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Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are a class of cross-coupled hydrophilic networks that have an extraordinary capacity to absorb and retain water. It is primarily because of the additional ionic cross-linking of SAPs, their porous wavy structure, a large number of hydrophilic functionalities, the high elasticity of the chains, and the enlarged free volumes between the polymeric chains, that all contribute to the enhancement of the swelling capability of superabsorbent hydrogels. These exceptional attributes have endowed them to be an alternative to conventional hydrogels in various applications. In view of the importance of this class of absorbent material and their diverse appliances, this review deliberates the experimental methods for characterizing superabsorbent polymers, including the officially accepted industrial measurements of their unique attributes, namely, swelling among others. In addition, the review highlights recent advances in the field of superabsorbent polymers encompassing nanofiltration, heat resistance, and absorbency, drug delivery, disposable hygiene products, nanomedicines, and the removal of heavy metals from wastewater and agriculture domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are a key constituent in baby diapers and adult incontinence products. To develop new SAPs, lab tests are used to measure properties that are considered important for these products. However, these manual tests are often time-consuming and tedious. This paper introduces an automatic method to measure absorption under pressure (aAUP) using industry robots. The new robotic method addresses limitations in an industry standard absorption under pressure (AUP) method. The new aAUP method can run continuously, generating more and better data to aid in product development. It enables to put the Buchholz theory on SAPs for predicting their properties to practice by reduction of manual effort and by producing excellent data quality. This has been shown on commercial polymers from different production processes, with varied particle size distributions and shapes. The aAUP data has also been shown to accurately predict other properties of SAPs relevant for their application in hygiene articles, making it a useful tool for understanding the underlying science and facilitating product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background For a specific purpose involving the pH of menstrual blood and the pH of the vagina during menstruation, the current work describes the development of pH-responsive superadsorbent polymer (SAP)-coated menstrual pads. Acrylic acid (AA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were used to create a pH-responsive polymer, which was then applied layer by layer to sanitary napkins. Using FTIR, the chemical composition and structure were examined. By examining tests for absorbent capacity, swelling capacity, water retention, sorption under load, strike through, wicking height, and re-wetness under load, the performance studies of coated pads were contrasted with those of menstrual pads that are sold commercially. Additionally, the coated pad’s pH response was examined to determine how stable the polymer was against pH variation. Results The use of SAP in this study resulted in a higher free swelling capacity (102.22 g/g) for tap water and absorption under load in sanitary napkins. The absorption capacity of SAP ranges from 8 to 24 h, with values ranging from 14.84 to 132.41 g/g. Similarly, wet back and striking through analysis indicated superior outcomes in comparison with commercial products. The pH of the prepared SAP helps to maintain the necessary acidity level (pH 3.02) for the vagina during menstruation. Conclusions Based on comparison results from FTIR, absorbency capacity, rewet, strike-through, and pH, the report recommends using the pH-responsive SAP to coat the top layer of feminine napkins.

Water contamination caused by inconsistencies in the removal of contemporary colors and heavy metals constitutes a serious global ecological concern. This study introduces a composite material made of cellulose acetate coated with activated carbon, which is made more effective by including pectic enzymes. This composite is easily manufactured and has caused considerable interest due to its potential in wastewater treatment via absorption‐based techniques for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye and lead removal. Thermal processing and electrospinning are used in the synthesis process. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), Energy Dispersive Xray‐ Analysis (EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and UV‐absorbency were used to characterize the resultant pectic cellulose/activated carbon nanofibers (P‐CNFs). In addition, inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectroscopy (ICP‐MS) was used to evaluate lead ion adsorption. Several parameters, including initial lead ion and methylene blue concentrations, solution pH, and nanofiber, were investigated. Fifty percent of pectic‐containing composite (cellulose/activated carbon) P‐CNF has shown remarkable differences when compared to non‐pectic and different ratio composite due to higher surface area and porosity. It also increases light absorption and decreases charge recombination, resulting in a maximum degradation efficiency of 98.5% in a neutral solution under UV‐light irradiation for 25 min, compared to pure CNF (degradation efficiency is 49% after 60 min of irradiation). In the case of lead removal, 80% efficiency was achieved in 5 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For a specific purpose involving the pH of menstrual blood and the pH of the vagina during menstruation, the current work describes the development of pH-responsive superadsorbent polymer (SAP)-coated menstrual pads. Acrylic acid (AA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were used to create a pH-responsive polymer, which was then applied layer by layer to sanitary napkins. Using FTIR, the chemical composition and structure were examined. By examining tests for absorbent capacity, swelling capacity, water retention, sorption under load, strike through, wicking height, and re-wetness under load, the performance studies of coated pads were contrasted with those of menstrual pads that are sold commercially. Additionally, the coated pad's pH response was examined to determine how stable the polymer was against pH variation. Results: The use of SAP in this study resulted in a higher free swelling capacity (102.22 