Search

This review discusses the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Mutations in its spike glycoprotein have driven the emergence of variants with high transmissibility and immune escape capabilities. Some antiviral drugs are ineffective against the BA.2 subvariant at the authorized dose. Recently, 150 natural metabolites have been identified as potential candidates for development of new anti-COVID-19 drugs with higher efficacy and lower toxicity than those of existing therapeutic agents. Botanical drug-derived bioactive molecules have shown promise in dampening the COVID-19 cytokine storm and thus preventing pulmonary fibrosis, as they exert a strong binding affinity for viral proteins and inhibit their activity. The Health Ministry of Thailand has approved Andrographis paniculata (Jap. Senshinren) extracts to treat COVID-19. In China, over 85% of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 receive treatments based on traditional Chinese medicine. A comprehensive map of the stages and pathogenetic mechanisms related to the disease and effective natural products to treat and prevent COVID-19 are presented. Approximately 10% of patients with COVID-19 are affected by long COVID, and COVID-19 infection impairs mitochondrial DNA. As the number of agents to treat COVID-19 is limited, adjuvant botanical drug treatments including vitamin C and E supplementation may reduce COVID-19 symptoms and inhibit progression to long COVID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Mutations in its spike glycoprotein have driven the emergence of variants with high transmissibility and immune escape capabilities. Some antiviral drugs are ineffective against the BA.2 subvariant at the authorized dose. Recently, 150 natural metabolites have been identified as potential candidates for development of new anti-COVID-19 drugs with higher efficacy and lower toxicity than those of existing therapeutic agents. Botanical drugderived bioactive molecules have shown promise in dampening the COVID-19 cytokine storm and thus preventing pulmonary fibrosis, as they exert a strong binding affinity for viral proteins and inhibit their activity. The Health Ministry of Thailand has approved Andrographis paniculata (Jap. Senshinren) extracts to treat COVID-19. In China, over 85% of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 receive treatments based on traditional Chinese medicine. A comprehensive map of the stages and pathogenetic mechanisms related to the disease and effective natural products to treat and prevent COVID-19 are presented. Approximately 10% of patients with COVID-19 are affected by long COVID, and COVID-19 infection impairs mitochondrial DNA. As the number of agents to treat COVID-19 is limited, adjuvant botanical drug treatments including vitamin C and E supplementation may reduce COVID-19 symptoms and inhibit progression to long COVID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees is a plant native to Thailand. Thais use andrographis as an herb for treating the common cold. During pandemic the Andrographis leaves and stem has been used to treat COVID-19. In Thailand, there is a demand for andrographis, leading to a shortage of andrographis. Breeding andrographis by inducing polyploid plants is one way to increase yields in stem and leaf sections. Methods: The study was conducted in May-September 2022 at Kasetsart University, Chalermprakiat Sakon Nakhon Campus, Thailand, by inducing andrographis of Phichit 4-4 variety into polyploids with colchicine concentrations of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%. After that, study of agricultural characteristics and identification of polyploids with flow cytometry analysis were carried out. Result: A study on the characteristics of andrographis Phichit 4-4 after inducing colchicine in various treatments at 2 months of age showed that andrographis received with colchicine had a higher stem height and number of node than those without colchicine. Comparison of characteristics of andrographis Phichit 4-4 at 4 months of age. The number of leaves per plant and leaf weight are greater than those treated without colchicine. When examining the polyploids of andrographis plants using flow cytometry analysis, it was found that the plants with abnormal characteristics with tall stems, large leaves, thick leaves, dark green leaves are mixoploids. Studies have found that there are many abnormal plants in colchicine-treated treatments. 0.1% for 24 and 48 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis paniculata is known for its diterpenoid medicinal compounds with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, it faces production and cultivation challenges due to low temperatures (LTs). Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are key enzymes in diterpenoid accumulation. Nevertheless, the functions and LT-related expression patterns of diterpenoid pathway CYPs in Andrographis paniculata remain poorly understood. In this study, 346 CYPs were discovered in Andrographis paniculata. Among them, 328 CYPs belonged to 42 known subfamilies. The remaining 17 CYPs might have represented novel subfamilies unique to this species. A total of 65 candidate CYPs associated with diterpenoid modification were identified. Of these, 50 were transmembrane proteins, and 57 were localized to chloroplasts. The CYP71 subfamily was the most abundant and had the highest motif diversity. Promoters of all candidate CYPs commonly contained elements responsive to gibberellins (GAs), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and abiotic stresses. Notably, the XP_051152769 protein, corresponding to a CYP gene over 40,000 bp in length, featured an extraordinarily long intron (40,751 nts). Functional elements within this intron were related to LT, GAs, and dehydration pathways. Based on the promoter element arrangement and subfamily classification, 10 representative candidate CYPs were selected. Under LT stress, significant expression changes were observed in three representative CYPs: CYP71D, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO), and ent-kaurene oxidase (KO). KAO and KO were significantly upregulated during early LT stress. KAO and KO interacted with each other and jointly interacted with GA20OX2-like. CYP71D acted as a negative response factor to LT stress. Among the 37 proteins interacting with CYP71D, 95% were CYPs. This study provides a critical preliminary foundation for investigating the functions of diterpenoid pathway CYPs in Andrographis paniculata, thereby facilitating the development of LT-tolerant cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) is an important medicinal plant belonging to the Acanthaceae family and used for the treatment of many diseases. This study is focused on determining the critical limit for the cultivation of A. paniculata in sodic soil. A pot experiment was conducted with different exchangeable sodium percentages (ESPs) to determine the critical limit for the cultivation of A. paniculata in sodic soil. The critical limit, 16 ESP, was found for A. paniculata grown in sodic soil. Overall, increasing trends in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Mo and a decreasing trend in Ni and Se were observed in all part of the plant due to increasing sodicity levels. The determination of the critical limit for the cultivation of A. paniculata in sodic soil is an important aspect of this paper. The nutrients and heavy metal profiling with the extreme levels of sodicity will be useful to study the nutrient utilization pattern for the nutrient management strategy of A. paniculata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heat stress (HS) is one of the most significant environmental stressors on poultry production and welfare worldwide. Identification of innovative and effective solutions is necessary. This study evaluated the effects of phytogenic feed additives (PHY) containing Terminalia bellirica and Andrographis paniculata on behavioral patterns, hematological and biochemical parameters, Oxidative stress biomarkers, and HSP70, I-FABP2, IL10, TLR4, and mTOR genes expression in different organs of broiler chickens under chronic HS conditions. A total of 208 one-day-old Avian-480 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four treatments (4 replicate/treatment, 52 birds/treatment): Thermoneutral control treatment (TN, fed basal diet); Thermoneutral treatment (TN, fed basal diet + 1 kg/ton feed PHY); Heat stress treatment (HS, fed basal diet); Heat stress treatment (HS, fed basal diet + 1 kg/ton feed PHY). Results: The findings of the study indicate that HS led to a decrease in feeding, foraging, walking, and comfort behavior while increasing drinking and resting behavior, also HS increased red, and white blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) counts, and the heterophile/ lymphocyte (H/L) ratio (P < 0.05); while both mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were decreased (P < 0.05). In addition, HS negatively impacted lipid, protein, and glucose levels, liver and kidney function tests, and oxidative biomarkers by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreasing reduced glutathion (GSH) activity (P < 0.05). Heat stress (HS) caused the upregulation in HSP70, duodenal TLR4 gene expression, and the downregulation of I-FABP2, IL10, mTOR in all investigated tissues, and hepatic TLR4 (P < 0.05) compared with the TN treatment. Phytogenic feed additives (PHY) effectively mitigated heat stress's negative impacts on broilers via an improvement of broilers' behavior, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress biomarkers with a marked decrease in HSP70 expression levels while all tissues showed increased I-FABP2, IL10, TLR4, and mTOR (except liver) levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Phytogenic feed additives (PHY) containing Terminalia bellirica and Andrographis paniculata have ameliorated the HS-induced oxidative stress and improved the immunity as well as the gut health and welfare of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a recurring coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in