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Although Husserlian phenomenology appears to require that practitioners bracket all metaphysical questions and claims, this requirement runs against the evidence of experience in which objects themselves are presented as constituents of experience. Moreover, to completely bracket metaphysical considerations would suggest that phenomenology is compatible with metaphysical views it should in principle deny. Nonetheless, permitting metaphysical claims threatens to contravene the critical limits of phenomenology, to invite claims that would require a perspective different in kind than our own to verify. These tensions raise an important question, namely, what are the metaphysical implications of the phenomenologically intuitive claim that objects themselves are constituents of experience? To answer this question, I draw on a broad swath of thought on transcendental idealism and phenomenology. I argue that a modest metaphysics of appearance is warranted within the critical limits of Husserlian phenomenology. Through discussing and addressing the problems that typically plague transcendental arguments, I show that Husserlian phenomenology permits stronger claims about objects of experience than deflationary accounts allow but does not permit claims about intrinsic properties allowed by some forms of transcendental idealism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author responds to critics' comments on her book "The World According to Kant--Appearances and Things in Themselves in Critical Idealism" focusing on her central claim that empirical objects are Kantian outer appearances understood as intentional objects of outer experience. She explains her account of appearances as intentional objects that are mind-dependent. She addresses objections to her account of outer experience.

In a recent paper in this journal, McIntosh (2021) argues that a modalized version of an epistemic principle of phenomenal conservativism can be used to successfully defend the key possibility premise of the modal ontological argument for the existence of God. I argue, however, that such a defense of the possibility premise is not going to be successful even if one concedes a number of contentious claims to McIntosh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the evolution of the term "classy" within the strip club industry and its impact on dancers. Topics include the shift from gritty, small-time clubs to upscale establishments, the use of "classy" to enforce appearance and behavior standards, and the inherent classism and exclusion embedded in the term.

Immanuel Kant has been a crucial milestone in various spheres of human thought. His treatment of the ancient problem of appearance is not exempt from this premise. However, his notable contribution in this regard has not received the attention and depth provided by the primary studies of his work. This paper aims to comprehensively expose the problematic nature of illusions from Kant's perspective. Firstly, a concise review of the treatment of appearance throughout the history of philosophy will be conducted. Subsequently, the relevance of Kant's intervention in relation to this topic will be emphasized. Following that, a meticulous reconstruction of the topography of the different types of illusory appearance addressed in the Critique of Pure Reason will be undertaken, namely: empirical, logical, and transcendental illusions. This analysis will highlight the peculiarities, contexts, and inherent meanings of each of these forms, ultimately concluding the essay with a comprehensive evaluation of this significant episode in Kantian philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sometimes, the fact that an attitude is fitting seems like a demand to have that attitude. But in other cases, the fact that an attitude is fitting seems more like a permission to have the attitude. I defend a proposal that can accommodate both of these appearances. I argue that there is a kind of emotionlessness, which I call apathy, that can be fitting or unfitting in just the same way that emotion can. I further argue that, in some cases, it can be fitting to respond a single object either with emotion or with apathy. When both apathy and emotion are fitting options, the fittingness of the emotion is a permission-like status; failures to have the fitting emotion are not failures of fit. But when an emotion is fitting and apathy is unfitting, the fittingness of the emotion is a demand-like status; failures to have the emotion are failures of fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to make explicit an explanatory strategy that lies at the core of Robert Brandom's A Spirit of Trust. This strategy consists, according to our reading, in treating the epistemological opposition between appearances and reality --and other related conceptual oppositions-- as an internal, normative and historical distinction. We will show how Brandom employs the procedure of recollections to make this strategy work: by situating different representations in a sequence of historical development, recollections allow us to understand the distinction between appearances and reality as the distinction between how things are for us and how they ought to be for us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the philosophical debate within Indian Buddhist Yogācāra regarding the nature of appearances and their relation to consciousness. It discusses that the Nirākāravāda, which argues that appearances are false and do not truly exist, and the Sākāravāda, which defends the view that appearances are real and are integral to consciousness; and explores the limitation of the neither-one-nor-many argument in targeting certain appearances such as pleasure and pain.