g/g) for tap water and absorption under load in sanitary napkins. The absorption capacity of SAP ranges from 8 to 24 h, with values ranging from 14.84 to 132.41 g/g. Similarly, wet back and striking through analysis indicated superior outcomes in comparison with commercial products. The pH of the prepared SAP helps to maintain the necessary acidity level (pH 3.02) for the vagina during menstruation. Conclusions: Based on comparison results from FTIR, absorbency capacity, rewet, strike-through, and pH, the report recommends using the pH-responsive SAP to coat the top layer of feminine napkins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminine hygiene products, used by millions of women worldwide on a daily basis, come in various forms. Among them, tampons are a prominent type that aims to absorb menstrual blood directly in the vagina. However, the underlying mechanisms governing liquid absorption in tampons have received limited research attention and remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate these mechanisms by examining the two main types of viscose fibres used in tampons and their effects when employed in tampon production. The sole distinction between the fibre types lies in their geometric shape—round or trilobal—while all other fibre parameters remain constant. To explore these mechanisms, tampon proxies made from these fibres were created and subjected to tests measuring liquid absorption. In addition, a novel method employing infrared thermography was utilized to infer the stored energy within the compressed tampon. Furthermore, individual fibres were characterised for chemical composition, surface properties, fine structure, liquid interaction, mechanical parameters, and friction behaviour. The results revealed that trilobal fibres exhibited higher tampon absorbency compared to their round counterparts, despite sharing similar chemical composition and comparable mechanical characteristics. This disparity can be attributed to the greater specific surface area of trilobal fibres, leading to enhanced liquid uptake through fibre swelling. However, single fibre swelling only accounted for a minor fraction of the total liquid absorbency of a tampon. The most influential fibre parameter was the geometric shape, as trilobal fibres facilitated the construction and maintenance of a bulkier network with increased available volume for liquid absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic packaging products are popular due to having many superior properties but are harmful to the environment. In that regard, potato starch and sugarcane bagasse fibers were used to develop a composite material by hand layup process. Starch was chemically modified chemically using sodium hydroxide, adipic acid, and mustard oil, according to a previous study. The modification process improved the gelatinization of starch and helped to form a dense and rigid film. The combination was used along with sugarcane bagasse to develop a novel composite material. An increase in fiber loading in the composite resulted in 14.00 J/m impact resistance and 22.85 MPa flexural strength. But adding more than 43% fiber caused decrement in the properties due to fiber accumulation. In contrast, the hardness test showed almost similar results for all samples, resembling polystyrene's hardness properties. However, the density of the composites was found around 0.61 gm/cm3, which is significantly low while the scanning electron microscopy images showed the presence of mechanical interlocking among the components and the composites' porous structure, which also helped to reduce the composites' density significantly. In addition, a meaningfully improved absorbency property was recorded as 73% water absorption after 2 h of immersion was seen in one sample. The thermal test showed similar results to raw sugarcane bagasse but with high char-forming ability in the composite, which can be helpful in flame retarding properties. Meanwhile, comparison with polystyrene and cardboard in terms of density and impact resistance also showed encouraging results.

In the present study, an absorbent article from raw organic cotton fibers (ROCFs) as base material was prepared for female hygiene applications. ROCFs were modified employing two different approaches: the conventional NaOH and eco-friendly ethanol/water blend. Chitosan is considered as an eco-friendly agent and hence used in the present study to impart simultaneous antimicrobial, binding, and stabilizing properties to the final product. Two different organic acids, namely acetic acid and citric acid, were used to disperse the chitosan particles in order to balance the pH range of the feminine physiology system, which is normally in the range of 3–4.5 to prevent the undesired growth of microbes. Particle size and SEM analysis confirmed the proper dispersion and attachment of chitosan particles in the modified cotton fibers, respectively. The absorbency test indicated the better holding capacity for the ethanol cotton fibers treated along with chitosan in combination citric acid. Further, this combination was also found to possess better antimicrobial activity against specific microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and others.

Surgical sutures are important components of surgical operation and protection against post-surgical infections. The current in vitro study is an effort to evaluate the effects of antibacterial finishes extracted from natural sources, i.e. plants and herbs on natural fiber-based suture materials. These bioactive compounds are derived from Azadirachta indica (AI), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (CT), Calotropis procera (CP), Prunus persica (PP), and Berberis lycium (BL), etc. All finishes were obtained by direct extraction method, and their effect was studied in this research. Two types of natural fiber materials, e.g. silk suture (SS, non-absorbable) and catgut suture (CS, absorbable), were selected. Mechanical properties were evaluated after application of the finish with concentrations of 50% and 100%, respectively. Antibacterial testing was also conducted for different finishes on both types of sutures, which provide promising results. In both types of sutures, mechanical properties and antibacterial properties were improved after application of herbal finishes. This paper highlights the possibility of using natural fiber sutures and bioactive finishes for imparting antibacterial wound care properties. The natural fibers and finishes will be helpful for reducing toxic treatments of sutures, which are hazardous to the environment.

