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In this paper we test a long-held assumption regarding Otago, New Zealand, goldfields life and death- that scurvy was a ubiquitous and persistent cause of misery and death among the goldminers. We will also explore a parallel argument that the Chinese market gardeners played a large role in stamping out the disease in the goldfields. Through the interrogation of various archival medical primary sources, we show that scurvy was indeed a terrible scourge in the Otago goldfields, but only during the initial rushes into new regions. We also argue that while Chinese market gardeners undoubtedly contributed to a more nutritious and varied diet for European miners and settlers, scurvy had already markedly reduced in frequency by the time of their arrival in the gold fields. Patient-oriented accounts of scurvy in the gold demonstrate the clinical and functional cost of scurvy in during the initial gold rushes of Otago. Furthermore, individual stories of previously anonymous patients found locked in these archival sources demonstrate the importance of re-humanising the past to understand the biological and social context of these frontier times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, historians have become increasingly fascinated by the question of what enabled the emergence of a stable model of democracy in post-war Western Europe, characterized by the persistence of pre-war elites and top-down forms of decision-making. This article reveals the importance of the British occupations during and after the Second World War in fostering this model of democracy. It does so by comparing and weaving together British occupation strategies in Germany and Italy between 1943 and 1949. Based on a novel examination of archival sources, it demonstrates that British ruling strategies influenced the form of democracy that emerged in these two states. As such, the article reveals the centrality of 'indirect rule' practices and their multifaceted impact. Building on imperial precedents, the occupations were primarily run through pre-existing local elites who commanded authority and influence amongst the population. The article argues that this choice explains why the British produced, first, functioning occupation regimes and, subsequently, contributed to the emergence of remarkably stable democracies. At the same time, however, this ruling strategy aided the creation of political regimes that were elite-led and that strongly limited popular participation, leaving many democratic aspirations unfulfilled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slavic folk culture is a fusion of Christian and of pre-Christian, pagan beliefs based on magic. This article is devoted specifically to ancient pre-Christian ideas about death and posthumous existence and the associated magical rituals and prohibitions, which persist to our time. It considers the following interactions between the living and the dead: 1. the measures taken and prohibitions observed by the living to ensure their well-being in the other world; 2. the measures taken by the living to ensure the well-being of their dead relatives in the other world (including funeral rites; memorial rites; cemetery visits; providing the dead with food, clothes, and items necessary for postmortem life; and sending messages to the other world); 3. communication between the living and the dead on certain days (including taking opportunities to meet, see, and hear them; treat them; prepare a bed for them; and wash them); 4. fear of the dead and their return and the desire to placate them to prevent them from causing natural disasters (hail, droughts, floods, etc.), crop failures, cattle deaths, diseases, and death; 5. magical ways for protecting oneself from the "walking dead"; 6. transforming the dead into mythological characters—for example, house-, water-, or forest-spirits and mermaids. The material presented in the article is drawn from published and archival sources collected by folklorists and ethnographers of the XIX and XX centuries in different regions of the Slavic world, as well as from field recordings made by the author and his colleagues in Polesie, the borderland of Belarus and Ukraine, in the 1960–1980s, in the Russian North and in the Carpathian region in the 1990s. It shows that the relationship between the living and the dead in folk beliefs does not fit comfortably within the widespread notion of an "ancestor cult". It argues that the dead are both venerated and feared and that the living feel a dependence on their ancestors and a desire to strictly observe the boundary between the two worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poland was the second-to-last country in the Soviet bloc to establish official relations with the PLO – only doing this in March 1976. However, mutual contacts date back to the late 1960s, when Polish military intelligence forged a top-secret relationship with the PLO based around the arms trade. Using a variety of archival sources, this paper seeks to re-assess the relationship between Warsaw and the PLO within the broader framework of Polish policy towards the Middle East from the time of the Six-Day War to the time of opening of the PLO Office in Warsaw in 1976. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, there has been a growing number of studies exploring the historical dimensions of the interconnectedness of human societies and the environment. A core approach in this field is historical ecology. We analyzed 544 historical-ecological papers to assess patterns and trends in the field. We found a high degree of interdisciplinarity with a focus on local case studies, of periods of fewer than 500 years, analyzing archival sources through quantitative approaches. The proportion of papers containing management recommendations has increased over time. To make historical ecology globally relevant, more effort should be made to utilize studies across languages, borders and worldviews. We call for high standards regarding the use of social scientific methodologies. Lastly, we argue that fostering longer-term studies and assessing the real-life impact of policy recommendations emerging from historical ecology can help the discipline better contribute solutions to the challenges facing humanity in an uncertain future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under what conditions do states protect minority rights in a context of domestic resistance? Recent decades have seen rapid divergence on LGBT rights worldwide, with Africa presented as "norms antipreneur" in the face of international pressure. Yet, in 1996, South Africa was the first country in the world to provide constitutional protection on grounds of sexual orientation. This article develops an original theory on LGBT rights protection using a conflict-to-rights framework. Employing process tracing, elite interviews and archival sources, I show how a situation of insurgency allows LGBT activists to build networks and increase egalitarian attitudes to attain in-group status. Continued