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Many countries worldwide encounter the greatest difficulties in improving people's life quality since fossil fuel reserves are decreasing, causing fuel prices to rise drastically. This problem has made many countries, including Indonesia, struggle to import them from producers in the Middle East. Adding a small part of ethanol to gasoline is one of the solutions that has been investigated and developed. The previous works relating to blended fuels, gasoline and ethanol, generally employed absolute alcohol, which was expensive. A small surfactant was added to the mixture to stabilize the emulsion, and the blending was conducted in normal conditions (room temperature). If the composition of gasoline and aqueous ethanol is not precise, the components can be separated at a specific temperature. The present study is aimed to report the analysis of compositions and fuel specifications of aqueous emulsions of gasoline (RON 90)-ethanol-water in a single phase without using a synthetic surfactant in the temperature range of 0–25 °C. The procedures were as follows: fermentation, ethanol distillation and purification, cooling, blending, and characterization of fuel specifications. Components of gasoline (RON 90)-ethanol-water formed a stable emulsion in the composition range of 28.00‒99.79 %, 0.20‒67.97 %, and 0.01‒3.58 %. The observation found that continually increasing the amount of aqueous ethanol and temperature after one phase was attained would not lead to the separation of components. Therefore, gasoline and aqueous ethanol can form a single phase functioning as a surfactant binding water and fossil fuel. The decrease in temperature after the emulsion is stabilized can separate the components whereby it is caused by the faster density change of aqueous ethanol than gasoline, Багато країн світу стикаються з великими труднощами у поліпшенні якості життя людей внаслідок скорочення запасів викопного палива, що призводить до різкого зростання цін на пальне. Через це багато країн, включаючи Індонезію, намагаються імпортувати його з Близького Сходу. Одним із досліджених та розроблених рішень є додавання в бензин невеликої кількості етанолу. У попередніх роботах, пов'язаних з вивченням сумішевих палив, бензину та етанолу, зазвичай використовувався абсолютний спирт, який є дорогим. Для стабілізації емульсії в суміш додавали невелику кількість поверхнево-активної речовини, а змішування проводили в нормальних умовах (за кімнатної температури). Якщо склад бензину і водного етанолу неточний, при певній температурі компоненти можуть розділитися. Метою даного дослідження є аналіз складів та паливних характеристик водних емульсій на основі бензину (RON 90), етанолу і води в одній фазі без використання синтетичної поверхнево-активної речовини в діапазоні температур 0–25 °C. Проведені наступні процеси: ферментація, перегонка і очищення етанолу, охолодження, змішування та визначення паливних характеристик. Компоненти бензин (RON 90)-етанол-вода утворили стабільну емульсію в діапазоні складів 28,00‒99,79 %, 0,20‒67,97 % та 0,01‒3,58 %. За даними спостереження безперервне збільшення кількості водного етанолу і температури після досягнення однієї фази не призводить до розділення компонентів. Отже, бензин та водний етанол можуть утворювати єдину фазу, яка виступає в ролі поверхнево-активної речовини, що зв'язує воду і викопне паливо. Зниження температури після стабілізації емульсії може призвести до розділення компонентів, що викликано більш швидкою зміною щільності водного етанолу, ніж бензину

The growth of the textile industry, including the Sasirangan textile industry, is increasing yearly, producing large amounts of liquid waste. Generally, this wastewater is discharged into the environment without treatment, becoming a source of environmental pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce these pollutants. Various methods, not only physical and chemical but also biological methods, are available to remediate wastewater. Phytoremediation has provided an economical, environmentally friendly, and aesthetic solution to remediate wastewater. This study aimed to utilize the Water Hyacinth plant as a phytoremediator and determine its effect in reducing Total Suspended Solid and colors in the liquid waste of the Sasirangan textile industry. This research begins by preparing Water Hyacinth plants. Next, the characterization of Water Hyacinth roots using FTIR and SEM. Finaly, the acclimatization of water Hyacinth, followed by a phytoremediation process for 15 days. Based on the results of the characterization of Water Hyacinth roots with FTIR, it shows that Water Hyacinth roots contain functional groups O-H strain, C-H vibrations, C=O strain, C-H deformation, and C-O stretching. Observations with SEM showed that the roots of Water Hyacinth were extremely unstructured and had pores. However, it has cavities which are pores in cellulose. The significant decrease in Total Suspended Solid was at 9 days of phytoremediation, which was 54 mg/L (71.12% removal). The optimum color reduction within 9 days of phytoremediation was 81.5 PtCo (92.26% removal). The presence of these functional groups and pores, strengthened by the analysis of Total Suspended Solid and colors, showed that Water Hyacinth could reduce levels of Total Suspended Solids and colors in the Sasirangan textile wastewater.