Silk is considered as one of the finest and delicate natural fibers suitable for the construction of textile products with elegant look, lustrous appearance, gorgeous glaze, and elegant drapeness likewise with rich quality. However, silk is sensitive for various chemicals so that it could be easily damaged. Hence, it is evident that silk should be protected so as to accommodate the necessary characteristics in the end use products. In this context, in this research work plain woven mulberry silk fabric was chosen which was further processed with basic treatments and treated with polyacrylic acid and chitosan and then dyed with some selected natural sources and reactive dye. The treated and dyed silk fabrics were then subjected for different testing parameters such as measuring physical properties, K/S values, fastness properties, absorbency characteristics, antiodor behavior, SEM, and XRD analysis. The results obtained from this study convince the suitability for the conventional garment/apparel end-use products including the medical textiles.

The technical rules for maintenance and the question of scale in the event of "damage/defects" in legacy cases Wiens/Raupach and Helm have studied the technical rules for maintenance of the German Institute for Building Technology (Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik) of 2020 with new contents and constructional framework conditions, including their application [1]. Schießl‐Pecka/Strehlein have described the repair method as specified in the technical rules for maintenance and the relevance of the W (water reduction) repair principle in particular, in combination with hydrophobic treatments, from the planner's perspective [2]. The basis for the scenarios depicted is essentially the application where repairs need to be carried out on an ageing reinforced concrete structure. In addition to this basic case, the situation also arises where there are indications that a reinforced concrete structure that has already been repaired is in need of further repairs, and consequently action is required. A special case is to be added to these legacy cases – which carry the designation "damage" in legacy cases (repair damage) – which is characterised by defects in repairs carried out on a reinforced concrete structure which come to light in an open‐ended warranty period and the customer asserts claims due to material defects (rectification of repair defects in an open‐ended warranty period, repair defects). Legal rules therefore apply in addition to the applicable technical rules. The article concerns itself with the technical and legal questions that arise in this regard, that also touch on the area of application of the technical rules for maintenance and in particular emphasise the significance of the performance description in contract specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the behavior of concrete with superabsorbent polymer (SAP) under freezing conditions. SAP particles absorb water and create air voids in hardened concrete upon releasing the absorbed water. The air voids are posited to improve the freeze resistance of concrete. While this phenomenon has been experimentally verified, a contradictory finding has also been reported. This study elucidates the conflicting observations by interpreting the water reabsorption behavior of SAPs in hardened concrete. Previous models have been modified considering the SAP characteristics in hardened concrete. Lastly, the optimal SAP content for enhanced freeze resistance are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant fibers (PFs), such as hemp, Coir, and straw, are abundant in resources, low in price, light weight, biodegradable, have good adhesion to the matrix, and have a broad prospect as reinforcements. However, the degradation of PFs in the alkaline matrix is one of the main factors that affects the durability of these composites. PFs have good compatibility with cement and the geopolymer matrix. They can induce gel growth of cement-based materials and have a good toughening effect. The water absorption of the hollow structure of the PF can accelerate the degradation of the fiber on the one hand and serve as the inner curing fiber for the continuous hydration of the base material on the other. PF is easily deteriorated in the alkaline matrix, which has a negative effect on composites. The classification and properties of PFs, the bonding mechanism of the interface between PF reinforcements and the matrix, the water absorption of PF, and its compatibility with the matrix were summarized. The degradation of PFs in the alkaline matrix and solution, drying and wetting cycle conditions, and high-temperature conditions were reviewed. Finally, some paths to improve the alkaline degradation of PF reinforcement in the alkaline matrix were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the present study, an absorbent article from raw organic cotton fibers (ROCFs) as base material was prepared for female hygiene applications. ROCFs were modified employing two different approaches: the conventional NaOH and eco-friendly ethanol/water blend. Chitosan is considered as an eco-friendly agent and hence used in the present study to impart simultaneous antimicrobial, binding, and stabilizing properties to the final product. Two different organic acids, namely acetic acid and citric acid, were used to disperse the chitosan particles in order to balance the pH range of the feminine physiology system, which is normally in the range of 3-4.5 to prevent the undesired growth of microbes. Particle size and SEM analysis confirmed the proper dispersion and attachment of chitosan particles in the modified cotton fibers, respectively. The absorbency test indicated the better holding capacity for the ethanol cotton fibers treated along with chitosan in combination citric acid. Further, this combination was also found to possess better antimicrobial activity against specific microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Surgical sutures; herbal treatment; absorbency; antibacterial; growth inhibition %; ; ; ; ; % EN Surgical sutures herbal treatment absorbency antibacterial growth inhibition % ZH % 9531 9546 16 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction The use of sutures in the medical field is a common practice all over the world. Influence of finishing treatment on absorbency property of different sutures The absorbency of untreated, control and antibacterial finishing-treated silk and catgut sutures were measured. The finished sutures were weighed and an uptake of 5.4 ± 0.1% was found in silk sutures, while the uptake in catgut sutures was 4.3 ± 0.1%. [Extracted from the article]