Many believe that because we are so small, we must be utterly insignificant on the cosmic scale. But whether this is so depends on what it takes to be important. On one view, what matters for importance is the difference to value that something makes. On this view, what determines our cosmic importance is not our size, but what else of value is out there. But a rival view also seems plausible: that importance requires sufficient causal impact on the relevant scale; since we have no such impact on the grand scale, that would entail our cosmic insignificance. I argue that despite appearances, causal impact is neither necessary nor sufficient for importance. All that matters is impact on value. Since parts can have non-causal impact on the value of the wholes that contain them, this means that we might have great impact on the grandest scale without ever leaving our little planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that Ernst Toller last public appearance as a German resident took place in Berlin Café Wittelsbach at Bayerischer Platz on January 1, 1933. Topics include considered that together with Bertolt Brecht, as the most important playwright of the Weimar Republic, Toller had been invited to participate in a panel discussion on the timely question of ‘Wie ist ein einheitlicher Kampf gegen die Kulturreaktion möglich.

It is common for an object to present different colour appearances to different perceivers, even when the perceivers and viewing conditions are normal. For example, a Munsell chip might look unique green to you and yellowish green to me in normal viewing conditions. In such cases, there are three possibilities. Ecumenism: both experiences are veridical. Nihilism: both experiences are non-veridical. Inegalitarianism: one experience is veridical and the other is non-veridical. Perhaps the most important objection to inegalitarianism is the ignorance objection, according to which inegalitarianism should be rejected because it is committed to the existence of unknowable colour facts (for example, facts about which objects are unique green). The goal of this paper is to show that ecumenists are also committed to unknowable colour facts. More specifically, I argue that, with the exception of colour eliminativism, all major philosophical theories of colour are committed to unknowable colour facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to critique literary works (comparative literature), the works in question are usually criticized from two different cultures, so according to this type of method, the works created in the same culture can be examined together. He found their commonalities and differences and achieved good results. Although Attar and Sanai have played an important role in determining the intellectual policy and drawing of Rumi's mystical model, Rumi's ability in the art of storytelling and his mystical goals from the results of stories have a high place in literature and educational works, although many stories The works he uses are not in his mind and he has a history in his previous works. (Sanai and Attar) But their goals and final results are different. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the commonalities and differences of the above story from the perspective of storytelling in order to reveal that Rumi has a higher artistic position than Attar in the art of storytelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to uncover where the disagreement between illusionism and anti-illusionism about phenomenal consciousness lies fundamentally. While illusionists claim that phenomenal consciousness does not exist, many philosophers of mind regard illusionism as ridiculous, stating that the existence of phenomenal consciousness cannot be reasonably doubted. The question is, why does such a radical disagreement occur? To address this question, I list various characterisations of the term "phenomenal consciousness": (1) the what-it-is-like locution, (2) inner ostension, (3) thought experiments such as philosophical zombies, inverted qualia and Mary's room, (4) scientific knowledge about secondary properties, (5) theoretical properties such as being ineffable and being intrinsic, and (6) appearance/reality collapse. Then I examine whether each characterization provides (i) a dubitable sense of phenomenal consciousness in which the existence of phenomenal consciousness can be reasonably doubted, (ii) an indubitable sense in which its existence cannot be reasonably doubted, or (iii) a gray sense in which it is controversial whether its existence can be reasonably doubted. By doing so, I show that there is no single sense of phenomenal consciousness in which illusionists and anti-illusionists disagree whether the existence of phenomenal consciousness can be reasonably doubted. I conclude that the disagreement between illusionists and anti-illusionists is fundamentally terminological: while illusionists adopt a dubitable sense of phenomenal consciousness, anti-illusionists adopt an indubitable sense of phenomenal consciousness. Because of the extreme vagueness and ambiguity of the term "phenomenal consciousness", illusionists and anti-illusionists fail to see that they talk about different senses of phenomenal consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual illusions have been a popular topic of study for a long time, but in recent years, a number of authors have questioned the coherence of this notion. This article deals in depth with ways in which illusions have been, could be, and should be defined and with various criticisms and different conceptions of the notion of illusions. After a review of definitions of illusions in the relevant literature, a more comprehensive but also more restrictive framework is presented, involving both veridicality and illusoriness, and is illustrated using two variants of a 2 × 2 scheme for the presentation of illusions. Many different aspects of illusions are discussed. A set of criteria for illusionhood is listed. Criticisms of the notion of illusions are presented, commented upon, and responded to. Conceptions of illusions differing from the one advocated here are discussed. Throughout the paper, novel variations of illusions are shown, and problems with accounts of some well-known illusions are noted. Examples of strong context effects which are not considered to be illusions are presented. It is concluded that the notion of visual illusions, suitably reformulated, is still viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the philosopher Taktsang Lotsawa Sherab Rinchen's Svātantrika Mādhyamikas, in their drive to furnish the two truths of appearance and emptiness with proper epistemic warrants, inadvertently end up committed to a contradictory doctrine of real illusions. It discusses the development of an extensive ontological and epistemological edifice.