Nowadays, waste is a serious problem, especially plastic waste, which is quite alarming in the world. Plastic is waste that is difficult to degrade and takes hundreds of years to decompose. One of the promising technologies for recycling plastics is pyrolysis. This is the process of breaking long chains of polymers into hydrocarbons which are carried out at high temperatures. The purpose of this paper was to know the effect of using catalysts and non-catalysts on yield and calorific value. In this study, the pyrolysis process used a natural zeolite catalyst with a temperature of 500ºC. 50 grams of HDPE Plastic feed was put into the reactor for 3 hours. The variations in the addition of Zeolite catalyst were 1.5, 2.5, 3.75 and 5%wt. The results goals that the highest yield was 44.36% and the heating value of 10230.295 cal/g for the addition of 5 grams of catalyst. The addition of a catalyst can increase the conversion of plastic to fuelKeywords: Catalyst, Plastic, HDPE, energy, pyrolysis

This study investigates the composition and fuel parameters of a fuel blend of aqueous ethanol and gasoline, with RONs (Research Octane Numbers) of 90 and 92, called pertalite and pertamax in Indonesia, respectively. The emulsion fuel blend of gasoline and ethanol was prepared successfully, and the concentrations ranged from 80 to 98% (v/v). The steps employed in this work are as follows: first, the fermentation of sugar tapped from a palm tree (Arenga pinnata). The obtained liquor containing ethanol was distilled using a reflux still to separate ethanol and water. The purity of the ethanol obtained from the reflux process ranged from 80 to 96%, depending on the column temperature set. Ethanol solutions of 97 and 98% purities were obtained through an absorption method employing lime particles. Subsequently, aqueous ethanol was blended with gasoline manually inside a flask. It was discovered that the minimum ethanol concentration, which could be blended with pertalite to form a single-phase substance, was 80%. By using 80% ethanol in the blending process, the composition ratio of pertalite, pure ethanol, and water was recorded as 1:11.65:2.91 (in volume unit), while this was not the case with pertamax. The minimum ethanol concentration that could be blended with pertamax to form a single-phase emulsion was 88%, with a composition ratio of 1:5.91:0.81. The composition proportions of the three components with 96% ethanol were 1:0.27:0.01 (RON 90) and 1:0.41:0.02 (RON 92). It was observed that the higher the ethanol concentration, the less the amount of ethanol required for the blending process with gasoline to form a single-phase emulsion.

Contamination of soil by the activities of exploration, production and disposal of oil waste into the environment causes serious damage to the environmental ecosystem, the target of processing by the activated sludge as a model for remediation of petroleum contaminated site. Optimization of oxygen supply becomes special attention in aerobic bioprocess for optimizing the growth of microorganisms to degrade total petroleum hydrocarbons. Thus, the study was focused on determining the performance of dissolved oxygen in degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons by ex situ activated sludge. The research used biological methods (bioremediation), with the ratio of contaminated soil to water was 20:80%(w/v) and a soil size 40/50 mesh. The degradation process was carried out with 15% and 20% (v/v) activated sludge put into the bioreactor slurry with a capacity of 4 liters and stirring was 90 rpm at a temperature of 30oC as well as aeration and nutrient injection into the bioreactor. TPH analysis was measured by the gravimetric method. The results obtained showed that the performance of dissolved oxygen increased well in the bioreactor slurry at 15% (v/v) and 20% (v/v) activated sludge concentrations was 3.31–8.57 mg/L and 3.5–8.21 mg/L respectively, which had an impact on the level of TPH degradation, namely from 18,000 µg/g to 2870 µg/g and 18,000 µg/g to 1970 µg/g during the 49 days remediation period. In general, activated sludge shows good performance throughout the remediation period.