The difference is significant only in the case of the untreated silk fabrics when compared with that of PAA- and CTN-treated and dyed silk fabrics; since the silk fabric is influenced by these treatments in the respective aspects. It is noticed from this table that the antiodor retention rate effect is considerably good in the treated (PAA and CTN) and dyed silk fabrics particularly on the CTN- treated fabrics compared with those of other (PAA and without treatment) silk fabrics. The PAA- and CTN-treated and dyed silk fabrics absorb the drops in lesser time compared to the without treatment silk fabric; similar to this trend the water retention behavior and the wicking height, respectively, are increased in silk fabrics. Keywords: Tensile strength; dyeability; fastness properties; absorbency; air permeability; antiodor; ; ; ; ; ; EN Tensile strength dyeability fastness properties absorbency air permeability antiodor ZH 8637 8651 15 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction Silk is the prominent protein fiber, which has been considered for the special characteristics of durability, softness, luster, and surface smoothness. [Extracted from the article]

Consumer demands for comfort performance are highly escalated, making global manufacturers turn their attention towards the development of technical textiles with enhanced comfort properties. The comfort characteristics of bamboo/cotton blend along with elastane knitted fabrics made by using ring-spun yarns were studied. Four different blend proportions, namely 53:42:5 cotton/bamboo/elastane, 51:41:8 cotton/bamboo/elastane, 45:40:15 cotton/bamboo/elastane and 59:31:10 cotton/bamboo/elastane were used to produce knitted fabrics by using ring-spun yarn of 14.7 tex. Single jersey knitted fabric was made with the first three proportions and interlock fabric was made with the fourth proportion. Fabric samples have been evaluated for physical properties like CPI, WPI, stitch density and thickness aside from measuring comfort properties like absorbency, air permeability and water vapour permeability. Based on the test results, it was concluded that a Lycra jersey developed with 51:41:8 cotton/bamboo/elastane blend showed good surface and moisture absorbency characteristics.

Imparting new functionalities by means of coating on textiles is a step to widen the span of their characteristics and potential applications in different dimensions. Water-based polyurethanes (PU) offer unique and striking mechanical and functional features that have driven strong interest in their utility for various applications while also matching environmental sustainability needs. This research investigates the effects of PU coating on hydroentangled cotton nonwovens. The coated and uncoated nonwovens produced by various combinations were evaluated for their structure and physical properties such as fiber structure, tensile strength, water contact angle, surface energy, air permeability, pressure drop, and water absorbency. The changes in surface structure of nonwovens after coating were analyzed through scanning electron microscope. Additionally, stretchability and stretch recovery of the webs showed improvement as determined by cyclic loading and unloading tests. Cotton nonwovens generally have poor recovery due to the nature of the fiber and the web structure with very low stored energy. The results show that integration of PU on cotton nonwovens can be a promising approach to impart elasticity to cotton webs with endowed tensile strength and vast increase in recovery characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) hydrogel, formed via physically electrostatic crosslinks between polyanion and polycation, is an interesting hydrogel in terms of its nontoxicity and solvent-free technique. In this work, poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) complex hydrogels were prepared. Firstly, the PSS/PDADMAC complex aggregates using various PSS/PDADMAC mole fractions that were prepared in the presence of NaCl solution. Then, the aggregates were resolubilized under stirring at 70 °C for 2 h to obtain a homogeneous PEC solution. Finally, the PEC solution was dialyzed using a dialysis membrane with 3500 molecular cut-off for 1 day. The dialysis bath was changed every interval period of 2 h to control the rate of reversible electrostatic interaction, resulting in the homogenous PEC hydrogel with porous morphology as revealed by SEM and BET investigations. The dimensional stability and viscoelasticity of the PEC hydrogel was studied by DMA experiment, which showed the viscoelastic behavior at a compressive force ranging from 0 to 0.1 N. Finally, PSS/PDADMAC hydrogels showed a high water absorbency property and excellent affinity to textile anionic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development and characterization of single-faced spun lace polyester-viscose (30:70) fabric as a top layer in incontinence products have been reported. One side of the fabric layer is coated with fluorocarbon using the spray coating process to make it hydrophobic. The coating process parameters, spraying distance (distance between spraying nozzle and fabric), finish concentration, and the partial coating are varied to determine the optimum combination. The effectiveness of the coating process has been assessed by measuring contact angle, moisture management, and rewet tests. The study reveals that the 30 cm spray distance and 5% finish concentration, sprayed following dot/zebra pattern, provides the layer's best liquid moisture transport properties. This process of making the front side hydrophobic and the other side hydrophilic promotes one-way liquid transport and can be very useful for many absorbent medical and hygiene products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carboxymethyl cellulose-graft-poly(acrylic acidSodium acrylate-acrylamide) SAPs have been prepared by the free-radical grafting solution polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide monomers (AM) onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in the presence of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker (MBA) and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. Various factors influencing the water absorbency of the polymer were studied. These include the weight ratio of APS, MBA, and CMC compared to the monomers. The optimal conditions were found as follows: 1% APS, 0.25% MBA, and 10% CMC (weight ratio to monomers). The maximum absorbencies for distilled water and 0.9 wt.% NaCl solution were 406 g/g and 69 g/g, respectively. The structure of the synthesized polymer was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, the water absorption and water retention behavior of the polymer in soil were investigated. The results showed that this polymer could be employed as a suitable moisture-holding additive in soil for cultivation purposes.

