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In Pardeesville, Pennsylvania, migrant laborers constructed a shantytown at the periphery of a coal-company town in the late 19th century. For the first half of its existence it represented an exceptional space excluded from paternalist care, but also exempt from surveillance and infrastructural development. It housed a flexible labor force for the mechanized industry increasingly central to its operations. The collapse of the anthracite industry in the 1940s brought the withdrawal of company ownership and a brief period of employee ownership. Following the town's emancipation from capitalist control, residents developed forms of communal self-organization adapted from the survival strategies of an earlier era. By the 1960s, however, regional government pursued efforts to recapitalize the postindustrial landscape, guided by national ideologies of redevelopment and renewal. This governmentalizing process radically altered the material landscape, bringing with it neoliberal economics and its corresponding subjectivities. Extracto En Pardeesville, Pensilvania, los trabajadores migrantes construyeron una barriada en la periferia de una ciudad de una compañía de carbón a finales del siglo XIX. Durante la primera mitad de su existencia representó un espacio excepcional excluido de la atención paternalista, pero también exento de vigilancia y desarrollo infraestructural. Albergaba una fuerza laboral flexible para la industria mecanizada, cada vez más importante para sus operaciones. El colapso de la industria antracita en la década de los 1940 trajo el retiro de la propiedad de la compañía y un breve período de propiedad de los empleados. Tras la emancipación de la ciudad del control capitalista, los residentes desarrollaron formas de auto-organización comunitaria adaptadas de las estrategias de supervivencia de una época anterior. Sin embargo, en la década de los 1960, el gobierno regional continuó sus esfuerzos para recapitalizar el panorama postindustrial, guiado por las ideologías nacionales de reurbanización y renovación. Este proceso de gubernamentalización alteró radicalmente el paisaje material, trayendo consigo la economía neoliberal y sus subjetividades correspondientes. Résumé À Pardeesville, en Pennsylvanie, des travailleurs migrants ont construit un bidonville en périphérie d'une ville minière de charbon à la fin du 19ème siècle. Pendant la première moitié de son existence, il a représenté un espace exceptionnel hors de toute attention paternaliste, mais également exempté de toute surveillance et de développement des infrastructures. Il abritait une main d'œuvre flexible pour l'industrie mécanisée de plus en plus centrale pour les opérations de cette dernière. Le déclin de l'industrie de l'anthracite dans les années 40 a impliqué le retrait de la détention par l'entreprise et une brève période d'appropriation par le personnel. À la suite de l'émancipation de la ville à l'égard du contrôle capitaliste, les résidents ont développé des formes d'auto-organisation communautaire adaptées des stratégies de survie d'une ère antérieure. Cependant, vers les années 60 le gouvernement régional a engagé des efforts pour recapitaliser le paysage post-industriel, guidé par des idéologies nationales de redéveloppement et de renouvellement. Ce processus de gouvernementalisation a transformé de manière radicale le paysage matériel, apportant avec lui une économie néolibérale et ses subjectivités correspondantes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Anthracite was the first casualty of the great twentieth-century energy transitions from coal to liquid fuels. However, its demise occurred in two stages, for oil and natural gas did not begin to undermine the market for hard coal until the 1920s. By 1900 anthracite had lost its industrial markets and even as a domestic fuel it was besieged. Strikes that led to uncertain supplies and rising prices encouraged consumers to search for substitutes while innovations in production and marketing made coke, manufactured gas, and coal briquettes increasingly attractive alternatives. Anthracite sales peaked in 1917 and declined sharply well before the onset of oil and natural gas. Although its demise might have taken longer, anthracite would have expired even if there had been no age of oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important fuel, hard coal shaped industrialisation. Due to its specific materiality, coal established different options for intertwining industry and resource. This paper concentrates on the one hand on the specific properties of coal and, on the other, on the economic and technological operations with coal. Using the example of the different material properties of coal from the coal districts of Inde and Wurm, these interrelations are examined and illustrate how a space of resource extraction could be arranged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Precise valuation of the economic efficiency of risky investment projects in the mineral sector has a direct impact on the range of future investments. Since the mid-90s, a number of enterprises have also been giving increased attention to the valuation of managerial flexibility