Pewarnaan pada proses produksi kain sasirangan menghasilkan limbah yang mengandung logam berat, diantaranya adalah timbal (Pb2+) dan kadmium (Cd2+). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh proses fitoremediasi terhadap konsentrasi logam Pb2+ dan Cd2+ dari limbah cair industri sasirangan di Kalimantan Selatan, serta mengetahui pertambahan berat basah eceng gondok. Eceng gondok yang sudah dibersihkan dan diaklimatisasi ditanam dalam reaktor berisi larutan limbah dengan konsentrasi 3% (v/v); 9% (v/v); dan 15% (v/v). Sampel diambil setiap 2 hari sekali sebanyak 100 ml dan dianalisis menggunakan AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi logam Pb2+ dan Cd2+ dalam limbah setelah proses fitoremediasi terjadi penurunan. Kadar Pb2+ pada konsentrasi 3% (v/v) semula 0,197 ppm menjadi 0,062 ppm, pada konsentrasi 9% (v/v) semula 0,200 ppm menjadi 0,077 ppm dan untuk 15% (v/v) adalah 0,225 ppm menjadi 0,093 ppm. Sedangkan untuk Cd2+ konsentrasi 3% (v/v) semula 0,110 ppm menjadi 0,059 ppm, konsentrasi 9% (v/v) adalah 0,127 ppm menjadi 0,045 ppm dan untuk konsentrasi 15% (v/v) semula 0,144 ppm menjadi 0,047 ppm.

Limbah cair latex yang dibuang begitu saja akan menimbulkan masalah karena selain dapat menimbulkan bau bagi lingkungan sekitar juga dapat menurunkan kandungan hara dalam tanah dan bila masuk ke badan sungai dapat mencemari sumber air bersih. Dalam proses biogas selain menghasilkan gas yang dapat bermanfaat sebagai energi alternatif, biogas juga dapat menghasilkan produk bawah berupa limbah yang juga mempunyai manfaat. Limbah digester biogas ini baik yang padat maupun cair dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk organik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui potensi produk samping biogas dari limbah cair latex sebagai penghasil pupuk cair sehingga dapat dikembangkan menjadi teknologi baru dalam proses anaerobic digestion dan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan enceng gondok maupun jerami padi pada limbah cair latex terhadap kandungan pupuk kompos cair yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kondisi operasi yang optimal untuk menghasilkan biogas pada suhu 28 o C dan pH 7 dengan waktu pengujian hari ke-28. Kandungan pupuk cair pada penambahan substrat enceng gondok diperoleh N-total=0,026%, C-Organik=0,081%, P=0,033% dan K=0,423%. Sedangkan untuk kandungan pupuk cair pada penambahan substrat jerami padi sebesar N-total=0,017%, C-Organik=0,186%, P=0,045% dan K=0,358%. Hasil analisa produk samping biogas limbah cair latex untuk kandungan pupuk kompos cair menunjukkan bahwa pengenceran menggunakan limbah cair latex dengan penambahan substrat enceng gondok memiliki nilai konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan penambahan substrat jerami padi. Kata Kunci: Biogas, Pupuk Kompos Cair, Latex, Enceng gondok, Jerami padi Abstract- The waste of liquid latex, if thrown away will cause problems because it can cause odors to the surrounding environment and can be effected to lower of nutrient content in the soil and when it enters water bodies can contaminate water sources. In addition to the biogas process produces a gas which can be useful as an alternative energy; biogas can also produce products under the form of waste which also has benefits. Waste biogas digester is either solid or liquid can be used as organic fertilizer. The aims of this research are to investigate of potentially and capability of liquid latex waste for liquid fertilizer, then it can develop becomes new technology in the anaerobic digestion, to study effect of addition of rice straw and water hyacinth for composition of liquid fertilizer. Base on the result, the optimum condition for the process was 28 o C and pH 7 with sampling data on 28th day. Liquid fertilizer composition which using addition of water hyacinth was about N-total=0,026%, C-Organic=0,081%, P=0,033% dan K=0,423%. The liquid fertilizer composition which using addition of rice straw was about N-total=0,017%, C-Organic=0,186%, P=0,045% dan K=0,358%. The results side product biogas of liquid fertilizer have shown the higher concentration value when the liquid latex waste in the presence of water hyacinth just than increment rice straw. Keywords: Biogas, liquid Fertilizer Compost, Latex, Water hyacinth, Rice straw

