the commercial extraction of EO. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of all the beneficial properties of lavender aromatherapy utilization, methods of application, recommended doses, and mixing abilities with other EOs is given in this chapter. The systematic search for phrase “lavender aromatherapy” via different electronic databases from the first time it was mentioned in a paper (1989) until today (April 2023). In the existing literature, there is evidence of more than 200 published studies, with more than 18,000 participants, that showed lavender EO has a positive effect on sleep quality, anxiety relief, and reduction of depression condition. It is also cognitive enhancing and influences gradual pain relief; therefore, it shows great potential for diverse application in dentistry, preoperative treatments, obstetrics, burns, and cancer patients as an alternative or adjuvant therapy. The reasons for lavender EO becoming popular and fashionable and the increasing demand for it lie in its characteristic pleasant floral-herbal scent and versatile application.

Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don., (Asteraceae) commonly known as immortelle, everlasting or curry plant is a typical Mediterranean plant, which grows spontaneously and as cultivated in the region of West Mediterranean countries (Portugal, Italy, and France), and region of Balkan-Mediterranean countries (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia). This geographical division caused a difference in the quality of immortelle essential oil, which is present on the market under the INCI name: Helichrysum italicum flower oil (CAS number: 90045-56-0, EINECS number 289-918-2). Although this oil is in great demand on the international market, there is still no official standard that determines its quality. However, there is a valuation into two types of oil - Corsica us Balkan immortelle essential oil, determined by quantity of main compounds: neryl acetate and apinene. The aim of this research was to collect publicly available GC-MS profiles of commercially offered immortelle essential oils (provided by manufacturers or companies engaged in the trade of essential oils), in order to estimate the market situation. The results showed that the offer on the market of immortelle essential oil indicates the existence of two types of oil Corsica (with 29.8-44.0% neryl acetate, and 0.6-10.2% o-pinene) and Balkan (with 1.9-28.3% neryl acetate and 12.8-29.4% o-pinene), which overlaps with the statements of traders and scientists., Helichrisum italicum (Roth) G. Don., (Asteraceae), poznata kao smilje, tipična je mediteranska biljka, koja spontano raste i uzgaja se u regionu zapadnomediteranskih (Portugal, Italija, Francuska) i balkansko-mediteranskih zemalja (Hrvatska, Bosna i Hercegovina, Srbija). Ova geografska podela uslovila je razliku u kvalitetu etarskog ulja smilja, koje je na tržištu prisutno pod INCI nazivorn: cvetno ulje Helichrisum italicum (CAS broj: 90045-56-0, EINECS broj 289-918-2). lako je ovo ulje veoma traženo na međunarodnom tržištu, još uvek ne postoji zvanični standard koji određuje njegov kvalitet. Međutim, postoji podela na dve vrste etarskog ulja smilja- ‘Korzika’ i ‘Balkan’, na osnovu količine jedinjenja: neril acetata i o-pinena. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je prikupljanje javno dostupnih GC-MS profila komercijalnih eteričnih ulja smilja (koju obezbeđuju proizvođači ili kompanije koje se bave prometom eteričnih ulja), kako bi se procenila situacija na tržištu.

Rose essential oil is one of the most valuable and pivotal raw materials in the perfume industry. However, the limited yield of essential oil in rose flowers increased the interest of both breeders and scientists to create and discover species that have potential for multifaceted applications aiming to increase the economic viability of rose cultivation. Consequently, garden roses (Rosa hybrida) through ongoing development emerge as possibly profitable for cultivation and processing. This opens possibilities for numerous applications in both food and pharmaceutical industries. The main objective of this study was to identify the essential oil composition of R. hybrida cv. Mileva and compare it against essential oil chemical compositions of 32 accessions of other non-commercial (wild and hybrid) roses available literature. The dominant compound detected in R. hybrida cv. Mileva essential oil was geranyl acetate (47.9%), followed by nonadecane and heneicosane. It was shown that the essential oil possesses moderate antimicrobial activity, good antioxidant potential and strong anti-inflammatory activity.