that cannot normally be estimated with classical discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis. This has been the result of a development in the real options analysis (ROA) and the simplification of its algorithms, most of which have been achieved through: Unfortunately, in most cases, models constructed on the abovementioned assumptions and modifications are not consistent with real projects. Some analysts recognize that project PVs might not follow the multiplicative process, which could have a direct impact on the project's value. In order to improve the MAD approach, the paper proposes a modified model where the multiplicative tree is replaced with an additive one. In addition, methods of 'additive volatility' calculation and 'dividend' adjustments were suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hard coal mining industry in the European Union (EU) is in decline, mostly due to a lack of price competitiveness. It is maintained, to a great extent, by state aid; the key objective of the industry's existence is to provide energy security and guarantee employment in the mining regions. In Poland, the hard coal mining industry is currently undergoing a serious crisis that threatens the two largest mining enterprises with bankruptcy. In addition, due to the European Union's restrictions concerning the circumstances of granting state aid, these enterprises cannot count on the financial support for the repair restructuring that they used on a large scale until 2011. Therefore, in this article, the main objective is to determine the influence of state aid on the competitiveness of the hard coal mining industry in 12 countries of the EU, including Poland in specific. In order to achieve the stated objective, the article is divided into three parts. The first part consists of a literature review, and legal regulations that are related to state aid for the hard coal mining industry in the EU are presented. The second part identifies the amount of state aid for the mining industry in the examined countries. Next, the economic effects of state aid for hard coal mining in the European Union are examined. The third assesses the financial results of 24 Polish hard coal mines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research problem in this article is formulated as follows: which factors influence the changes in inventory levels in Polish mining enterprises, and what are the financial consequences of such changes? Based on the results of analyses conducted on vital changes affecting demand for hard coal, it may be necessary to implement certain changes (above others) in the structure of the sources of satisfying the energy needs of Poland, given price fluctuations in the global hard coal markets. However, the changes in the structure advance relatively slowly in light of the data presented; therefore, they are not the main reason for sales deterioration and stock accumulation. The main reason is increasing unit costs leading to a lack of price competitiveness when global coal prices fall below a certain level. The effects of an excess inventory level includes prolonging the inventory turnover cycle in days, decreasing the level of quick liquidity, and clearly decreasing operating cash flow. The enterprise also has to bear indirect inventoriable costs, losing the possibility of alternative use of the financial resources that are frozen in inventory, while searching for additional financing sources for the operating activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Korea has been making efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including a voluntary commitment to the target of a 30% reduction, based on business-as-usual of the total GHG emission volume, by 2020; 2006 IPCC Guidelines provided default values, applying country-specific emission factors was recommended when estimating national greenhouse gas emissions. Results and discussion: This study focused on anthracite produced in Korea in order to provide basic data for developing country-specific emission factor. This study has estimated CO emission factors to use worksheet of which five steps consisted according to the fuel analysis method. Conclusion: As a result, the average of net colorific value for 3 years (2007∼2009) was 4,519 kcal/kg, and the CO emission factor was calculated to be 111,446 kg/TJ, which is about 11.8% lower than the 2006 IPCC guidelines default value, and about 7.9% higher than the US EPA emission factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stated Owned Enterprises can be established for many reasons such as organizing the distribution of income, encouraging private sector organizations and providing economic development. As a result of changes in economic understanding over time, state-owned enterprises have led to a discussion about their raison d'être. In this study after giving the theoretical information, about the reasons for establishment of public owned enterprises, the result of survey, conducted with TTK employees, which assesses the employees opinions about the state in economy and state-owned enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alternative fuel to replace foundry coke in cupolas was developed from waste