Contamination of soil by the activities of exploration, production, and disposal of oil waste into the environment causes serious damage to the environmental ecosystem, the target of processing by the bacteria as a model for remediation of oil contaminated site. Thus, the study was focused on determining the biodegradation percentage of extractable petroleum hydrocarbons as a function of the oil concentration. This research was conducted in a slurry bioreactor with mixed contaminated soil to water ratio of 20:80 (wt.%). A consortium of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas putida bacteria 10% (v/v) and 15% (v/v) with the ratio of 2:3, 1:1, and 3:2 was inserted into the slurry bioreactor and a single reactor was used as a control. The result of identification with an initial concentration of extractable petroleum hydrocarbons of 299.53 ng/µL, after 49 days of incubation for bacterial consortium 10% (v/v), the concentration was reduced to 85.31; 32.43; 59.74; and 112.22 ng/µL respectively and the biodegradation percentage was 71.5; 89.17; 80.05; and 62.54%. As for the bacterial consortium concentration of 15% (v/v) with the same ratio and control, the effluent concentration was 12.48; 7.72; 18.93 ng/µL, respectively or the biodegradation percentage was 95.83; 97.42; 93.68%.

Tulang ikan patin memiliki proporsi 10% dari total susunan tubuh ikan yang merupakan salah satu limbah pengolahan ikan yang memiliki kadar kalsium pospat sebanyak 14% dari total susunan tulang. Pembuatan asam phospat dari tulang ikan patin ini bertujuan untuk mengekstrak asam phospat dari tulang ikan patin dan menghitung kadar asam phospat yang dapat dihasilkan dengan variasi suhu dan konsentrasi pelarut. Proses yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ektraksi dengan pelarut H 2 SO 4 . Serbuk tulang ikan patin dengan ukuran butir 250 micron dan berat 10 g dimasukan kedalam labu leher tiga yang ditambahkan H 2 SO­ 4 dengan volume 100 mL. Kemudian dipanaskan dan berlangsung pada titik didih normal air selama waktu tertentu. Hasil ekstraksi yang didapat kemudian dianalisis kadar air dan kadar kandungan asam phospat yang terbentuk dari tulang ikan patin dengan proses titrasi. Dari hasil yang didapatkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi asam sulfat yang digunakan diperoleh asam phospat yang semakin tinggi pula. Kadar asam phospat terbesar yang didapat pada kondisi operasi ekstraksi dengan H 2 SO 4 55% dengan waktu 3 jam sebesar 53,2 %. Kata kunci : Ekstraksi, tulang ikan patin, kadar asam phospat Patin fish bone has 10% proportion of the whole fish body that is one of waste from processing fish. It has 14% calcium phosphate from the whole fish body. Making phosphate acid from patin fish bone aim to extract the phosphate acid and count its levels that can be produced with the temperature and the concentration solvent as the variables. The processes used in this research is extraction with H 2 SO 4 as the solvent. 10 grams of 250 micron patin fish bone powder inserted in three-neck flask and added with 100 ml H 2 SO 4 . It was heated in water’s boiling point at certain time. Extraction results obtained then analyzed the water and acid phosphate levels formed from patin fish bone with titration. The higher sulfuric acid concentration used, the more acid phosphate concentration obtained. The largest phosphate acid concentration levels that obtained in extraction with 55% H 2 SO 4 and 3 hours operation is 53.2%. Keywords : Extraction, patin fish bone, phosphate levels