violence also works to block public participation in policy-making while dividing opposition forces, allowing a tiny group of activists to effectively lobby for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the previously neglected cases of the Yugoslav republics to revisit the question of how electoral systems were formed for the first elections during the transition from communism in 1989–1990. By exploring archival and other sources created contemporaneously by the relevant decision-makers, we build on Rokkanian interpretations of electoral system design. Unlike Rokkan, however, we do not see parties as unitary or united actors. Our analysis instead focuses on the leadership and the dominant wings of the ruling parties and shows that their preferences regarding electoral rules served their intra-party ambitions and reflected their intra-party power capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German and Finnish forces encircled Leningrad in the fall of 1941, but were unable to complete the siege. A passage across Lake Ladoga, through which the Soviets sustained the defence of the city, remained open. To enforce the siege, the German Maritime Warfare Command ordered that light naval forces be transferred to Lake Ladoga. However, the Germans did not have those boats at their disposal and asked the Italians to provide them. Based on a critique of archival sources, this article analyses this largely neglected aspect of the Leningrad campaign and argues that, although the performance of the Regia Marina was excellent, its activity was not decisive in breaking Soviet resistance and forcing the fall of Leningrad. Even though circumstances prevented the Regia Marina from making the impact that its planners had wanted – a naval guerrilla force on Lake Ladoga could never have achieved a tight blockade of Leningrad – the campaign on Lake Ladoga offers an important and enlightening example of Axis wartime collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the history of the fields of science has special meanings and importance in the history of veterinary medicine. Various studies are carried out on this subject, both at the level of scientific articles and at the level of large-scale doctorate. In this article, the beginning of the veterinary surgery field in Türkiye and its historical development in Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, which is the oldest faculty, are discussed. The main material of the study was the first-hand archival resources provided by the Rectorate, Dean's Office and Departments of Ankara University. Various books and journals related to the subject were also used. The data obtained were evaluated within the framework of the historical methodology and were written down chronologically. The processes of the modern surgery education, which started with the Prussian Veterinarian Godlewsky in the Ottoman period, continued within the Higher Agricultural Institute and later Ankara University in the post-Republican period, the changes in the structure of the department with the changes in the university laws, the educational status, the academic stages and the number of publications until April 2022 of faculty members have been determined. The data obtained can shed light on the evaluations to be made in this field. As a result, it has been tried to present a well-coordinated source on the history of the field. The inclusion of detailed data on the surgical units of all veterinary faculties in Türkiye would enable the holistic determination of the quality of surgery in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about Libyan trade unionism and its role in the Arab workers' movement. Drawing on a variety of archival sources, this article contributes a general overview of trade unionism in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica from the time of the British Administration (1943–1951) until 1957. In this period, the Libyan General Workers Union (LGWU) emerged as the main workers' organisation and the first trade unions laws were promulgated. Since 1957, with the establishment of the Petroleum Workers Union and the presence of foreigners working in oil companies, the LGWU's supremacy as a representative of Libya's workers waned, and Libyan unionism entered a new phase. This article chronicles the unknown history of Libyan trade unionism and highlights the significance of trade union internationalism, specifically, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions in Libyan labour affairs. This research discusses internal enablers as well as frictions within the labour movement, which ultimately hampered its social and political influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the use of emancipatory research principles in archival research and contends with the suitability of academic conventions that characterise ethical practice when the research goal is to elevate the voices of marginalised historical groups. Drawing on a case study of Le Court Cheshire Home, England (1948–1975) to address a critical gap in the literature, I highlight some ethical dilemmas I encountered when working at the nexus of historical geography and geographies of disability. This paper demonstrates what an emancipatory research approach means for an archival study of disability, using examples to illustrate how ethical decisions impacted all stages of the research design and the write‐up of findings. I argue that ethics should not be envisaged solely as an approval process completed at the project's outset. Rather, the explorative nature of archival research necessitates that ethics should be an iterative undertaking, with archival sources having the potential to shape both the content and conduct of the research. The paper uses a case study of Le Court Cheshire Home to explore research ethics and the applicability of emancipatory research principles for an archival study of disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1975 and 1977, filmmaker Stanley Kubrick secretly campaigned to overturn the new tax provisions of the Labour government's 1974 Finance Act. His aim was to develop a crisis narrative in which the legislation that affected the amount of earnings foreign residents would pay tax on in the UK was deemed directly responsible for the imminent and absolute collapse of the British film industry. Drawing on archival sources from the Stanley Kubrick Archive, the Harold Wilson papers, and The National Archives, the article reconstructs Kubrick's actions during this period to reveal how he planted stories in the press, lobbied MPs, ministers, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and the prime minister, manipulated trade union officials, and secretly wrote press releases and campaign letters under the name of the general secretary of the ACTT, Alan Sapper. The archival case study widens understanding of the narrative of crisis pertaining to the British film industry in the 1970s and how this was exacerbated and exploited by powerful and wealthy individuals like Kubrick for personal gain. The