anthracite fines. Waste anthracite fines were briquetted with Si-containing materials and treated in carbothermal (combination of heat and carbon) conditions that simulated the cupola preheat zone to form silicon carbide nanowires (SCNWs). SCNWs can provide hot crushing strengths, which are important in cupola operations. Lab-scale experiments confirmed that the redox level of the Si-source significantly affected the formation of SiC. With zerovalent silicon, SCNWs were formed within the anthracite pellets. Although amorphous Si (+4) plus anthracite formed SiC, these conditions did not transform the SiC into nanowires. Moreover, under the test conditions, SiC was not formed between crystallized Si (+4) and anthracite. In a full-scale demonstration, bricks made from anthracite fines and zerovalent silicon successfully replaced a part of the foundry coke in a full-scale cupola. In addition to saving in fuel cost, replacing coke by waste anthracite fines can reduce energy consumption and CO2 and other pollution associated with conventional coking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the decade following World War I the anthracite coal industry of Pennsylvania found its domination of the domestic fuel market in the eastern U.S. under serious challenge. The emergence of intense competition from oil, gas, electricity and soft coal threatened to destroy the entire hard-coal business. Under these circumstances the anthracite industry could ill afford to indulge itself in bitter labor disputes. Strikes only created a vacuum for the new substitute fuels to fill. Indeed, short work stoppages in 1920 and 1923 and a hundred-and-sixty-three day strike in 1922 put the hard-coal industry on the brink of extinction. Yet it was impossible to conclude that another anthracite strike might be avoided in 1925. The identical problems, which caused the previous strikes, persisted. At the contract negotiations in July 1925 representatives of the anthracite operators and the United Mine Workers of America reached an impasse from the outset. The union demanded a 10 percent wage increase while the operators claimed that, to save the industry, a reduction of wages was mandatory.

Most contemporary observers interpreted the 1902 anthracite coal strike settlement as a victory for the hard coal mineworkers. Concentrating on the national political and economic dimensions of the struggle, these contemporary and modern analysts also have given high marks to the United Mine Workers (UMW) president, John Mitchell, for his calm and prudent leadership of the coal miners and his astute concern for the political and public relations features of the strike in stark contrast to the obstinate and arbitrary attitude of the anthracite operators. While this standard interpretation of victorious mine workers generaled by a resourceful, moderate young leader may be accurate from a national level, the view from the mine fields, focusing on developments following the strike, suggests that it is incomplete and overdrawn. The mine workers' growing dissatisfaction with the implementation of the settlement and the continued operator hostility and authoritarianism suggests that the failure of John Mitchell to take advantage of the mine workers' militancy and solidarity in the face of flagrant operator anti-unionism rendered the UMW powerless in the anthracite fields for over a decade.

Focuses on the evolution of urban leadership in anthracite coal industry in Pennsylvania. Impact of industrialization on the stability of the social structure; Impact of economic development on lower socioeconomic groups; Social functions of local educational institutions.

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, workers in the anthracite industry commonly followed career paths that led to respiratory impairment. In turn, work-induced pulmonary difficulties explain much of the downward mobility of older miners in this period. Managerial practice both accommodated and exacerbated disability. The United Mine Workers of America dealt with this problem primarily through agitation for legislative reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the Workingmen's Benevolent Association (WBA), the industry-wide labor union of anthracite miners in Pennsylvania. The objectives and policies of the WBA have been subjected to many interpretations. Some students considered the association as an instrument for the extraction of higher wages and better working conditions from unyielding mine operators. The structure of the WBA mirrored conditions in the anthracite industry. Most scholars list the strike as the union's main weapon, but others consider it a political pressure group.

The article offers a look at the irregularity of employment in the bituminous and anthracite coal mining industries in the U.S. Workers in the bituminous coal industry is divided into two, tonnage men and day men. They have an average of 308 working days in a full-time year. In the anthracite industry, an average of 304 working days is considered a full-time year. Various factors influence the work attendance of mine workers, including strikes, illnesses and mine-related problems. The employment opportunities in each industry are explored.