Limbah cair kelapa sawit berasal dari unit proses pengukusan, proses klarifikasi dan buangan dari hidrosiklon. Pada umumnya, limbah cair kelapa sawit mengandung bahan organik yang tinggi seperti 34,20% ekstrak tanpa N (komposisi kimia) dan 13,19 % Glutamit Asam (komposisi asam amino)sehingga potensial mencemari air tanah dan badan air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sistem aerasi pada limbah CPO dan lumpur aktif dalam bak aerasi sehingga didapat penurunan konsentrasi BOD 5 , COD dan pH effluen serta m engetahui variasi perbandingan volume antara limbah CPO dengan lumpur aktif (activated sludge) terhadap optimalisasi penurunan nilai konsentrasi BOD 5 , COD dan pH effluen . Pada penelitian ini , limbah cair CPO dan lumpur aktif dimasukkan kedalam bioreaktor dengan variasi perbandingan volume. Kemudian masing-masing bioreaktor diaerasi dengan menggunakan aerator dan dilakukan pengamatan sistem aerasi terhadap penurunan nilai BOD 5 , COD, dan pH nya dengan menggunakan lumpur aktif. Hasil analisa didapatkan nilai optimum terjadi pada bioreaktor C (8:2) v/v dimana perbandingan antara limbah CPO dengan penambahan lumpur aktif lebih sedikit, nilai BOD5 22,4 mg/L dari nilai awal 25,6 mg/L, nilai COD 42,5953 mg/L dari nilai sampel awal 65,77 mg/L begitu pula nilai MLSS dan MLVSS meningkat pada Bioreaktor C dari 52690 mg/L menjadi 71060 mg/L. Keywords : Waktu retensi, tangki Aerasi, Lumpur Aktif, Limbah cair, BOD 5 , COD . Liquid waste crude palm oil derived from strilizer unit, clarification unit and exiles from hydrocyclone. Liquid waste from crude palm oil industry such as34.20 % extractwithoutN(chemical composition) and13.19% Glutamitacid(amino acidcomposition) might potentially contaminate ground water and water bodies. This studyaimed todetermine the effect of aeration systemonCPOandwasteactivated sludge in theaerationbasinin order to get the concentrationdecreasedBOD 5 , CODandpH of theeffluentanddetermine variations inthe ratio betweentheCPOwasteactivated sludgetooptimize theconcentrationimpairmentBOD 5 , CODandeffluentpH.In this study, liquid wasteandsludgeCPOinserted into thebioreactorwith avolumeratiovariation.Then eachaeratedbioreactorsusingaeratorsandaerationsystemswas observedtodecrease invalue ofBOD5, COD, andpHby usingactivated sludge. Analysisresultsobtainedoptimumvalueoccurs inbioreactorC(8:2) v/vCPOwhere thecomparisonbetweenthe wasteactivated sludgewiththe addition ofa little more,BOD5value of22.4mg/Lfrom baseline25.6mg/L, COD42,5953mg/Lofinitialsamplevalue65.77mg/Las well asthe value ofMLSSandMLVSSincreased inBioreactorCof52 690mg/Lto71060mg/L . Keywords : retention time, aeration tank, Activated sludge,liquid waste,BOD 5 , COD