This study compared the absorbency capacity of paper points (PPs) with positively charged and noncharged polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (PVDFMs) and investigated the ability of PPs and PVDFMs to bind and remove endotoxin. Three commercially available PPs were compared with PVDFM (Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA) prototype points. We recorded the initial dry weight for each PP and PVDFM using a digital balance to ±0.0001 precision for absorbency. PPs and PVDFMs were then immersed in deionized water and weighed to obtain the wet weight. The absorbency was calculated with the following formula: percent increase = ([wet weight − dry weight]/dry weight) × 100. For endotoxin removal, we first quantified endotoxin remaining in wells after immersing PPs and PVDFMs in a 24-well plate containing 10 endotoxin units/mL Escherichia coli O55:B5 (Lonza, Walkersville, MD). We then extracted and quantified endotoxin from PPs and PVDFMs. Endotoxin was quantified using the Kinetic-QCL test (Lonza). The absorbencies for the positively charged and noncharged PVDFMs were higher than the PPs (P <.05), with no difference between them (P >.05). The positively charged PVDFMs removed more endotoxin than the noncharged PVDFMs and the PPs (P <.05). Moreover, the noncharged PVDFMs bound and removed more endotoxin than any PPs (P <.05). PVDFM prototype points are more absorbent than PPs. Moreover, the positively charged PVDFM points are more effective in binding and removing endotoxin than noncharged PVDFMs and PPs. This study suggests that positively charged PVDFMs with a 0.22-μm pore size could potentially replace PPs used in endodontics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant fibers (PFs), such as hemp, Coir, and straw, are abundant in resources, low in price, light weight, biodegradable, have good adhesion to the matrix, and have a broad prospect as reinforcements. However, the degradation of PFs in the alkaline matrix is one of the main factors that affects the durability of these composites. PFs have good compatibility with cement and the geopolymer matrix. They can induce gel growth of cement-based materials and have a good toughening effect. The water absorption of the hollow structure of the PF can accelerate the degradation of the fiber on the one hand and serve as the inner curing fiber for the continuous hydration of the base material on the other. PF is easily deteriorated in the alkaline matrix, which has a negative effect on composites. The classification and properties of PFs, the bonding mechanism of the interface between PF reinforcements and the matrix, the water absorption of PF, and its compatibility with the matrix were summarized. The degradation of PFs in the alkaline matrix and solution, drying and wetting cycle conditions, and high-temperature conditions were reviewed. Finally, some paths to improve the alkaline degradation of PF reinforcement in the alkaline matrix were proposed.

The combined effect of surfactants with ozone bleaching process on the quality of cotton fabric was examined in this paper. The concentration of surfactants was varied between 0.01- 0.5 g/l in order to evaluate its effect on CIE whiteness, absorbency and strength of cotton fabric bleached by ozone. The maximum improvement in absorbency (1.07 s) and whiteness (WCIE 66.53) was achieved in the presence of anionic surfactant (0.01 g/l) at optimized experimental conditions. The strength properties of cotton fabric bleached by ozone in the presence of surfactant were also improved. Pollution load of ozone bleaching effluent even after adding surfactant was far less than conventional bleaching effluent. Statistically it was confirmed that surfactant addition significantly improved the whiteness and absorbency of ozone bleached cotton fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an innovative approach for developing high strength-high softness recycled fibers through soft mechanical treatment. Recycled fibers from old corrugated containers were treated using a homogenizer, a refiner, and in tandem. The recycled fibers and tissue paper sheets after the treatments were evaluated for the effect on critical properties such as fiber morphologies, freeness, water retention, hard-to-remove water, bulk, softness, tensile strength, and water absorption. High softness and tensile strength were achieved with mechanical treatment by utilizing a homogenizer alone or in tandem with a refiner. Overall, the homogenized recycled fibers and tissue paper sheets provided higher bulk, water absorption, and tensile strength while maintaining the softness and drainage (freeness) behavior similar to unrefined paper sheets. It was found that homogenization helps in deflocculating the recycled fibers without negatively affecting the fiber quality, such as fines generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural sustainability is essential to enhance food and water security, particularly in the context of climate change. In the recent past, applications of hydrogels in agriculture have received substantial attention among researchers as well as among farmers. This review elaborates on various aspects of hydrogels such as classifications, ideal properties for agricultural application, and interaction mechanisms with soil and plants. The experimental methods for determining hydrogel properties were given specific attention as properties such as swelling, retention, slow release, and degradation are of vital importance to agricultural sustainability. The studies conducted over the years on the effect of hydrogel application on different crops are reviewed. Several hydrogel studies demonstrate significant improvement in water consumption, water use efficiency, crop growth and yield parameters. The review looks into hydrogel degradation mechanisms in soil and also the 'test methods' for assessment of biodegradation. The gap areas in research on hydrogels and agricultural sustainability have also been identified. The need for developing a framework for the evaluation of the suitability of hydrogel for agricultural applications has been brought out. The review would encourage further research on enhancing the ideal properties of hydrogel and synthesizing