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Introduction: Using the Five Cs model of positive youth development (PYD), this study aimed to provide a socio‐structural and cultural understanding of PYD in Indigenous Tayal youth by examining the specificity in the development of Five Cs (Competence, Confidence, Character, Caring, and Connection) between Tayal and Han youth in Taiwan. Methods: A sample of 847 Tayal and Han adolescents (43.8% Tayal, 47.9% girls, Mage = 14.83, SD = 0.50) were drawn from a larger study (September 2014 to August 2017). Adolescent participants completed questionnaires asking about their Five Cs, contribution behavior, and depressive symptomatology. Results: Measurement invariance was conducted to explore specificity between Tayal and Han youth's Five Cs performance. A bi‐factor Five Cs model was identified and partial metric and partial scalar measurement invariance was established between the two samples. Across both groups an overarching PYD factor, which was associated with increased contribution and lower depressive symptomatology, was identified. Specificity was observed in the Tayal sample, particularly relating to indicators of Competence, Character, Caring, and Connection. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide a sociocultural‐informed lens regarding the specificity of development in Tayal youth. Character, Caring, and Connection appear to contribute significantly more to the overall PYD for Tayal adolescents than their Han peers. Findings relating to Competence suggest that the educational environment may not be aligned with the learning style of Tayal youth. This study has policy and practical implications for Tayal youth, and can further help inform program development in Taiwan and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "partial translation" of Inuktitut-language lyrics in the Indigenous film Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner (directed by Zacharias Kunuk, 2001) has been interpreted as a means of challenging outsiders to understand the film "emically," meaning from insiders' perspectives. On this interpretation, Atanarjuat is linguistically exclusionary, because the challenge of partial translation effectively excludes most outsiders from a full understanding. But given the problem of language shift in Indigenous communities, we should not expect Indigenous films to be linguistically exclusionary in general, or they would exclude young Indigenous insiders along with outsiders. We should instead expect Indigenous films to adopt an inclusionary approach to subtitling, consistent with projects of language revitalization. To see what form such an approach might take, I analyzed three Indigenous films from Taiwan in which speech in Atayalic languages is subtitled in Mandarin. Staggered over three-and-a-half decades, these three films index the subtitling approach as a function of concern about language shift. I found that all three films were fully, not partially translated, but that the two films made in a context of concern about language shift were subtitled pedagogically. The two pedagogically subtitled films are "devices" for the pedagogy of Atayal, the most widely spoken Atayalic language. This result from Taiwan suggests that a pedagogical approach might be common in the subtitling of Indigenous films in settler societies around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balay, kbalay, and sbalay are a series of related terms in the language of Tayal indigenous people in Taiwan. They connote Tayal people's philosophy of reconciliation which is not only for resolving conflicts in the society but also embodied in the human–land relations. This article discusses the concept of justice in the sbalay philosophy that entrusts consensus and reconciliation with the truth. Examining the recent Pyanan Cypress Tree Incident sbalay case, this article analyzes the difference between Tayal people's value system and Taiwanese state law and discusses some of the reasons behind the land conflicts between the state and indigenous peoples. This article suggests that it is necessary to provide legal space for Tayal people to practice the sbalay philosophy and human-land relations as part of the recognition of indigenous self-determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous Tayal experiences of dispossession in Taiwan reflect a familiar pattern of state-sanctioned property rights precluding recognition of Indigenous rights. This paper examines Tayal customary institutions and how they have governed, and continue to govern, land interests in customary domains. In an agricultural economy encompassing patterns of mobility and long-term movement between areas, Tayal people maintain continuing rights in land that is not currently or permanently occupied or used. However, following Second World War and Taiwan’s occupation by the Chinese Nationalist Kuomingtang party, a new system of individually registered property titles was established, only allowing registration of individual land in settled fields that were occupied and cultivated. Interests in fallowed land were not registrable and such land was reclassified as State property. The system’s enforcement in the 1950s was central to the dispossession and non-recognition of Tayal rights and parallel discourses making Indigenous people invisible. We argue that unpacking the ontologies behind hegemonic understandings of property in Taiwan offers ground for recognizing the plurality, messiness and openness that articulate contestations over time, space and property. In the context of Taiwan’s 2016 Presidential Apology to Indigenous citizens, we conclude that contested constructions of temporality and spatiality are fundamental to challenging Indigenous dispossession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Atayal tribe in the Jianshi township who are deeply embedded among the northern mountains of Taiwan and mentions Amei, tutors at the Boyo After-School Tutoring Program, who has participated in training developed by the Boyo Social Welfare Foundation. Topics include issue of education despite of high enrollment rate of junior high and elementary school students in Taiwan, how administrators are finding way to help struggling students and education system.