Indonesia merupakan negara agraris dengan produksi padi yang besar, dimana seiring tingginya produksi padi maka semakin tinggi pula potensi limbah padi yang dihasilkan, salah satunya berupa sekam padi yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan furfural. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi katalisator asam terhadap perolehan furfural, menentukan kadar furfural yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan kedua jenis katalisator asam dalam berbagai variasi konsentrasi serta menentukan jenis dan konsentrasi katalisator asam yang dapat menghasilkan kadar furfural terbesar. Penelitian ini berlangsung dalam tiga tahapan, yaitu tahap persiapan bahan baku, proses hidrolisa dan distilasi. Persiapan bahan baku dilakukan dengan menghaluskan sekam padi hingga 80 mesh kemudian dikeringkan menggunakan oven. Proses hidrolisa menggunakan katalisator asam dilakukan selama 4 jam dengan suhu 85 o C, hidrolisat disaring untuk selanjutnya dilakukan pemurnian dengan distilasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memvariasikan katalisator asam berupa asam sulfat dan asam klorida dengan konsentrasi 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% dan 9%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sintesis furfural dari sekam padi dapat menghasilkan furfural tertinggi pada katalisator asam sulfat dengan konsentrasi 1%. Adapun kadar furfural yang diperoleh pada katalisator asam sulfat dengan konsentrasi 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% dan 9% berturut-turut sebesar 1,815%; 1,256%; 0,933%; 0,733% dan 0,730%, sedangkan kadar furfural yang diperoleh pada katalisator asam klorida sebesar 1,659%; 1,126%; 0,848%; 0,737% dan 0,726%. Keywords :hidrolisa, distilasi, katalisator asam, furfural Abstract- Indonesia is an agrarian country with a large rice production, where rice production is often high, the potential of rice waste will be higher, one of the waste is rice hull that can be used as raw material for the manufacture of furfural. This research aims to determine the type and concentration of acid catalyst in the manufacture of furfural, and analyze the effect of acid catalyst type and concentration to furfural obtained. This research was done by three stages, namely preparation of raw materials, hydrolysis and distillation process. Preparation of raw materials was started by reducing the rice hull’s size up to 80 mesh and then drying. Acid catalyst hydrolysis carried out for four hours with the operating temperature of 85 o C, then filtered hydrolyzate was purified by distillation. Research was done by varying the acid catalyst in the form of sulfuric acid and hidrochloric acid with the concentration of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%. The results showed that the synthesis of furfural from rice hull obtained the highest furfural concentration on the sulfuric acidcatalyst at 1% concentration. The furfural obtained with concentration of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9% on a sulfuric acidcatalyst respectively at 1.815%; 1.256%; 0.933%; 0.733% and 0.730%, while the furfural obtained on the hydrochloric acid catalyst respectively at 1.659%; 1.126%; 0.848%; 0.737% and 0.726%. Keywords :hydrolysis, distillation, acid catalyst, furfural

Vinegar wood is a mixture of solutions and dispersions of wood smoke from the pyrolysis. Pyrolysiswas doneat temperature of300oCfor 8hours and thesnake headfishpreservation processwas done bysoakingat vinegar woodconcentrationof 25%, 50% and 75% for 5minutes. Furthermorethe moisture of snake headfish was decreased before stored insealedjarsfor storage time during 1week, 2 weeksand 3weeks.The results showedthat therelative concentration ofphenol, aceticacid and carboxaldehydein coconut shellvinegar wood respectively by 21,65%; 47,90% and 4,54%. The moisture ofsnake headfish that storedfor 1weekwithvinegar woodconcentrationof 25%, 50%, and 75% respectively by60.7%, 66.67%, 67.8%and the moisture that storedfor 2and 3weeks respectively by67.5%, 69.76%, 72.09%, 72.41%, 73.91%, 72.22%. Protein of snake headfish that storedfor 1weekwithvinegar woodconcentrationof 25%, 50%, and 75% respectively by 10.93%, 70.8%, 9.95% and the protein that storedfor 2and 3weeksrespectively by7.07%, 7.05%, 6.99%, 4.55%, 6.49%, 6.79%. Number ofE.coli in snake head fish that storedfor 1weekwithvinegar woodconcentrationof 25%, 50%, and 75% respectivelyby 15APM/g, < 3APM/g, < 3APM/gand the number of E.coli that storedfor 2and 3weeksrespectively by240APM/g, 39 APM/g, < 3APM/g, >2400APM/g, 210 APM/g, < 3APM/g.Keywords: coconut shell, pyrolysis, vinegar wood, preservation, snake head fish

Soil contaminated with naphthalene by the activities of exploration, production and disposal of petroleum waste into the environment causes serious damage to ecosystems environment. This is the target of processing by the bacteria as a model for remediation of soil contaminated with naphthalene. Thus, the study was focused on naphthalene biodegradation in soil contaminated with polyaromatic hydrocarbons with measurement parameters: the bacterial growth and dissolved oxygen. The research was conducted in a slurry bioreactor with soil to water ratio of 20:80 (%wt) with the addition of a consortia of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas putida bacteria with a concentration of 10% (v/v) and 15% (v/v). The slurry bioreactor was aerated, stirred with stirring of 100 rpm and temperature range of 26°C – 35°C. Naphthalene residue in petroleum hydrocarbons were measured using GC-MS. The result of identification with naphthalene initial concentration of 115.646 ng/uL, after 49 days of incubation for bacterial consortium 10% (v/v) with a bacteria ratio 3:2; 1:1; 2:3; and control showed the reduction to 33.77 ng/uL; 0.77 ng/uL; 10.28 ng/uL and 23.88 ng/uL, respectively with biodegradation percentages of 70.80%; 99.33%; 91.11%; and 79.35%. As for the bacterial consortium 15% (v/v) with the same ratio and control, the naphthalene concentration was reduced to 0.31 ng/uL; 0.19 ng/uL; 5.12 ng/uL and 23.88 ng/uL, respectively and biodegradation percentages of 99.73%; 99.84%; 95.57%; and 79.35%. This finding shows that percentage of crude low degraded considering the concentration crude oil increased.