article also contributes to the broader topics of access, power, and privilege in British society and how the rich subvert and undermine democracy, thereby aggravating structural inequalities, inequalities that have only deepened since Kubrick's political interventions and machinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite an increased interest in the diplomatic history of India – chiefly supplemented by the opening up of Indian diplomatic records – the Latin American region has received marginal attention. Interestingly, the archival sources based in India throw an altogether fresh perspective on diplomatic engagements between India and Latin America during the Cold War period. This Research Note places the Cuban Revolution in perspective to examine how developments in Cuba kept Indian diplomats and leaders engrossed. Through India's understanding of Castro's Cuba, the Note captures ideological and pragmatic considerations defining the responses to each other's overtures during such an important turn in history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axis land forces overran most of the Crimea in October 1941, but were unable to capture Sevastopol. Realizing that sea power was now necessary, Hitler ordered that light boats be transferred to the Black Sea. However, the Germans did not have a sufficient number of small boats at their disposal and asked the Italians to supply them. Based on a critique of archival sources, this article analyses this little-known aspect of the Black Sea campaign and argues that the Italian Flotilla made a crucial, although overlooked, contribution to Sevastopol's conquest, concluding that its activity prevented essential Soviet supply missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface archaeological survey has been widely established as the principal method for the regional study of Mediterranean diachronic landscapes. Before the introduction of GPS and digital, GIS‐based recordings in the late 1990s, survey projects employed analogue recording strategies (e.g. personal notebooks, printed forms and cartographic materials) resulting in low‐precision spatial datasets. These archives, termed here as legacy survey data, can today be visualized and analysed using computational tools. The aim of the present work is to exemplify how legacy data can be reused and reproduced to explore unknown aspects of past survey projects. It showcases a multi‐source, GIS‐structured workflow to manage and re‐evaluate data from the region of Grevena, north‐western Greece, where a largely unpublished all‐period extensive survey titled the Grevena Project has pinpointed a rich, yet unavailable to the archaeological community cultural record. The publications lacked critical evaluation of the survey results and significance, such as accurate site locations, size and chronology as well as a description of the field collection strategies used. To recover and combine these data into a single geodataset, a three‐step workflow was created, including the systematic recording of collected artefacts, the deployment of archival and remote‐sensing resources (e.g. georeferenced cartographic and photographic materials and satellite imagery) and the development of a new extensive survey in selected areas for validation purposes. Results indicated heterogeneity in the techniques employed by the Grevena Project for site recognition. They also brought an important assemblage of Palaeolithic finds unrecorded before. Furthermore, large‐scale geomorphological analysis using geomorphometric approaches demonstrated an irregularly high density of sites in elevated areas, which is considered a surveying bias. Remote sensing sources including archival aerial photographs highlighted regional landscape changes (e.g. in forest coverage) revealing architectural remains unmapped before. Finally, the new survey around Ayios Georgios showed the discovery of several new sites, emphasizing a case study of much more complex dynamics than originally considered during the Grevena Project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ottoman Istanbul, a Muslim woman called Zeyneb Hanım who owned endowed and freehold properties undertook to transfer them in a process known as substitution (istibdāl). This study reveals details about the actor, her motivations, and her properties with their locations, dimensions, boundaries, and income, in addition to the legal processes and conditions of the property substitution through a single Ottoman archival source. A previously unpublished imperial edict (fermān) issued on evāsiṭ-i şaʿbān 1189/ 6–15 October 1775 and unusually preserved within Galata's Dominican archives is the basis of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on assessing the defensiveness of medieval fortresses situated along the Mediterranean coast, including the Northern Algerian coast and Southeastern Spain. The proposed methodology involved a two-fold process comprising identification and evaluation. Initially, we identified and geolocated our case studies, deriving their locations from archival sources. We then seamlessly integrated them into a Geographic Information System (GIS) for precise georeferencing on a rasterized landscape. Subsequently, we conducted assessments of visibility, intervisibility, and elevation, which we consider pivotal in determining the degree of defensibility of the fortified sites. Specifically, the aim of this research was to investigate the intricate relationship between natural landscapes and architectural defensive features, with a focus on discerning the influence that the chosen location has on the strategic and defensive significance of the studied fortresses. Our findings reveal that the evolution of those defensive systems within our study context is intricately tied to the physical elements comprising the landscape. These natural constituents have served as a foundation for the architectural and defensive characteristics adopted by medieval builders. Furthermore, we delineated two distinct typologies: the isolated type, intentionally designed to obscure visibility, and the exposed type, characterized by a higher visibility index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Initiating the Millennium: The Avignon Society and Illuminism in Europe" by Robert Collis and Natalie Bayer is a book that explores the history of a theosophic, alchemical, and millenarian movement known as the Société d'Avignon or Avignon Illuminated. The book covers the period from the founding of the group in Berlin in 1779 to its disappearance in 1807. The authors use new archival sources to provide a comprehensive account of the society's activities and its main figure, Tadeusz Grabianka. The book sheds light on the society's alchemical practices, its connections to Freemasonry and Swedenborgianism, and its transformation into the Société du Nouvel Israël in Russia. Overall, the book offers valuable insights into millenarianism in the late eighteenth century and the fascination with esoteric societies and prophets during that time. [Extracted from the article]