pigs with high mortality and morbidity rates, especially in neonatal pigs. Despite the availability of vaccines, their efficacy is limited owing to antigenic differences between the vaccine and field strains, which poses a challenge to infection control. Antiviral drugs targeting conserved PEDV proteins show promise for complementing vaccination strategies. PEDV Nsp3 (PL2Pro) and Nsp5 (3CLPro) are essential proteases vital for viral replication, making them attractive targets for drug development against PEDV. Aim: To address the lack of therapeutics against recurring PEDV outbreaks and bridge the gap in the application of bioinformatics in veterinary drug discovery, this study aimed to discover compounds that inhibit PEDV proteases from Philippine medicinal plants by applying a modified virtual screening methodology that considers the physiology of swine hosts. Methods: This study employed a library of 690 metabolites from Philippine medicinal plants to screen for potential protease inhibitors targeting PEDV PL2Pro and 3CLPro. This includes evaluating the binding affinity, pharmacokinetics, dynamic stability, and critical binding site residues. Compounds demonstrating high affinity underwent a modified ADMET analysis, considering the enteric localization of the virus and potential toxicity to swine hosts. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations assessed compound stability under physiological swine conditions. Results: The study identified Bisandrographolide from Andrographis paniculata, CID 162866964 from Euphorbia neriifolia, and betulinic acid from Vitex negundo and Ocimum basilicum as metabolites that bind favorably and selectively to PEDV 3CLPro and have excellent pharmacokinetic properties and dynamic stability. In contrast, no selective inhibitor for PL2pro passed the same criteria. Conclusion: Employing the modified virtual screening protocol tailored for swine host considerations, the compounds identified in this study are anticipated to exert inhibitory effects against PEDV without off-target binding to analogous swine proteases and receptors. CID 162866964, bisandrographolide, and betulinic acid show promise for developing potent antivirals against PEDV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The growing importance of Andrographis paniculata as a mosquito repellent has attracted the attention of many researchers. However, its implementation requires robust experimentations to ascertain its efficacy. In this study, the high-throughput screening system was used to evaluate the repellent efficacy of Andrographis paniculata crude extract and its fractions against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus, and An. dirus. Both the crude extracts showed repellent activities against all the tested mosquito species. These findings suggest that fractionation of A. paniculata extracts is valuable to assessing their spatial repellent efficacy against mosquitoes. Fractions F3 and F5 hold promise as natural mosquito repellents and could contribute to developing effective mosquito control strategies. Infectious diseases that cause illness and/or death in humans can be contracted from mosquito bites. A viable and alternate method of personal protection that can lower the danger of human exposure to mosquito-borne diseases is the use of plant-based repellents. Using a high-throughput screening system, the current work examined the toxicity, contact irritancy, and spatial repellency of Andrographis paniculata crude extract and its fractions against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus, and An. dirus. Five fractions (i.e., F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5) were separated from the crude extract by column and thin layer chromatography and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The major active compounds identified from F3 and F5 were 4-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and andrographolide. Three concentrations (1.0, 2.5, and 5.0%) for each of the crude extracts and the five fractions were individually impregnated on nylon netting strips and evaluated against the three mosquito species. Results showed that the highest contact irritancy was elicited by the crude extract at 5% concentration against Ae. aegypti (43.70% escaped). Results of the spatial activity index (SAI) showed that fractions F3 and F5 at 2.5% demonstrated the strongest repellency against Ae. aegypti (SAI = 0.84) and An. minimus (SAI = 0.83), respectively. Both the crude extract and its components did not cause any knockdown or mortality. These findings suggest that fractionation of A. paniculata extracts is valuable in assessing their spatial repellent efficacy against mosquitoes. Fractions F3 and F5 hold promise as natural mosquito repellents and could contribute to developing effective mosquito control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sambiloto leaf (Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. Ex Ness) has the potential to be employed as a photoprotective agent due to its high