with natural polymers. The use of hydrogel in agriculture for controlled nutrient release could be an alternative to conventional release methods for fertilizers and pesticides, thereby reducing the environmental footprint. The reduction in water footprint in major crops such as paddy and wheat through hydrogel might establish a shift towards sustainable irrigation practices if adopted on a large scale. Integrating innovative solutions with environmental-friendly hydrogels in the coming decades will contribute to the pursuit of achieving sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton fibres have been used in many absorbent products. A porous structure is most conducive to absorbing liquid. More is the porosity better would be the absorbent capacity. However, a porous fibrous structure is structurally fragile and can easily collapse during the absorbing process leading to changes in porosity, nature of pore structure and pore size distribution. The structural rigidity is influenced by fibre fineness and degree of mechanical bonding between the fibres. The absorbency characteristics and structural collapsing possibility of nonwoven fabrics made from very coarse and fine cotton fibres have been investigated using synthetic urine. It has been shown that the absorption capacity rises phenomenally, once the porosity crosses the value of 0.97. All nonwoven have been found to collapse laterally during absorption process, leading to lowering of absorption capacity especially in nonwovens consisting of fine fibres (3 micronaire). Nonwovens made from coarser fibres (6 micronaire) showed both higher absorption capacity and rate in comparison to those made from finer fibres (3 micronaire). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemicals in nano-form are free from aggregates and low concentration effective. The nanoparticles of certain chemicals have been found to be of substantial importance for application in textiles as well as allied fields. Nano-silica is one of such nanoparticles possessing enormous potential for multi-functional application on cotton. However, the cost of nanoparticles is remarkably high, thus limiting their commercial applications. This study discusses the manufacture of silica nanoparticles in a laboratory, their characterisation, succeeded by their application on cotton. The performance was compared with those obtained with tailormade silica nanoparticles from manufacturers. It was found that laboratory-made silica nanoparticles are relatively capable of developing a parallel finishing effect on cotton compared to those obtained with tailormade silica nanoparticles.

Inverse suspension polymerization method was applied to prepare poly(itaconic acid) based superabsorbent particles. The polymerization process was investigated to determine the influence of different parameters on the water absorption properties. It was found that processing parameters, such as oil/aqueous phase ratio, surfactant, stirring speed, as well as concentrations of initiator and crosslinker needed to be optimized to achieve high water absorbency. The hydrolysis sensitivity of the divinyl crosslinker in water affected the crosslinking efficiency to show better performance with hydrolytically stable diacrylamide than diacrylate. The washing solvent to remove surfactant also highly influence the water absorbency of the prepared SAP particles, and solvent with lower polarity induced the collapse of the pores in the SAP particles to give lower value of water absorbency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton gauze fabrics with improved absorbency through yarn twist optimization and antimicrobial property using nanosilver have been prepared. The absorbency, mass loss (%), dehydration rate, wicking rate, surface morphology, surface chemical nature and antibacterial activity of cotton gauze fabrics have been evaluated. The gauze fabric with low twisted yarn shows better absorbency and vertical wicking rate as compared to that with higher twisted yarn. The cotton gauze fabric with optimized twist multiplier (3.0 TM) is then treated with silver nitrate precursor to form in-situ nanosilver on the surface of cotton by applying elevated pressure and temperature. The surface morphology has been studied by SEM and chemical nature by FTIR. The in-situ technique produces an average nanosilver particle size of 120 ± 48 nm and shows 100% reduction for Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram-negative bacterium) and 99.99% for Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacterium). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) hydrogel, formed via physically electrostatic crosslinks between polyanion and polycation, is an interesting hydrogel in terms of its nontoxicity and solvent-free technique. In this work, poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) complex hydrogels were prepared. Firstly, the PSS/PDADMAC complex aggregates using various PSS/PDADMAC mole fractions that were prepared in the presence of NaCl solution. Then, the aggregates were resolubilized under stirring at 70 °C for 2 h to obtain a homogeneous PEC solution. Finally, the PEC solution was dialyzed using a dialysis membrane with 3500 molecular cut-off for 1 day. The dialysis bath was changed every interval period of 2 h to control the rate of reversible electrostatic interaction, resulting in the homogenous PEC hydrogel with porous morphology as revealed by SEM and BET investigations. The dimensional stability and viscoelasticity of the PEC hydrogel was studied by DMA experiment, which showed the viscoelastic behavior at a compressive force ranging from 0 to 0.1 N. Finally, PSS/PDADMAC hydrogels showed a high water absorbency property and excellent affinity to textile anionic dyes.