Vine Deloria's account of anthropology in Custer Died for Your Sins (Macmillan, 1969) has become a touchstone of disciplinary self-critiques, used to dismiss past anthropologists and their vision of the discipline. Yet contemporary critical histories of anthropological practice in Native North America often ignore the specificities of Deloria's complaints and erase his engagement with contemporary activist anthropologists. My article focuses on one of Deloria's most important anthropological interlocutors, Nancy Oestreich Lurie. Building on her experience as an action anthropologist, Lurie championed Deloria's call for a mode of anthropology responsive to Indigenous struggles in a series of publications beginning in 1969 and extending through subsequent decades. Drawing on archival sources, I trace the development of Lurie's engagement with Deloria in writings calling anthropologists to join the ongoing struggle of Indigenous peoples and in her work with activists from the Menominee Nation in their efforts to protect their land and reclaim their sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian rule in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea (TPNG) was conducted in large part by a system of patrol officers, the "kiaps". This article examines rule‐by‐kiap in the two remote, westernmost districts of the late‐Territory (Western and West Sepik) between 1960 and 1973, drawing upon archival sources and interviews with former officers. Australian colonial rule in these districts should be understood as "government by inspection". The extension of infrastructures of access and the conduct of the census were dominant preoccupations of the Administration, and demonstrations of force were routine. Rule‐by‐kiap was characteristic of much of TPNG across the years of Australian rule but persisted later in these remote districts, due to their late consolidation under the control of the colonial state. Accordingly, longstanding preoccupations such as the census became linked to new imperatives, such as the conduct of elections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully a century ago, the people of Indiana successfully campaigned to protect certain portions of the local landscape as state parks and to keep these areas as a heritage passed down to future generations. This essay argues that these seemingly "natural" sites are also inexorably linked to urban matters, dynamics, and systems. Close examination of archival source material and contemporary newspapers shows that the Indiana state parks were central to the dissemination and display of modern ideas about technology and personal health, as well as evolving cultural values concerning bureaucratic efficiency. Ultimately, these sites afforded Indiana space to position itself in the vanguard of Progressive-Era social and economic growth while simultaneously creating a veritable laboratory to consolidate the newly minted authority of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The staff members from the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago who oversaw the excavations at Megiddo relied upon skilled Egyptian workmen (Quftis) as well as local labourers during their excavations from 1925–1939. However, although there were more than fifty of these Egyptian workmen in all, only a few are mentioned in the preliminary and final publications produced by the project. They are what Stephen Quirke has called 'hidden hands' on excavations; an example of 'invisible labor', as discussed by anthropologists and sociologists. In any effort to reconstruct the lives and labours of these men, we are now at the mercy of what can be found in various archival sources. Data must be gleaned from, for example, requests for half-price railway vouchers for travel between Kantara and Haifa for specific workmen each season; field diary entries; black and white photographs; and occasional mentions in budgets or in passing within letters sent back and forth between Megiddo and Chicago. Still, from this fragmentary information, we can piece together a picture of these unsung members of the expedition, some of whom were present at Megiddo for more seasons than the ever-rotating members of the Chicago staff themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the Cape's long rule by the Dutch East India Company, it served as a place of exile for hundreds of men from the Company's eastern empire. Among them was the ruler of Tambora, a tiny kingdom on Sumbawa in the Indonesian archipelago, who was twice-exiled. The Rajah and his family have been scrutinised recently in a study by Dr Najma Moosa. The present article gives additional information about the Rajah and his wife based on archival documents. It provides an introduction to his correspondence. An archival source which identifies his wife's link to Shaykh Yusuf is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses a variety of published and archival sources to reconstruct the life of Mariia Alekseevna Prokof'eva (1883-1913), a member of the Combat Organization (i.e. terrorist wing) of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Largely overshadowed by her relationships with more famous male revolutionaries, including the terrorist-litterateur Boris Savinkov and, in particular, Egor Sozonov (the celebrated assassin of Viacheslav von Pleve in 1904), Prokof'eva's revolutionary career has, to date, been overlooked almost entirely by historians. As this article shows, however, her biography serves as an exemplary microhistory of the origins, ascendancy and (after 1905) degeneration of Russian revolutionary terrorism, while shedding light on several interrelated (and still underexplored) issues: the role played by women in the Russian revolutionary movement generally and the terrorist subculture in particular, the moral and psychological profile of revolutionary terrorists, and the curious attraction such figures held for leading representatives of Russia's literary and philosophical avantgarde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of Roma population in Montenegro has been a history of exclusion, displacement, and refusal by the rest of the Montenegrin society. Members of other ethnocultural communities in Montenegro, social actors, and institutions are not sufficiently aware of the importance of understanding the position of this community in historical terms. The methodology applied in this paper entails analysis of ethnographic material, unpublished archival sources as well as relevant legal and political documents. The aim of the paper is to examine the deep historical roots of exclusion, marginalization and frequent migration of the Roma population in Montenegro in different periods of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article's thesis expands archival thought and practice to include the built environment, by exploring archival and other theory and practice and illustrating the premise with Dalkeith Palace. Incorporating a multidisciplinary view, we understand the built environment as a form of living archive