antioxidant content in the form of quercetin and andrographolide. The nanoemulsion preparations can boost the photoprotective activity of sambiloto leaf extract due to its deepest penetration. This study aims to determine the optimum Tween 80 and PEG-400 concentration in the Sambiloto leaf extract nanoemulsion preparation using the factorial 22 design method through Design Expert 12® on pH response, specific gravity, viscosity, and percent transmittance. The optimum formula was tested for sun protection factor (SPF) and DPPH Radical Scavenging activity (IC50). The amounts of andrographolide and quercetin detected in the sambiloto leaf extract were 3.411% and 3.272%, respectively. The optimum formula for nanoemulsion preparations is at Tween 80 and PEG-400 concentrations of 15% and 25%. The optimum Sambiloto leaf extract nanoemulsion formula had a globule size of 172.433±24.312 nm, a PDI of 0.245±0.060, and a zeta potential of -18.100±0.755 mV. The optimum formula for sambiloto leaf nanoemulsion has an SPF value of 44.427 ± 0.081 and an DPPH Radical Scavenging activity (IC50) of 124.863 ± 4.045 ppm. The cycling test showed no significant difference (p>0.05) on organoleptic parameters, pH, specific gravity, and percent transmittance. Based on the results obtained, the optimum formula of Sambiloto leaf extract nanoemulsion has high potential as a photoprotective agent with good globule characteristics and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resurgence of COVID-19 endemic cases at the end of 2023 has underscoredthe need for effective treatments. Some severe cases of COVID-19 are often characterized by the formation of multinucleated syncytial pneumocytes in the lungs. Therefore, our study aimed to explore the potential of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f) Nees as an antivirus against SARS-CoV-2, which involves syncitia formation. We utilized the non-toxic concentrations of A. paniculata extract on HEK293T cells determined by MTT assay, which were 1 µg/ml (cell viability 97.96%) and 10 µg/ml (cell viability 95.24%) for further assays. First, we conducted a pseudovirus cellular entry assay as a model of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HEK293T cells expressing hACE2/TMPRSS2. The HEK293T cells were co-transfected with plasmids expressing hACE2 and TMPRSS2, then infected with pseudotyped spike*ΔG-GFP rVSV with or without A. paniculata extract. The internalized pseudovirus would trigger GFP expression as a reporter of the infected cells. Next, we performed a syncytia assay by transfecting HEK293T cells with hACE2, TMPRSS2, and SARS-CoV-2 spike expression vectors to induce syncytia formation as a model of intercellular viral transmission. As the results, 10 µg/mL of the extract significantly lowered the number of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus-infected cells by 54.69% (P = 0.02) and spike-mediated syncytia formation by 42.39% (P<0.001). In conclusion, our results suggested that A. paniculata has a potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 by hindering virus infection and cell-to-cell transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed was crucial for achieving optimal productivity in broiler chickens, which required ongoing monitoring of its quantity and quality. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of nanoliquid extracts from Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera used as photobiotic on the performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. The research involved 128 broiler chickens, which were divided into four treatment groups, each with four replications of eight broiler chickens. The treatments included a control group (T0), a 0.25% nano liquid extract mixture of Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera (T1), a 0.50% nanoliquid extract mixture (T2), and a 0.75% nanoliquid extract mixture (T3). The study utilized an in vivo method and analysed the data using a completely randomized design. The optimal level of nano liquid extract was determined based on chicken performance (feed consumption, body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), income-over-feed cost (IOFC)) and carcass quality (carcass percentage, cooking loss, meat color, water-holding capacity, and texture). The findings indicated that the addition of combined Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera (1:1, w/w) nano-liquid extract in the chickens’ feed significantly influenced body weight, FCR, and IOFC. However, there was no significant effect on feed consumption. Furthermore, the use of Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera combination had a significant impact on all carcass quality parameters beyond *b carcass color. It was concluded that the addition of 0.25% of combined Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera nano liquid extract yielded the most favorable outcomes for the performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Heat stress (HS) is one of the most significant environmental stressors on poultry production