This paper argues that Neeleman & Szendroi's (2007) radical pro drop analysis in terms of pronominal morphology cannot completely capture the phenomenon of argument drop in six Formosan tongues, Amis, Paiwan, Puyuma, Bunun, and two Atayal dialects. We propose that the topic-oriented analyses of Huang (1984a, 1984b, 1987, 1989) and Sato (2011), which take discourse topic as a major licenser of argument drop, should be adopted to account for the missing arguments in these languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various articles within the issue on topics including role of Aboriginal Australian knowledge in creating the UNESCO World Heritage documents, a sustainable hunting culture developed by Atayal peoples of Taiwan, and food-sharing protocols.

This study investigates the justice tradition of Taiwan's Atayal tribe and explores its connections to restorative justice, reparatory justice, retaliatory justice and retributive justice. We find that the Atayal justice model is influenced by its belief system, Gaga, which values harmony, redemption and relationships with Utux, the super nature. There is no punitive element in the Atayal conception of justice. Atayal mediation aims at generating reintegrative shaming and repairing harms. The study concludes that the Atayal justice model is very similar to restorative justice, partially related to reparatory justice and retaliatory justice, and not connected to retributive justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With combined methods of anthropological fieldwork and use of various sources (historical documents, archival photographs, and oral narratives), this exploratory paper is a comparative study of the practice of traditional tattooing between the indigenous groups in Kalinga, north Luzon Philippines, and the Atayal of Taiwan. Findings show that the two groups share the same cultural characteristics in terms of the rationale for getting tattoos, the methods, designs and others. But the difference in historical experiences between the two also determined the trajectories of tattooing practice in the contemporary context, the Kalinga with its revival and the Atayal on the decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decorative motifs on the composite stripes of Beishi Group's textiles concern rhombus-shaped patterns, mortar-shaped patterns, zigzag patterns, circular patterns, square patterns, alternating patterns, and others. These patterns will be classified in accordance with the shape structure; the horizontally separated pattern is the most common one. If we attempt to analyze the detailed shape of the textiles, the rhombus-shaped patterns are the predominant. Also, we discover that there are similarities among the basic patterns and that the Group has already had their basic systematic concept of the form patterns. The colors constantly used in Beishi Group are black, gray, white, red, peach, pink, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, coffee, brown, and other colors. The color in the patterning structure is white (or the ramie color), which is used to demarcate the line of the shape, particularly the stripe colors on the clothes. White is a color used as the shape of the pattern on the lower part of the costume, such as the wraps and foot protection cloth. The basic colors (mainly the black, white, or red) are composed as a unitary shape with single color. The single color on the unitary shape and other colors are composed and repeated to highlight the rich patterning effects. The patterns on the different textiles indeed have a variety of combinations of colors, but the combination of colors does not have a specific fixed mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) depends on the population, geographic region, and urbanization. Currently, there are no data on the prevalence of MetS among Taiwanese aboriginal populations. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of MetS in a Taiwanese aboriginal population, as well as determine the relationship between serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and MetS. This study was a population-based, cross-sectional study conducted in the remote area of the Fuxing Township, Taoyuan County in Taiwan. A total of 195 highland aboriginal individuals from the Atayal tribe were enrolled, of whom 84 (43.1 %) were male and 111 (56.9 %) were female. The prevalence rates of MetS and its risk factors at different serum GGT levels were determined. The prevalence of MetS, according to the revised NCEP/ATPIII criteria, was 48.7 % in the Atayal tribe (i.e. 42.9 % in males and 53.2 % in females). After adjusting for age, sex, alcohol consumption, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate transaminase, the odds ratios (OR) for MetS across the serum GGT tertiles (i.e. 1-27 U/L, 28-54 U/L, and ≥55 U/L in men; and 1-22 U/L, 23-44 U/L and ≥45 U/L in women) were 1, 1.7 (95 % CI: 1.2-2.7), and 3.1 (95 % CI: 1.4-7.2), respectively. Central obesity was the most common risk factor for MetS, and the higher GGT tertile was significantly associated with higher waist circumference and triglyceride levels. These findings suggest that the overall prevalence of MetS is higher in the highland aboriginal population than the metropolitan populations of Taiwan. Additionally, higher serum GGT levels are significantly associated with MetS and its risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the sociocultural perspective, this research utilized activity theory as the theoretical framework to analyze the influences of cultural factors for Taiwanese Atayal junior high school students' study in mathematics. The research methodology adopted grounded theory, theoretical and methodological approaches which are illustrated through episodes from a study of the mathematics teaching and learning in a year-13 class, where Atayal students were considered as 'lower achievers' in their year group. We show a way to address complexity in the activity of learning and its development based on recognition of central cultural factors in mathematics teaching-learning by the use of the activity system. Analysis through this systematic network can reveal the factors influencing Atayal students' learning of mathematics under their cultural background. The tension between Atayal culture's speech representation system and Chinese culture's literal representation system causes Atayal students difficulties in carrying out the transformation of representations. Tension formed between Atayal students' holistic thinking style and the analytic thinking style presented in teaching material and teaching activities is unfavorable to their understanding of mathematical concepts. From a teaching practice perspective, Atayal students can be more actively involved in mathematics learning activities when the tension between the teaching/learning systems is considered. As for the theoretical structure, the analysis structure of classroom activity and the design of teaching activities developed from a sociocultural orientation and activity theory can indeed improve Atayal students' mathematical learning within the cultural stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the alternative conceptions about burning phenomena among Atayal indigene elementary school students in Taiwan. The main difference from other relevant research is that this study assesses Atayal people’s worldview by means of a questionnaire developed specifically for this purpose. There were three stages in this study: First, three Atayal elders were interviewed to access their traditional knowledge about nature, naturally occurring events, and burning. Second, this knowledge was used to develop an open-ended questionnaire that was administered to 37 students at the third to sixth grade levels (ages 9 to 12); eight respondents were interviewed to document their worldviews. Third, a two-tier diagnostic questionnaire developed from these results was administered to 228 students with 44 respondents interviewed about the burning events assessed by the instrument. Results suggested that students held alternative conceptions about the five burning events: candles burning, factors of burning, fire extinguishment, material changes in burning, and traditional meanings of burning. In contrast with previous studies on burning, this study demonstrated the existence of other alternative conceptions. The origin of these alternative conceptions may be grounded in traditional culture, knowledge, environment, economy, medicine, and personal thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author examines the representation of violence in Dancing Crane's "Remains of Life." The article notes that the novel focuses on the trauma of the Musha Incident and the declining Atayal aborigines of Taiwan. The author explains his analysis of the novel and provides an explanation for the use of the historical account of the decapitations and the ethnic conflicts by the author of the novel. The article also notes that the author's unruly language is a reflection of the marginality of the aborigines. It is noted that the decapitation of the aborigines is a symbolic castration.