that expands the notion of records and the meaning of private and semi-private record creation and keeping. The incorporation of traces, symbols and alternative voices as archival sources encourages equity and inclusion in the built environment and in the field of archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a curricular intervention in elementary Spanish heritage language in a Hispanic serving institution located in the US Northeast (Bronx, NYC), that aims to contextualize Latinx students' experiences and perceptions of Blackness within broader histories of oppression and enslavement. Our practice brings together critical Latinx pedagogy and critical approaches to Spanish heritage language education to facilitate sociohistorical consciousness for both language instructors and students through the use of open-access Latinx archival resources. We outline a three-week unit designed using the First Blacks in the Americas online collection curated by the City University of New York Dominican Studies Institute. During the unit, the students practice their full linguistic repertoires and develop historical thinking skills. We discursively analyze survey responses, instructor fieldnotes, and students' coursework collected throughout the course to measure the impact of this pilot project. We find that students value learning about Latinx history as a mechanism to practice their Spanish, especially as it relates to the (internalized) racism they experience within their families and communities. We discuss the implications of a critical Latinx language pedagogy to anchor Spanish language education in the experiences and knowledge of Latinx people, histories, and cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an original analysis and reinterpretation of two documents from 1238 and 1239, which are the first to mention the Koper statutes but have thus far received only sporadic mentions in historiography. The paper is further predicated on the study of archival sources of the Venetian Senate from the Senato Misti collection for the period after the Koper rebellion against Venice in 1348 up until 1394 when the Doge of Venice reconfirmed the Koper statutes. It is established that at least from 1238 the commune of Koper acted according to its already complex statutes. These were, with some further redactions, in force until 1348, when, due to the rebellion of Koper, they were disregarded by the Venetian authorities until 1358, along with the dissolution of the city's Major Council, and all of Koper's city offices were restructured. After 1358, the sources testify that the Venetians restored the Koper City Council and offices to their pre-rebellion state, but not the statutes, although some statutory provisions were taken into account in individual administrative or judicial cases. The Koper statutes officially came into force again in 1394, and a slightly modified redaction appeared in 1423. However, in both cases without the right to exercise criminal justice and the defence of the city, which remained in the exclusive domain of the Venetian podestà and captain until the end of the Venetian Republic in 1797. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the demise of Communism in East-Central Europe in 1989–1990, the new, non-Communist governments in the region had to consolidate their countries' independence. The basic institutions of Soviet domination in East-Central Europe—the Warsaw Pact, the Council for Economic Mutual Assistance (CMEA), four large contingents of Soviet troops, and various other mechanisms of intra-bloc integration—still existed, and Soviet leaders hoped they could preserve most of those features in some form. Officials in East-Central Europe soon realized that they would have to take the initiative in eliminating all vestiges of Soviet hegemony in the region. The main impetus came from Hungary and Czechoslovakia and eventually Poland. Acting as a pressure group, they achieved agreement in the first half of 1991 on the dismantling of the alliance's military structures and then, by mid-1991, the dissolution of both the Warsaw Pact and CMEA. This article draws on recently declassified Hungarian, Soviet, East German, and Bulgarian archival sources to tell the behind-the-scenes endgame of the Warsaw Pact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History has conflated the legacies of José Manuel Rodríguez Delgado and Walter Freeman, midcentury proponents of somatic therapies for neuropsychiatric conditions. Both gained notoriety: Delgado after he appeared on the front page of the New York Times having used his stimoceiver to stop a charging bull in Spain; Freeman as the proponent of lobotomy. Both were the object of critique by the antipsychiatry movement and those who felt that their methods and objectives posed a threat to personal liberty. Using archival sources, we demonstrate that this conflation is a misrepresentation of the historical record and that their methods, objectives, ethics, and philosophical commitments differed widely. Accurate knowledge about historical antecedents is a predicate for ethical analysis and becomes especially relevant information as neuroscience develops circuit-based treatments for conditions such as Parkinson disease, depression, and brain injury. Part of that corrective is to counter the conflation of Delgado's and Freeman's life and work. Appreciating their distinctive legacies can help guide neuropsychiatric research done today that might yet haunt future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phil Dodds's book is the first to explore Enlightenment Edinburgh's role across multiple scales, from individual people, books, houses, and shops to government and institutions at regional, national and international levels. As he shows, the city's character and the activities of its inhabitants and visitors were strongly determined by a forceful assertion of growing economic hegemony, warfare and colonialism, and the associated struggles for power. Exploiting numerous sources from archival materials to printed books, Dodds clearly demonstrates how richly interconnected the city's population was with its immediate hinterland, the Scottish nation and wider world. The book emphasises the dynamic, changing and interconnected processes revealed by 'universalising' Enlightenment Edinburgh, providing fresh thinking on subjects like the development of the New Town, the history of Edinburgh High School, and the changing composition of works published in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of institutions and archival science have been two closely related disciplines since their beginnings. With this article, we examine some paths in the history of institutions highly dependent on archival records that pertain mainly to the Italian history of the 1800s and 1900s, particularly the history of the judiciary and administration. For today’s and the future situation concerning the preservation and use for historical purposes of digital sources, it is hoped that the common path between archivists and historians will know new developments, as, moreover, is already the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on resolving the historical mystery surrounding the first Spanish-language novel published in the U.S. "Jicotencal," and its authorship by Cayetano Lanuza. It clarifies that the novel was published by the house of Lanuza, Mendía, based in New York City, and its author was one of the partners of the firm, the Spanish physician Cayetano Lanuza, providing substantial evidence to support this conclusion, including historical documents and correspondence from the time.