Pisang merupakan buah yang sering dikonsumsi oleh manusia, baik secara langsung setelah buahnya matang ataupun diolah menjadi makanan lain. Di pulau Kalimantan, tanaman pisang banyak ditemukan di daerah Kalimantan Selatan. Kulit pisang biasanya hanya dibuang menjadi limbah, padahal di dalam pisang terdapat kandungan pektin sebanyak 22,4%. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan ekstraksi pektin dengan bahan dasar kulit pisang yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis pisang yang banyak mengandung pektin, pengaruh variasi waktu ekstraksi terhadap jumlah pektin yang dihasilkan serta jenis pelarut yang menghasilkan pektin maksimum . Percobaan dilakukan memakai dua jenis pisang, yaitu pisang kepok dan pisang ambon yang dikeringkan dan diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut dengan suhu ekstraksi 80°C. Variasi waktu ekstraksi 1; 1,5 dan 2 jam, dengan pelarut HCl dan H 2 SO 4 0,05 N. Hasil ekstraksi ditambahkan dengan etanol hingga terbentuk endapan, kemudian disaring dan di oven pada suhu 40 o C selama 8 jam. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisa berat ekivalen, kadar metoksil, kadar galakturonat dan derajat esterifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi waktu dan jenis pelarut terbaik untuk menghasilkan kadar pektin yang banyak, baik untuk pisang ambon maupun pisang kepok adalah ekstraksi selama 2 jam menggunakan pelarut HCl dengan kadar sebesar 14,90% untuk pisang ambon dan 10,96% untuk pisang kepok. Pektin yang dihasilkan memiliki berat ekivalen 666,67 – 793,65 ; bermetoksil rendah, yaitu 3,53 %- 4,34 % dengan kadar galakturonat 45,06 %- 48,05 % , termasuk pektin ester rendah dengan derajat esterifikasi 43,61 %- 49 , 23 % dan termasuk pektin ester tinggi dengan derajat esterifikasi sebesar 51,28%-52,09% . Keywords : kulit pisang, pektin, ekstraksi Banana is a fruit that is often consumed by humans, either directly after the fruit riped or processed into other foods. On the island of Borneo, banana plants are mostly found in South Kalimantan. Discarded banana peels usually only become a waste, but there is pectin content as much as 22.4% in the banana. In this research, the extraction of pectin with a banana peels ingredients that aims to determine the types of bananas that contain lots of pectin, the influence of variations time extraction in the amount of pectin produced and the type of solvent that produces maximum pectin. The experiments were conducted using two types of bananas, the banana peel of Ambons and Kepok dried and extracted using solvent extraction with a temperature of 80 ° C. Variation extraction time are 1; 1.5 and 2 hours, the solvent are HCl and H 2 SO 4 0.05 N. Extracted product added with ethanol to precipitate formed, then its filtered and dried in the oven at a temperature of 40 ° C for 8 hours. In this research, the product being analysis of equivalent weight, grade metocsil, galacturonate levels and the degree of esterification. The results showed that the combination of time and the type of solvent to generate a lot of pectin levels, both for banana Ambon and banana Kepok, was extracted for 2 hours using HCl solvent which is content of 14.90% for bananas Ambon and 10.96% for bananas Kepok .The pectin that produced has an equivalent weight of 666.67 to 793.65; low metoksil grade of 3.53% -4.34%; with galacturonate levels about 45.06% -48.05%, including low ester pectin with a degree of esterification 43.61 % -49.23% and included a high ester pectin with a degree of esterification of 51.28% -52.09% Keywords : banana peel, pectin, ekstraction