U drevnim kulturama su se ženske cvasti (šišarice) hmelja koristile u očuvanju pića sa niskim sadržajem alkohola kojima su davale specifičnu aromu. Danas se koriste u pivarstvu, kozmetičkoj, farmaceutskoj i prehrambenoj industriji. Prema naučnim podacima, hmelj ima sedativno dejstvo a poseduje i značajan antiinflamatorni i antidijabetički potencijal. Glavni biološki aktivni sastojci koji utiču na ove aktivnosti su eterična ulja, gorke materije (alfa i beta-kiseline), fitoestrogeni i flavonoidi (flavonol glikozidi, kondenzovani tanini i prenilflavonoidi). Eterično ulje hmelja je zlatnožuto, sveže i pomalo oštre biljne arome. Komercijalna proizvodnja eteričnih ulja se obavlja destilacijom biljne mase vodom ili vodenom parom. S obzirom na to da je u oba procesa rastvarač voda, ove tehnike ekstrakcije se klasifikuju kao zelena tehnologija. Nakon ekstrakcije eteričnih ulja iz biljnog materijala kao sporedni proizvod se dobijaju čvrsti ostaci (iscrpljeni biljni materijal) i hidrolat., In ancient cultures, the female flowers (cones) of hops were used to preserve drinks with a low alcohol content to which they gave a specific aroma. Today, they are used in the brewing, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industry. According to scientific data, hops have a sedative effect, and have a significant anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic potential. The main biologically active ingredients that influence these activities are essential oils, bitter substances (alpha and beta-acids), phytoestrogens and flavonoids (flavonol glycosides, condensed tannins and prenylflavonoids). The essential oil of hops is golden yellow, with a fresh and slightly sharp herbal aroma. The commercial production of essential oils is carried out by distilling the plant mass with water or steam. Since water is the solvent in both processes, these extraction techniques are classified as green technology. After the extraction of essential oils from plant material, hydrolate and solid residues (exhausted plant material) and are obtained as by-products.

Sprouted seeds and microgreens are emerging as innovative specialty raw salad crops, valued for their health-promoting properties. However, the risk of foodborne illnesses associated with microbial contamination in microgreens underscores the need for effective sanitization in their production. This study explores using hydrolates, by-products of essential oil distillation from six plants, as natural sanitizers in alfalfa microgreen production. The research investigates their impact on seed germination, antimicrobial activity, and sensory attributes. Results revealed that oregano, fennel, lavender, and lemon catmint hydrolates decrease alfalfa seed germination, while peppermint and hop hydrolates have no significant impact. Peppermint and fennel hydrolates demonstrate notable efficacy in antimicrobial testing. Sensory analysis indicates differences in odour and flavour, with peppermint, oregano, and lavender receiving high scores. According to the results, peppermint hydrolate can be considered a favourable option for alfalfa micro sprout production, contributing to sustainable and organic approaches in urban agriculture and underlining the importance of natural sanitizers for food safety.

Ironwort (Sideritis montana L.), mountain germander (Teucrium montanum L.), wall germander (Teucrium chamaedrys L.), and horehound (Marrubium peregrinum L.) are species widely distributed across Europe and are also found in North Africa and West Asia. Because of their wide distribution they express significant chemical diversity. For generations, these plants have been used as medical herbs for treating different aliments. The aim of this paper is to analyze volatile compounds of four selected species that belong to the subfamily Lamioideae, family Lamiaceae, and inspect scientifically proven biological activities and potential uses in modern phytotherapy in relation to traditional medicine. Therefore, in this research, we analyze the volatile compounds from this plants, obtained in laboratory by a Clevenger-type apparatus, followed by liquid–liquid extraction with hexane as the solvent. The identification of volatile compounds is conducted by GC-FID and GC-MS. Although these plants are poor in essential oil, the most abundant class of volatile components are mainly sesquiterpenes: germacrene D (22.6%) in ironwort, 7-epi-trans-sesquisabinene hydrate (15.8%) in mountain germander, germacrene D (31.8%) and trans-caryophyllene (19.7%) in wall germander, and trans-caryophyllene (32.4%) and trans-thujone (25.1%) in horehound. Furthermore, many studies show that, in addition to the essential oil, these plants contain phenols, flavonoids, diterpenes and diterpenoids, iridoids and their glycosides, coumarins, terpenes, and sterols, among other active compounds, which affect biological activities. The other goal of this study is to review the literature that describes the traditional use of these plants in folk medicine in regions where they grow spontaneously and compare them with scientifically confirmed activities. Therefore, a bibliographic search is conducted on Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar to gather information related to the topic and recommend potential

Lavender (Lavandula sp.), thyme (Thymus sp. and Thymbra sp.), oregano (Origanum sp.), savory (Satureja sp.), mints (Mentha sp.), sage (Salvia officinalis and S. sclarea), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), rose (Rosa sp.), citrus (Citrus sp.), and bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) are species widely used as medicinal and aromatic plants. Their essential oils are a well-known resource of biological activities, applicable in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in agriculture. Due to developments in ecology and sustainability during the past two decades, hydrolates, which were considered waste material for a long time, are viewed as by-products with promising activity and applications. This chapter provides a review of these ten hydrolates, their chemical composition, and potential use.