Phono playback equalization for archival disc sources has traditionally been accomplished with an analog phono preamplifier, ahead of digitization. Such preamplifiers normally have variable, separately adjustable settings for the bass and treble portions of phono playback equalization curves. In recent years there has been increasing interest in making digital transfers from disc sources using a flat phono preamp, applying phono equalization in the digital domain using equalization modules included with digital editing and restoration software. To accomplish phono equalization properly in the digital domain, it is essential to apply both frequency and phase responses that are complements of the recording curves. Some older software-based equalization programs failed to provide correct phase response. One popular and affordable restoration program has numerous pre-defined curves identified only by record label, with no information on the turnover frequencies used for those curves, and no provision for separate bass and treble settings. iZotope's popular RX restoration software and Ozone mastering plug-in have analog filter emulations based on Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) minimum-phase digital filters.1 They precisely duplicate both the frequency and phase responses of analog filters, making them ideal platforms for phono equalization in the digital domain. Appropriate filter parameters make it possible to create extremely precise, independently adjustable bass and treble phono equalization curves. This article will describe proper procedures for determining the correct filter settings for the iZotope programs, which will allow the user to create custom curves for nearly any desired playback equalization characteristics. Correct settings for an assortment of phono equalization curves for vintage records will be offered, along with measurements that verify both frequency and phase accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide an evaluative and personal overview of the life and contributions of Professor John Senders and to introduce this Special Issue dedicated to his memory. Background: John Senders made many profound contributions to HF/E. These various topics are exemplified by the range of papers which compose the Special Issue. Collectively, these works document and demonstrate the impact of his many valuable research works. Method: The Special Issue serves to summarize Senders' collective body of work as can be extracted from archival sources. This introductory paper recounts a series of remembrances derived from personal relationships, as well as the products of cooperative investigative research. Results: This collective evaluative process documents Senders' evident and deserved status in the highest pantheon of HF/E pioneers. It records his extraordinary life, replete with accounts of his insights and joie de vivre in exploring and explaining the world which surrounded him. Applications: Senders' record of critical contributions provides the example, par excellence, of the successful and fulfilling life in science. It encourages all, both researchers and practitioners alike, in their own individual search for excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores archaeological programmes on the BBC between 1922 and 1939 through an entangled approach to broadcast and printed talks. Supported by archival sources and programme schedules in The Radio Times and The Listener, it focuses on the intertwined archaeological, broadcasting and publishing careers of Charles Leonard Woolley based on his excavation at Ur in southern Iraq. This highlights the important place archaeology held in the interwar listening and reading market with the BBC offering high fees for a popular speaker. Incorporating periodical studies and aspects of book history demonstrates the importance of an integrated approach to media history to further our understanding of the relationship between media, science and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Communist coup in February 1948, all areas of society in Czechoslovakia were indoctrinated by the ideology of Marxism–Leninism. The Christian Churches became the biggest internal enemies of the state, since, especially in Slovakia, they had a strong tradition and numerous representations. The government tracked representatives and members of the Church and controlled all their activities. The activities of religious orders were prohibited, which de facto abolished them. The only possibility of their preservation was to continue the life, education and work of individual orders in secret. Our goal was to examine how the Salesian order survived in this situation; specifically, we focused on the forms of formation and illegal study of the Salesians during the totalitarian regime. Research in these activities is rather demanding, since they could not be documented for security reasons. So-called memoir literature, the oral history method, and private archival sources were used in the research. Despite the fact that it seems that religious orders would not survive in this historical situation, the opposite was true: in the period of persecution, the orders were not only able to survive, but also raised a new generation that ensured their continuity and the continuation of their activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last three decades, a major shift has taken place in Scottish nationalist understandings of Scotland's colonial past. During the second half of the twentieth century, independence supporters viewed Scotland's relationship with England in colonial terms. Since the Scottish Parliament was established in 1999, nationalists have increasingly recognised Scots' role in Atlantic slavery. This paper explores this change within the Scottish National Party (SNP) using archival sources, published material and Scottish Parliamentary records. It demonstrates that a maturing historiography has drawn attention to Scotland's slavery past. History has become politically relevant in transatlantic deliberations over racial injustice, which have grown in intensity since the international Black Lives Matter protests in 2020. SNP ministers and parliamentarians have responded to this context by incorporating addressing Scotland's role in Atlantic slavery within a case for independence that is styled as progressive and contrasts with the more recalcitrant attitudes, which predominate at UK level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The