Indigenous cultures have become increasingly important tourism attractions and the production and sale of handicrafts have become one way in which indigenous peoples and tourists of different types interact. This is the situation in Wulai Township in Taipei County, Taiwan, where indigenous culture has become one among a variety of tourism attractions. The main objectives of this study are three-fold: (1) to explore the perceived authenticity of Atayal woven handicrafts among tourists who visit Wulai; (2) to examine whether or not significant differences exist among tourists to Wulai in their perceptions of the authenticity of Atayal woven handicrafts; and (3) to compare the differences in such perceptions between those on package tours and self-arranged visitors. Analyses of a survey of domestic tourists revealed that significant differences in perceptions exist in association with age, education, and place of residence. Package tour visitors responded more positively than self-arranged tourists concerning the authenticity of Atayal woven handicrafts. Means of enhancing the balance between commodification and authenticity of ethnic culture are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the issue of how coordinate structures evolve into subordinate structures in both syntactic and semantic terms. I call this type of process "conjunctive reduction." It is well established in the literature on Chinese historical syntax that some modifier-head and verb-complement compounds actually derive from coordinate structures in Ancient Chinese. Based on this finding, I suggest that a similar process is also at work in Formosan languages, but on a quite different scale. That is, while Chinese encodes conjunctive reduction in compounding morphology, the same process involves full-fledged syntactic operations in Formosan languages. I propose that there are two general directions of conjunctive reduction. On the one hand, the coordinator may become a modifier marker, where the first conjunct becomes a marked adverbial; then the modifier marker may disappear completely, making the first conjunct an unmarked adverbial. I call this "adverbialization." On the other hand, the coordinator may become a complementizer, introducing either an infinitive complement or an adverbial adjunct such as a conditional or temporal clause. I take Squliq Atayal, Tsou, and Amis to represent the Northern, Tsouic, and Paiwanic groups respectively, which in turn points to the existence of a protolanguage with extensive coordinate construals along the line of Neo-Davidsonian semantics, very much like Ancient Chinese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascertaining the genetic relationships between Austronesian populations is paramount to understanding their dispersal throughout the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The start of the Austronesian expansion has been dated to approximately 6,000 years ago, and from linguistic and archeological evidence, the origin of this dispersal may have been the island of Formosa. Consequently, the Taiwanese aboriginal populations and their phylogenetic relationship to the Austronesian-speaking groups from Madagascar at the occidental fringes of the expansion are of great interest. In this study, allelic frequencies from six polymorphic point mutation loci were assessed in the Austronesian-speaking populations of Madagascar, the Atayal aborigines of Formosa, and the general populations of Bali and Java. These allelic frequencies were compared and analyzed with the corresponding values from eight other worldwide populations from geographically targeted regions. The group from Madagascar is genetically distinct from their east-African neighbor from Zimbabwe. Our data also indicates that the Ami and the Atayal aborigines in the island of Taiwan, which occupy adjacent territories, differ sharply genetically. Genetic differences were also found between the populations of Bali and Java, belying their geographical proximity. Our results indicate that the east-African population from Madagascar phylogenetically segregates intermediate between mainland east-African and east-Asian groups, corroborating linguistic data indicating the Austronesian influence on this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sero-epidemiological study of Toxocara canis infection was conducted among Atayal schoolchildren (aged 7–12 years) residing in the mountainous areas of north–eastern Taiwan. The 73 children investigated were each checked for anti-Toxocara IgG, in ELISA based on the larval excretory–secretory antigens of T. canis larvae. A short, self-administered questionnaire was then used to collect relevant information from each subject, including data on the keeping of dogs, playing in soil, eating raw vegetables, and whether the subjects normally washed their hands before eating. Once the seropositive children had been identified, odds ratios (OR), with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) and P-values, were calculated for each potential risk factor. When diluted 1:64, sera from 42 (57.5%) of the children gave a positive result in the ELISA, indicating that these 42 children were seropositive for T. canis infection. Seropositivity did not appear to be associated with the age or gender of the subject, the eating of raw vegetables, or the regular failure to wash hands prior to a meal. Compared with the other subjects, however, those who admitted living in a household where dogs were kept (OR = 3.79; CI = 1.23–11.69; P=0.02) or playing in soil (OR = 3.00; CI = 1.10–8.16; P=0.03) appeared at increased risk of seropositivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the government policies of Taiwan for aboriginal education for Atayal group in the country; Importance of aboriginal education both for the economic advancement of the country and for the fulfillment of its democratic ideals; Taiwan's government policy toward the education of aboriginal children; Impact of government policy on curriculum and pedagogy of Kui-whai kindergarten program.

A low incidence of dental caries, periodontal disease, and malocclusion was demonstrated by this study of 166 Ami and 128 Atayal Taiwan aborigine adolescents. As for dental morphology, a high frequency of shovel-shaped incisors and Carabelli's trait but a relatively low frequency of protostylid were noticed as well as the sex dimorphism of tooth size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Taiwan indigenous population groups are classified into different tribes according their linguistic classification and cultural anthropology. One of the tribes, the Atayal, showed a high frequency of A24 alleles by SSOP analysis. High-resolution sequencing based typing identified a A∗2402 variant 'A∗2420' which was found in 6 unrelated individuals. High-resolution typing is required to identify HLA polymorphism in the Taiwanese minority groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]