Based on Giorgio Colli's theoretical stance and his interpretation of Friedrich Nietzsche, this paper intends to sketch a philosophical alternative that faces the devastating criticism regarding the power of language inaugurated by the German thinker, taking as a basis for such a proposal the concept of expression. With this, we seek to provide a new way of tracing the boundaries of language beyond the world of representation and much closer to the individual's immediate experience of the world of phenomena, appearance and ways of naming what happens moment by moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faultless disagreement and faultless retraction have been taken to motivate relativism for predicates of personal taste, like 'tasty'. Less attention has been devoted to the question of what aspect of their meaning underlies this relativist behavior. This paper illustrates these same phenomena with a new category of expressions: appearance predicates, like 'tastes vegan' and 'looks blue'. Appearance predicates and predicates of personal taste both fall into the broader category of experiential predicates. Approaching predicates of personal taste from this angle suggests that their relativist behavior is due to their experience-sensitivity, rather than their evaluative meaning. Furthermore, appearance predicates hold interest beyond what they can teach us about predicates of personal taste. Examination of a variety of uses of appearance predicates reveals that they give rise to relativist behavior for a variety of reasons—including some that apply also to other types of expressions, such as epistemic modals and comparative terms. This paper thus serves both to probe the source of relativist behavior in discourse about personal taste, as well as to map out this kind of behavior in the rich and under-explored discourse about appearances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is an attempt to answer the question regarding the contemporary language contacts and their role in the modern Russian language, in particular Russian economic terminology, from the point of view of their appearance, formation, and functioning. The contribution presents a short review of modern tendencies in research on languages in terms of language contacts as well as the character and tendencies of the development of these contacts in the context of research on economic terms in contemporary Russian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient demand for esthetics has increased globally, and often for reasons of patient self-esteem. However, important ethical issues encompass treatment for purely esthetic reasons. Also, perceptions of what is esthetic differ among patients and clinicians. Therefore, the aim of this article is to make suggestions regarding some of the issues surrounding the ethical, esthetic treatment of patients, as well as present three cases illustrating the different meanings of esthetic health to different people. (Quintessence Int 2004; 35: 456-465) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although philosophers have often insisted that specular perception is illusory or erroneous in nature, few have stressed the reliability and indispensability of mirrors as optical instruments. The main goal of this paper is to explain how mirrors can contribute to knowledge and at the same time be a source of systematic errors and misleading appearances. To resolve this apparent paradox, I argue that mirrors do not generate perceptual illusions or misperceptions, by defending a view of mirrors as transparent and invisible visual media. I then consider the reasons for which mirrors are said to be misleading. Contrary to the illusory account, I defend a nonperceptual approach to the errors attributable to mirrors, which analyses the kind of errors generated by the use of mirrors in terms of false judgments. I further show that a nonperceptual view of errors extends to all of the cases in which a sensorimotor adaptation is required, such as perception through magnifying or inversing lenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One common problem with anti-skepticism and skepticism alike is their failure to account for our sometimes conflicting epistemic intuitions. In order to address this problem and provide a new direction for solving the skeptical puzzle, I consider a modified version of the puzzle that is based on knowledge claims about appearances and does not result in a paradox. I conclude that combining the elements of both the original and modified puzzle can potentially guide us towards solutions that can fully explain the conflict of epistemic intuitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social comparison powerfully influences on appearance self‐evaluations, but previous research has not examined the combined impact of target frame and relevance on appearance comparison outcomes. The present study examined the effect of target relevance and health frame in body‐ideal images on self‐evaluations in a mixed‐gender university‐based sample from the United States (N = 176; 58% female). Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in which they viewed a body‐ideal image of a same‐sex target that varied in target relevance (peer or model) and health frame (extreme behaviors described as being healthy or unhealthy). We did not find evidence that comparisons with models or peers are different in their effects. And, consistent with hypotheses, the health frame of a comparison target's eating and exercise behaviors influenced how participants perceived themselves and their health. Participants were more likely to take health advice from the target described as healthy, and felt better about their own health when comparing to healthy targets. We also found gender differences such that men were more satisfied with their physical health but women were more satisfied with their appearance. Overall, this research supports the importance of addressing peer comparisons and health literacy in body image interventions, which has long‐term implications for the prevention of eating and exercise pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we attempt to evaluate gender-based differences in gossiping habits, subjects and sentiments. In order to do so, a mixed methods research approach comprising qualitative and quantitative analyses was employed. Questionnaires were filled out by 2230 participants, and an open question format was used, with participants imagining a scenario in which they are invited to describe to a friend, a person they had just met. Our findings suggest that, quantitatively speaking, women and men engage in the same amount of gossiping activity. Nevertheless, gender-based differences are apparent in the subject of gossip. Women gossip more about social relationships and physical appearance than men. It was also found that women's gossip is more positive than men's. Qualitative analysis of the data provides a more complex picture. For example, while women gossip more about physical appearance than men, their descriptions tend to be couched in positive terms, although they are deployed to emphasize other salient negative traits. This research therefore contributes to the refutation of gender-based stereotypes about gossiping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceptual organization and selective attention are two crucial processes that influence how we perceive visual information. The former structures complex visual inputs into coherent units, whereas the later selects relevant information. Attention and perceptual organization can modulate each other, affecting visual processing and performance in various tasks and conditions. Here, we tested whether attention can alter the way multiple elements appear to be perceptually organized. We manipulated covert spatial attention using a rapid serial visual presentation task, and measured perceptual organization of two multielements arrays organized by luminance similarity as rows or columns, at both the attended and unattended locations. We found that the apparent perceptual organization of the multielement arrays is intensified when attended and attenuated when unattended. We ruled out response bias as an alternative explanation. These findings reveal that attention enhances the appearance of perceptual organization, a midlevel vision process, altering the way we perceive our visual environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today’s environment is multiethnic and businesses try to attract customers to ethnic services. Both verbal elements, such as language spoken, and nonverbal elements, such as appearance and smile, influence customer perceptions. While some elements may be seen to increase perceptions of authenticity, others may come at the expense of perceived rapport. Therefore, this research investigates language spoken, ethnic appearance, and smile on customer perceptions of authenticity and rapport using two between-subjects experimental design studies. In addition, as employees and other customers in the social servicescape can affect the focal customers’ experience, this research examines both employee and other customer perceptions in the two separate studies. Results from the two studies find that ethnic appearance and smile significantly affect customer perceptions of authenticity and satisfaction. Language spoken by employees also significantly affects customers’ authenticity perceptions. Surprisingly, language use and ethnic appearance do not negatively affect perceptions of rapport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time spent on social media and making online comparisons with others may influence users’ mental health. This study examined links between parental control over the time their child spends on social media, preadolescents’ time spent browsing social media, preadolescents’ appearance comparisons on social media, and preadolescents’ appearance satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction. Preadolescent social media users (N = 284, 49.1% female; aged 10-12) and one of their parents completed online surveys. Preadolescents, whose parents reported greater control over their child’s time on social media, reported better mental health. This relationship was mediated by preadolescents spending less time browsing and making fewer appearance comparisons on social media. Parental control over time spent on social media may be associated with benefits for mental health among preadolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the lexical possibilities inherent within עַיןִ, this article proposes that the reference to "Leah's eyes" in Genesis 29:17 speaks not of her eyes but of her general appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epistemic value of seemings is increasingly debated. Such debates are hindered, however, by a lack of consensus about the nature of seemings. There are four prominent conceptions in the literature, and the plausibility of principles such as phenomenal conservatism, which assign a prominent epistemic role to seemings, varies greatly from one conception to another. It is therefore crucial that we identify the correct conception of seemings. I argue that seemings are best understood as sui generis mental states with propositional content and a distinct phenomenal character. Rival conceptions are shown to succumb to numerous difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents author's views on public appearance theory of Hannah Arendt, focusing on pluralism and power sharing. Topics include education and preservation of a public exhibition space, importance of communication between human beings and modern history of thinking for politics of appearance space.