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance characteristics of fabrics used for Ghanaian Public Basic School uniforms to determine their suitability for the end-use. Experimental procedures were employed. Data were gathered on parameters such as, fibre type, strength, elongation and absorbency of three brands of fabrics labelled A, B and C, used for the production of school uniforms. The data were analysed using the Predictive Analytical Software for windows version 22. Means and standard deviations of the fabrics' weight, strength, elongation and absorbency were determined. Analysis of Variance at 0.05 alpha level was employed to determine whether significant differences existed among the fabrics' strength, elongation and absorbency. All the fabric samples were blends of polyester, cotton and or viscose. Significant differences were found among the strengths, elongations and absorbency of the investigated fabrics. In all the parameters evaluated, fabric brand B performed best meeting the standard specifications on fibre and weave types, weight and strength by the Ghana Standards Authority for uniform fabrics and elongation by the European Apparel and Textile Confederation (EURATEX) Technical Clothing Group for shirts, dresses, blouses, trousers, shorts and skirts. It is recommended that for good quality uniforms for public basic schools, the use of fabric brand B be encouraged among garment manufacturers in Ghana. In addition, the Ghana Standards Authority should review their standards specification for uniforms to include elongation and absorbency properties of fabrics that would help to better establish the suitability of fabrics for school uniforms in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research mainly focuses on the durability of self-compacting concrete replaced with cement and Nano-metakaolin (NMK). NMK was prepared by heating kaolin at (760-780) °C sustaining for 2 hrs. NMK was used in this study by replacing cement by weight with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 % individually. The optimal proportion of replacement of river sand by manufactured sand is 45 %. The consistency, initial and final setting of NMK were predicted and compared with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Fresh concrete tests like slump flow, T50 cm, U Box, V-funnel, and hardened concrete tests like compressive tests were conducted at 7, 28, 60 and 90 days. Water absorption, Porosity test (Absorbency), Acid Attack, sulphate Attack, Indicator of Concrete's Capability to Attack Chloride Ion Penetration (RCPT) tests were conducted to observe the durability of Self-compacting concrete (SCC). From the analysis it is clear shown that addition of NMK increases with 7, 28, 60, 90 and 180 days compressive strength and the optimum level was found to be 4 %. The fissure width had diminished by the incorporation of Nanometakaolin while reducing the calcium hydroxide (CH) and mediating calcium silicates to calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). The final consequences of compressive strength, durability and flow property shows that 4 % of Nanometakaolin by weight of cement increases the workability, strength and compromises the durable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to identify optimum values of the colorfastness properties of sustainable dyes on cotton fabrics. Sustainable dyes are ecofriendly, biodegradable, economical and easily attainable from natural sources. The findings of this research established that good colourfastness properties of cellulosic fibres could be obtained using sustainable natural dyes. Experiments were carried out on 100% cotton voile fabrics of plain weave using four types of natural dyes: strawberry dye, beetroot dye, rose dye and China rose dye. Strawberry dye reacted with the cellulose of the cotton in an alkaline condition to form a stable covalent bond amid the dye and cellulose and showed outstanding colour fastness properties. The required experiments were conducted using the standard specified by ASTM and AATCC as stated in this paper. The colour strength properties, colour intensity properties, colour absorbency properties and colorfastness properties were investigated using a reflectance spectrophotometer and "Agilent Cary 630 FTIR Instrument" as stated in this paper. A sample dyeing machine -- "Pad Dye Pad Steam" was used in this research to dye the cotton fabrics with sustainable natural dyes. The colorfastness properties were investigated using grey scale test results, and the colour strength and absorbency properties were tested using the spectrophotometer and FTIR instruments. The peak values of the FTIR instrument guaranteed the existence of the colourant or chromophore present in the dyestuffs, and exposed the best colourfastness properties. The findings of this research could be beneficial to personnel involved in textile industries who are in charge of dyeing cotton fabrics with natural dyes as well as controlling their colourfastness properties and colour intensity properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proteolytic enzyme, papain, has been used for bio-polishing of mulberry silk. Improvement in lustre, with no significant change in absorbency, flexural rigidity and crease recovery, due to the cleaning of the fibre surface by the enzyme is reported. A chemometric experimental design is used with two variables and five levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel instrument has been developed to determine the fluid handling capacity of different types of wound dressings, irrespective of their structure and composition. The instrument is developed with custom built wound bed/plate with specially designed path to control the amount and flow rate of wound exudates, simulating the actual wound alike conditions. The instrument has provision to apply compression / pressure over wound dressing while testing to similar realtime compression / pressure applied on wound dressing. The study was carried out using different types of commercially available wound dressings. It is found that the developed instrument is able to test different types of dressings effectively for fluid handling capacity. The results obtained by new instrument are found comparable with the existing methods. The existing methods give only single value of fluid handling capacity at the defined hour as compared to the new instrument which gives online continuous results from zero to 48 h. This real time data may be useful for defining the effectiveness of dressings at a particular time interval. The data obtained from the instrument can also be used to know the saturation point and change with time for a particular dressing. The