article presents the circumstances surrounding the development of a specialized database that gathers information about individuals and entities involved in the trade and distribution of historical sound carriers and, more broadly, in the development of the early sound industry in the Czech lands. The article traces the entire process of development the database, from initial research on historical sound documents at the National Museum to the mapping of related archival materials, culminating in the development of the presentation web platform. Design / methodology / approach - The article is a case study describing and analyzing the creation and development of a specialized thematic database, presenting its functions and data structure. The contribution demonstrates how the database was modeled based on digital objects, data, and metadata primarily obtained from the collections of the National Museum, supplemented by materials from other Czech libraries, archives and museums and private collections. Results - The article is a case study describing and analyzing the creation and development of a specialized database, presenting its fundamental functions and data structure. The contribution demonstrates how the database was modeled based on digital objects, data, and metadata primarily obtained from the collections of the National Museum. Originality / value - The article illustrates that the creation of a specialized database was the only way to unify and interconnect previously fragmented and incomplete archival materials, sound recordings, and other products of the early sound industry. According to the authors, the emerging specialized database also has future potential for evaluating the subject matter in an international context (including the Central European and transatlantic connections of the early sound industry). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article foregrounds the postcolonial museum as a new source, and site, from which to write South Asian histories of partition and its aftermath. It focuses on collecting practices in India within East Punjab, following the partition of the British-era Punjab province in 1947 between India and Pakistan. Tapping hitherto-unused archival sources, it reveals the considerable financial investment and drive to collect at this time, belying the idea of museums being 'dead' colonial assets, and demonstrates their centrality to how citizenship and belonging were articulated (or withheld) in independent India. Some discoveries have far-reaching implications for both historians and museum professionals. The article also shines a light upon a new range of actors—both named and nameless, professional and citizen—who have been marginal to historical enquiry thus far. Moving beyond the familiar colonial templates within which museums in the region have until now been studied, it asks critical questions of the postcolonial museum in South Asia by interrogating the relationship between collections, and the Indian nation-state and its subsidiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a little‐known chapter both in the history of socialist labor relations and the history of psychology: Social Psychological Training (SPT) for industrial leaders in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Based on previously untapped archival sources, it uncovers the transnational genesis of SPT and its intricate relationships with Western "therapeutic culture" of the 1970s. Governmental perspectives are addressed, as well as the level of individual appropriation of SPT and possible unintended side effects of techniques that were drawn from the social psychological and therapeutical fields. This case study helps to explore the functions of psychological expertise in authoritarian political contexts, as well as the polyvalence of group methods of change, the effects of which could turn out repressive as well as liberating on both sides of the Iron Curtain. The history of SPT solicits a polycentric view on therapeutic culture, capturing its diverse manifestations and interconnections between different societies and political economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses official and Indigenous views of the Khanty and Forest Nenets uprising against the Soviets, known as the Kazym War (1931-1934). The rebellion is well documented in archival sources and covered by scholarly research, popular essays, and novels. Almost a century after the uprising, Indigenous narratives about the uprising are still circulating in local communities. Specifically, this paper addresses selected episodes of the Kazym War reflected both in official and Indigenous narratives. I focus on the analysis of diverse modes of narrating hybrid knowledge produced in a contact zone, and the mythic imagination of shamans shaping narratives about the uprising. Here, I argue that perceptions of Indigenous history sometimes adopt and reproduce the dominant discourse about the uprising, but link to the official story predominantly by rejecting it and establishing autonomous discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based mainly on original French archival sources, this paper discusses the conduct and extent of French military and civil activities in Ottoman Istanbul during the Crimean War. Using both qualitative and quantitative indicators, the paper shows how the necessities generated by the war, promoted an unprecedented growth in the French military and civil presence in Istanbul. Through this approach, the paper explains to what degree the war created new market opportunities for various French products and services, a favourable environment for the establishment of French hospitals, and also occasions for cultural encounters between the French and the Ottomans in Istanbul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to give greater visibility to the female immigrant journalists who pioneered Portuguese newspapers within the United States. It also contributes to the restoration of their collective memories, lending special attention to some socially significant moments of symbolic value, so as to understand their remarkable roles within the Portuguese-American press. Their stories reveal the efforts of these women who strove to make a career in the world of journalism, and their determination and dignity, despite their socio-cultural origins from immigrant communities with rural roots, mostly in the Azores Islands. The male-dominated society of both the Portuguese diaspora and the USA meant that the inherent discrimination of cultural and social stereotyping relegated female roles to positions of inferiority and submission. Expected to forego higher education, they were often pushed into low-skilled jobs, even while caring for children and working as housewives. Through a qualitative methodology, based on the scarce few available archival resources, the lives of women who worked as editors of the Portuguese press in the United States are set in an historical perspective. Finally, the most representative aspects are presented