Cilj ovog tehničkog rešenja je da se ispita mogućnost primene hidrolata (timijan, nana, origano, komorač, hmelj, lavanda i limunska macina trava) u proizvodnji mikroklica lucerke u cilju rešavanja problema mikrobiološke ispravnosti i senzornog poboljšanja ukusa mikroklica, te zaštite životne sredine iskorišćavanjem hidrolata za proces proizvodnje mikroklica.

This book describes the origin, cultivation, botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, and biological properties of Coriandrum sativum, also known as coriander. The book also discusses management strategies to prevent various diseases by using this herb. Chapter One emphasizes coriander’s nutritional and functional properties. Chapter Two covers the traditional medicinal properties of coriander and argues for its potential for improving quality of life, especially related to aging and lifestyle-associated illnesses. Chapter Three describes the pharmacological activities of all parts of the plant and its use as a functional food and nutraceutical. Chapter Four summarizes the cultivation and processing of coriander and provides further details on its medicinal properties. Chapter Five discusses coriander’s role in the food industry as a flavoring agent and preservative, among other applications. Chapter Six assesses coriander’s effectiveness as a medicinal agent. Lastly, Chapter Seven gives an overview of the origin, taxonomic status, distribution, botanical description, and cultivation of coriander, as well as the diseases that affect it.

Garden angelica (Angelica archangelica L.), native to the northern temperate region, is widespread in Europe and Asia. Since the middle ages, it has been used for healing and as a vegetable in traditional dishes. In the modern era, it has been proven that A. archangelica has a complex chemical composition. The main derivatives that contribute to the plant’s biological activities are essential oil and coumarins. In this review, the focus is on the cross-analysis of the taxonomy of A. archangelica, and its distribution in different regions, with the presentation of the richness of its biochemical composition, which overall contributes to the widespread use of the roots of this plant in folk medicine. It belongs to the plants that were introduced to the wider area of Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe; as a medicinal plant, it represents a significant part of the medical flora of many areas. Cluster analysis of pooled data indicates a clear differentiation of chemotypes.

Poslednjih godina se prednost daje gajenju i preradi lekovitog, aromatičnog i začinskog bilja, koje se sve više koristi u farmaceutskoj, prehrambenoj i kozmetičkoj industriji. Svedoci smo da u današnje vreme čovek teži da se vrati prirodi i prirodnim proizvodima za lečenje ili kao dodatnu terapiju u lečenju mnogih bolesti, ali i prevenciji kroz svakodnevnu upotrebu, kao dodataka ishrani. Spisak biljaka koje se koriste u tu svrhu je podložan promenama, pa samim tim i potrebe industrije za sirovinama, usled promen|jivih potreba korisnika. Iz tog razloga, mnoge divlje vrste zbog povećane potražnje počinju da se gaje, all isto tako i gajenje nekih biljaka se napušta zbog nedostatka radne snage i nedovoljne mehanizovanosti procesa proizvodnje i prerade, ali u nekim slučajevima i zbog toga što se otkrivaju biljne vrste sličnog hemijskog sastava i biološke aktivnosti koje se lakše proizvode. Pored toga, u nekim slučajevima je jeftinija proizvodnja sintetičkih pripravaka. U svakom slučaju, može se reći da lekovito, aromatično i začinsko bilje doživljava renesansu. U želji da se unapredi i proširi proizvodnja lekovitih, aromatičnih | začinskih biljjaka u Srbiji, u okviru projekta "Unapređenje preduzetništva i mogućnosti za zapošljavanje u prekograničnom regionu kroz poljoprivrednu praksu zasnovanu na inovacijama AGRINNO 2” (HUSRB/1903/42/0059), nastao je ovaj priručnik za gajenje lekovitog, aromatičnog i začinskog bilja. U daljem tekstu je opisano gajenje i prerada četrnaest lekovitih, aromatičnih i začinskih biljaka., This manual of growing medicinal, aromatic and spice plants is a result of Interreg IPA Cross-Border Cooperation between Hungary and Serbia AGRINNO 2 "Enhancing entrepreneurship and employment potential in cross-border region through innovation agricultural practices" (HUSRB/1903/42/0059). The book gives an overview of morphological traits, chemical contents, usage, growing conditions, harvest and yields of selected plants from the following families: Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Malvaceae.