repeatability of results are also proven. Also the instrument is able to test fluid handling capacity of dressings with and without pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work is aimed at designing the woven velour printed terry fabrics with improved overall performance. The influence of pile height, pick density and pile count (one ply and two ply both) on the water absorbency of fabric has been studied. Thirty samples have been prepared by changing variables as per Box - Behnken design of experiments. These variables are optimised for achieving high quality woven velour printed terry fabrics. The findings show that the absorbency of these fabrics increases with the increase in pile height and pick density. The results are found true for both the fabrics having one ply and two ply pile yarns. The absorbency of the fabrics having two ply pile yarn is always higher as compared to fabric having one ply pile yarn. The absorbency behaviour of these fabrics is different from the looped woven terry fabric which clearly indicates the importance of loop geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study involves surface modification of fibre for enhancing the sorption efficiency and developing fibrous assembly (absorbent pad) with different blend ratio of chicken fibre/polypropylene using needle punching technique. The buoyancy behaviour of the developed fibrous assembly is characterized by oilalone absorption capacity using three level three factorial experimental design. The experimental values confirm that the chicken feather fibre have the ability to absorb different types of oil. It was found that factors such as exposure time, water/oil mixture ratio and type of oil have effect on the absorption capacity of developed fabric (absorbent pad). Highest absorption (22.5 g/g) was obtained with the 0.9 g/cc viscous oil; light crude oil. The results also showed that the developed absorbent pad is quick absorbents and the absorption rate was highest within 10 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The effect of two softeners (Sapamine® OC and Ultratex® ASG) on physical properties of BTCA finished cotton fabric has been studied. Bleached cotton fabrics are treated with 1, 2, 3, 4-butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) followed by finishing with a cationic and a silicone softener by conventional pad-dry-cure method. Properties, such as crease recovery angle, absorbency, whiteness index, tensile strength, moisture regain, surface morphology and crystallinity of the finished fabrics, have been evaluated. The crease recovery angle of the finished fabrics increases from 154° to 257° after treatment with BTCA and further increases to 266° after BTCA+silicone softener based finishing. The absorbency of cationic softener finished fabric is found to be higher than that of silicone softener finished fabrics. Tensile strength reduces after BTCA finishing by more than 50%, and about 17% softeners is recovered. Scanning electron microscope images show smooth ridges and surface characteristics of cotton fibres in BTCA treated samples as well as deposition of softener on the fibre surface in cationic and silicone softener finished fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared bio- and UV-degradable superabsorbent hydrogels based on a novel cross-linker. Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were employed to study the properties of the hydrogels. TG, DSC, and XRD data show that our hydrogels are amorphous polymer materials with excellent thermal stability. And they own high absorbency for water and aqueous solutions. Additionally, our superabsorbent hydrogels have good biodegradability and excellent UV degradability according to the GPC data. We suppose the superabsorbent hydrogels have potential applications in many important fields like hygienic products and agriculture due to their high absorbency for aqueous media and good bio- and UV degradability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch is acryloylated and copolymerised without incorporating any vinyl monomer such as acrylic acid or acrylonitrile monomers to produce a superabsorbent copolymer. Fenton's initiation system was used to produce polyacryloylated starch ester with varying degree of substitution. The copolymer from starch ester exhibited improved solubility, and an impressive water, saline, and solvents uptake. The superabsorbency of the samples is affected by the number of acryloyl groups on starch backbone. The starch ester with degree of substitution 0.8 had the highest water absorbency (102 g/g) in this experiment. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses were used to characterize the products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The furnish management of tissue materials is fundamental to obtain maximum quality products with a minimum cost. The key fiber properties and fiber modification process steps have a significant influence on the structural and functional properties of tissue paper. In this work, two types of additives, a commercial biopolymer additive (CBA) that replaces the traditional cationic starch and micro/nanofibrillated cellulose (CMF), were investigated. Different formulations were prepared containing eucalyptus fibers and softwood fibers treated mechanically and enzymatically and both pulps with these two additives incorporated independently and simultaneously with drainage in the tissue process range. The use of these additives to reduce the percentage of softwood fibers on tissue furnish formulations was investigated. The results indicated that a maximum of tensile strength was obtained with a combination of both additives at the expense of softness and water absorbency. With a reduction of softwood fibers, the incorporation of additives increased the tensile strength and water absorbency with a slight decrease in HF softness compared with a typical industrial furnish. Additionally, a tissue computational simulator was also used to predict the influence of these additives on the final end-use properties. Both additives proved to be a suitable alternative to reduce softwood fibers in the production of tissue products, enhancing softness, strength and absorption properties.