of two of the most singular and paradigmatic pioneers of Portuguese journalism in the United States, Laurinda C. Andrade and Mary Nunes Silveira, respectively, the editors of A Tribuna Portuguesa (New Jersey) and the Jornal Português (California), through a discussion of their biographies and their professional careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The article discusses the status of the Greek Catholic Church from 1948 to 1950. It also presents how this period was presented through media. Since it is possible to investigate this aspect within the framework of a comparison of several media channels, we have decided to introduce the comparison through the perspective of the daily-newspaper Rudé právo. Methods. The findings of our research study are based on the data collected from archival and documentary sources, as well as professional studies and monographs related to the above-mentioned topic. Results. Based on our research topic, we can understand how the attitude towards the Greek Catholic Church changed after the events of February 1948 and what impact the change of regime had on its functioning. Regarding media, we can observe how the pressure on the Greek Catholic Church changed in relation to the regime change and individual historical events, and how the media expressed its opinion on the Church. Conclusion. Media is not only a source of information for people, but it also creates public opinion, and therefore, it was extremely important to control this state apparatus in the past. We must understand that availability of information in the 1950s and today is significantly different. Catholic periodicals were almost non-existent and thus, people often received misleading or false information. Through our research, which is presented in the tabular presentation of data, we can discover the increasing pressure against the Church, and the response of the public to the Church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, in which the socio-economic and population structure of Muharremşah village of Uşak district in the Ottoman period is presented, the process of Muharremşah village from the 15th century to the end of the 19th century is examined panoramically and many issues such as the household structure of the inhabitants of the village, the occupations, physical conditions, ages, income sources, income levels and tax status of the registered population are tried to be detailed. In line with this purpose, this study witnesses the classical period of the village through Ottoman archival sources such as the Tahrir Registers numbered 45 (1481-1512) and 49 (1512) and the Muhâsebe-i Vilâyet-i Anadolu Register numbered 438 (1530), as well as its transformation through the Avarız Register numbered 2498 (1676). Based on the 19th-century Population Register numbered 1645 (1835-38) and the Temettuat Register numbered 9465 (1844-45), the family names and nicknames of the inhabitants of the village, the products produced, the names of individuals, the registered male population, the physical characteristics of the population, the fields, taxes, and so on are detailed. Finally, the yearbooks of Hüdavendigar Province dated AH.1316/AD.1898-1899 and AH.1325/AD.1907-1908 and the work titled Our Villages dated 1928 were used to witness the changes in the village at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reconsiders the US Lebanon policy in the wake of the Lebanese-Israeli Agreement of May 17, 1983. After failing to convince Syrian President Hafiz al-Assad to accept the Lebanon-Israel May 17 Agreement and withdraw from Lebanon, US policymakers adopted a confrontational approach with Damascus. The American-Syrian duel over Lebanon escalated in the summer of 1983 and ended with Assad's victory. The United States disengaged from Beirut, thus paving the way for Syrian control. I use untapped archival sources pertaining to the mission of Robert C. McFarlane, Ronald Reagan's envoy to the Middle East, to shed a new light on these events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work presents and discusses an analysis of the floor types of the Villa of Diomedes (Pompeii archaeological park in the Campania region, Italy) from an architectural, archaeological, and structural point of view. In particular, the geometrical-structural parameters of different floor types and the rules used by ancient builders to design them are investigated by means of interdisciplinary research. The links between structural assumptions, archival sources, geometric survey, in situ visual inspections, and archaeological information make it possible to define the geometrical-structural parameters of eleven barrel vaults, three wooden floors, and three sloped wooden roofs (buried and collapsed during the Vesuvius eruption). A specific study of the barrel vaults is presented to investigate the relationships between the structural parameters of the main vaults. Furthermore, a comparison between the vaults' dimensions obtained from surveys and those produced by formulations in the literature between the 15th and 20th centuries concerning masonry vault designs is presented and discussed. These analyses, carried out within the framework of the Villa of Diomedes interdisciplinary project, were very useful for interpreting the fabrication of the villa and making a 3D reconstruction model of how the villa probably looked in the fateful year of 79 A.D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"World War II and Southeast Asia: Economy and Society under Japanese Occupation" by Gregg Huff is a historical study that challenges commonly held interpretations of the war. The book focuses on the economic dimensions of the Pacific War and argues that Japan gained little from Southeast Asia during the occupation. Huff supports his arguments with extensive archival and published sources from Southeast Asian nations and previous colonial powers. The book also examines the impact of the Japanese occupation on the region's urban patterns, food production, and labor. Ultimately, the book offers a critical assessment of Western colonialism's impact on the prewar regional economy and provides insights into the sociopolitical foundations of the nation-states affected by Japanese rule. [Extracted from the article]

"China's Asymmetric Statecraft: Alignments, Competitors, and Regional Diplomacy" by Yuxing Huang explores China's diplomatic relations with its weaker neighbors in East Asia, South Asia, and Indochina. The book proposes a theory of regional competition to explain China's use of uniform or selective strategies towards these countries. It presents a historical analysis of China's regional diplomacy between 1955 and 1975, using primary archival sources from China, Russia, East Germany, the US, and NATO. While the book offers a new perspective on China's regional diplomacy, the empirical chapters are dense and could benefit from more historical context. The theory's implications for contemporary Chinese policies and the role of weaker states are not fully addressed. [Extracted from the article]