and welfare worldwide. Identification of innovative and effective solutions is necessary. This study evaluated the effects of phytogenic feed additives (PHY) containing Terminalia bellirica and Andrographis paniculata on behavioral patterns, hematological and biochemical parameters, Oxidative stress biomarkers, and HSP70, I-FABP2, IL10, TLR4, and mTOR genes expression in different organs of broiler chickens under chronic HS conditions. A total of 208 one-day-old Avian-480 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four treatments (4 replicate/treatment, 52 birds/treatment): Thermoneutral control treatment (TN, fed basal diet); Thermoneutral treatment (TN, fed basal diet + 1 kg/ton feed PHY); Heat stress treatment (HS, fed basal diet); Heat stress treatment (HS, fed basal diet + 1 kg/ton feed PHY). Results The findings of the study indicate that HS led to a decrease in feeding, foraging, walking, and comfort behavior while increasing drinking and resting behavior, also HS increased red, and white blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) counts, and the heterophile/ lymphocyte (H/L) ratio (P < 0.05); while both mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were decreased (P

The diterpene ent-copalol is an important precursor to the synthesis of andrographolide and is found only in green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata). De novo biosynthesis of ent-copalol has not been reported, because the catalytic activity of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) is very low in microorganisms. In order to achieve the biosynthesis of ent-copalol, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected as the chassis strain, because its endogenous mevalonate pathway and dephosphorylases could provide natural promotion for the synthesis of ent-copalol. The strain capable of synthesizing diterpene geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was constructed by strengthening the mevalonate pathway genes and weakening the competing pathway. Five full-length ApCPSs were screened by transcriptome sequencing of A. paniculata and ApCPS2 had the best activity and produced ent-CPP exclusively. The peak area of ent-copalol was increased after the ApCPS2 saturation mutation and its configuration was determined by NMR and ESI-MS detection. By appropriately optimizing acetyl-CoA supply and fusion-expressing key enzymes, 35.6 mg/L ent-copalol was generated. In this study, de novo biosynthesis and identification of ent-copalol were achieved and the highest titer ever reported. It provides a platform strain for the further pathway analysis of andrographolide and derivatives and provides a reference for the synthesis of other pharmaceutical intermediates.

Kalmegh is an important medicinal crop because of the most important biologically active phyto-chemical called andrographolide. Production of higher herbage yields with appropriate quality in terms of andrographolide is largely dependent upon efficient nutrient management. This study aimed to assess the effect of organic manures application and variable nitrogen rates on growth, yield, andrographolide content and total antioxidant activity of Kalmegh. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three levels of organic manures [M1- Control, M2- vermicompost @ 5 t ha−1 and M3- poultry manure @ 5 t ha−1] and four fertility levels [F1- 0: 50: 50, F2- 50: 50: 50, F3- 75 (37.5 + 37.5): 50: 50 and F4- 75: 50: 50 kg ha−1 N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively] replicated thrice. The highest dry herbage yields and andrographolide content of kalmegh were recorded with vermicompost @ 5 t ha−1 + 75 (37.5 + 37.5): 50: 50 N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha−1 followed by poultry manure @ 5 t ha−1 + 75 (37.5 + 37.5): 50: 50 N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha−1 during both the years while, lower yields due to control. Dry herbage and andrographolide yield were found to be highest in M2×F3 compared with M1×F1. Our study concluded that the application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha−1 along with 75 kg ha−1 N in two splits and 50 kg ha−1of each P2O5 and K2O resulted higher yield and andrographolide content which, would provide better soil nutrient status in sustainable manner without affecting ecological balances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: the therapeutic potential of andrographolide is hindered by its poor oral bioavailability and unpredictable pharmacokinetics, primarily due to its limited water solubility. Objective: this work aimed to enhance the solubility and pharmacokinetics of andrographolide, a bioactive compound in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (Acanthaceae), using solubilizing agents and a bioenhancer. Materials and methods: Four groups of beagles were compared: (1) A. paniculata powder alone (control), (2) A. paniculata powder with 50% weight/weight (w/w) β-cyclodextrin solubilizer, (3) A. paniculata powder with 1% w/w sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solubilizer, and (4) A. paniculata powder co-administered with 1% w/w SDS solubilizer and 10% piperine bioenhancer. all groups received a consistent oral dose of 3 mg/kg of andrographolide, administered both as a single dose and multiple doses over seven consecutive days. Results: thirteen chemical compounds were identified in A. paniculata powder, including 7 diterpenoids, 5 flavonoids, and 1 phenolic compound. A. paniculata co-administration with either 50% w/w β-cyclodextrin or 1% w/w sDs, alone or in combination with 10% w/w piperine, significantly increased systemic andrographolide exposure by enhancing bioavailability (131.01% to 196.05%) following single and multiple oral co-administration. Glucuronidation is one possible biotransformation pathway for andrographolide, as evidenced by the excretion of glucuronide conjugates in urine and feces. Conclusion: the combination of solubilizing agents and a bioenhancer improved the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of andrographolide, indicating potential implications for A. paniculata formulations and clinical therapeutic benefits. Further investigation in clinical studies is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work silver nano/micro-particles have been synthesized using sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) plant extract as a bio-reducing agent. The effects of different plant extract concentrations, AgNO3 precursor concentrations, and reaction time on the synthesized silver nano/micro-particles were investigated. The silver nano/micro-particles samples were then analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of the colloid silver nano/micro-particles exhibited that all samples had absorbance peaks at a wavelength around 450 nm, confirming the formation of silver nano/micro-particles. It was also found that the UV-Vis absorbance peak of the silver nano/micro-particles inversely increased with decreasing AgNO3 solution concentration. Whereas, the higher the sambiloto extract concentration the higher the UV-Vis absorbance peaks. The UV-Vis absorbance peak increased with increasing synthesis time, suggesting that silver nano/micro-particles became more prominent. The UV-Vis absorbance peaks of the silver nano/micro-particles were about 0.0462, 0.0637, 0.0729, and 0.0936 at reaction time of 5, 10, 20, and 40 min, respectively. The XRD analysis result confirmed that the synthesized silver nano/micro-particles were in the form of nanocrystals with a face-centered cubic centered without any impurities. Additionally, the FESEM images showed that the silver nano/micro-particles had the primary particle size of 150-300 nm. There was the formation of some secondary particles with the size of about 0.7-1.5?m due to the agglomeration of primary particles. The particle size distribution analysis further confirmed the presence of primary and secondary particles. Meanwhile, the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of four main peaks, linked to functional groups in the sambiloto extract and involved in the creation of silver nano/micro-particles.

Introduction: Andrographis paniculata (AP) has been approved by the Thai government for the treatment of mild cases of COVID‐19 patients. Increasing use of AP products requires quality control to ensure efficacy and safety. At present, there is no requirement for dissolution test of AP products in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia (THP). Objective: This work aimed to examine the contents and dissolution profiles of active diterpenoids, andrographolide (AP1), 14‐deoxy‐11,12‐didehydroandrographolide (AP3), neoandrographolide (AP4), and 14‐deoxyandrographolide (AP6) in AP capsules available in Thai markets. Materials and Methods: Four extract products (EXT. A–D) and three crude powder products (CRD. A–C) were tested for contents by using HPLC‐DAD. Dissolution profiles of four diterpenoids were investigated in different media (pH 1.2, 4.5, 6.8, and 0.01 N HCl + SLS) with apparatus II (paddle type). Results: The AP1 contents were 1.99%–2.90% w/w for crude capsules and 2.84%–16.27% w/w for extract capsules. In the dissolution test, the dissolution percentages of four diterpenoids from crude capsules were higher than those from extract capsules except EXT. A. AP1 in most extract products (EXT. B, C, D) was dissolved in all dissolution media at a lower percentage than the other three diterpenoids. EXT. A (aqueous extract) was the only extract capsule showing the amounts of all diterpenoids dissolved in all media >80% in 45 min. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that AP1 content in AP products complied with the acceptance criteria in the THP (80%–120%), and the weight variation also met the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) requirements. However, different dissolution profiles of AP products may lead to different bioavailability of diterpenoids and further affect their efficacy. Andrographis paniculata (AP) is widely used for the treatment of common cold, fever including mild cases of COVID‐19. The quality of commercially available AP crude and extract products was examined by analysis of diterpenoid contents and dissolution profiles. Andrographolide contents in all selected AP products complied with the acceptance criteria (80%–120%). However, for extract products, dissolution of andrographolide was lower than other diterpenoids except for one aqueous extract. Different dissolution profiles may have an impact on the bioavailability of diterpenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite therapeutic advancements, cervical cancer caused by high-risk subtypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. This study aimed to discover potential drug candidates from the Asian medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata, demonstrating efficacy against the E6 protein of high-risk HPV-16 subtype through an in-silico computational approach. The 3D structures of 32 compounds (selected from 42) derived from A. paniculata, exhibiting higher binding affinity, were obtained from the PubChem database. These structures underwent subsequent analysis and screening based on criteria including binding energy, molecular docking, drug likeness and toxicity prediction using computational techniques. Considering the spectrometry, pharmacokinetic properties, docking results, drug likeliness, and toxicological effects, five compounds—stigmasterol, 1H-Indole-3-carboxylic acid, 5-methoxy-, methyl ester (AP7), andrographolide, apigenin and wogonin—were selected as the potential inhibitors against the E6 protein of HPV-16. We also performed 200 ns molecular dynamics simulations of the compounds to analyze their stability and interactions as protein–ligand complexes using imiquimod (CID-57469) as a control. Screened compounds showed favorable characteristics, including stable root mean square deviation values, minimal root mean square fluctuations and consistent radius of gyration values. Intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts, were sustained throughout the simulations. The compounds displayed potential affinity, as indicated by negative binding free energy values. Overall, findings of this study suggest that the selected compounds have the potential to act as inhibitors against the E6 protein of HPV-16, offering promising prospects for the treatment and management of CC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle dysfunction play a central role in cardiometabolic morbidity. Ashwagandha and Andrographis are purported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, but this is based on exposure of cells to the parent compounds ignoring phytochemical absorption and metabolism. We explored the anti-inflammatory/antioxidant effects of ashwagandha and Andrographis in ex vivo human models of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Healthy participants supplemented with 2000 mg/day Andrographis (n = 10) or 1100 mg/day ashwagandha (n = 10) for 28 days. Sera collected pre (D0) and post (D28) supplementation were pooled by timepoint and added to adipose explant (AT) and primary human myotube (SKMC) culture media (15% v/v) for treatment. A Taqman panel of 56 genes was used to quantify these. In AT, treatment with ashwagandha sera decreased the expression of genes involved in antioxidant defence and inflammatory response (CCL5, CD36, IL6, IL10, ADIPOQ, NFEL2, UCP2, GPX3, GPX4; geometric 95% CI for fold change > 1) and altered the expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism. In SKMC, ashwagandha sera altered FOXO1 and SREBF1 expression. Andrographis sera decreased IL18 and SERPINEA3 expression in AT. This physiologically relevant in vitro screening characterises the effects of ashwagandha in AT to guide future clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal plants are widely used as traditional medicine for generations. Some of them are bitter, in Indonesian called Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata), red ginger in Indonesian called Jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var rubrum), and turmeric in Indonesian called Kunyit (Curcuma domestica). This study tested extracts containing a combination of three ingredients, hereinafter named 'SIJAKUN' extract (SambIloto, JAhe, KUNyit)". This combination has good benefits for the body, especially as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This study aims to measure the acute and subacute toxic effects of 'SIJAKUN' extract. This is a true experimental study. In the acute toxicity study, the SIJAKUN extract was given to 5 groups of mice a doses of 1000 mg/kg, 2,000 mg/kg, 3,000 mg/kg, 4,000 mg/kg, and 5,000 mg/kg. After being observed for 24 hours, the number of dead mice from each group was counted to calculate the LD50 of the 'SIJAKUN' extract. Whereas in subacute toxicity, 5 groups of mice were given 0.5 ml of CMCNa solution, 'SIJAKUN' extract at doses of 25 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 25 mg/kg ibuprofen, the test substance was given orally once daily for 28 days. Then an examination was carried out: SGOT, SGPT, BUN, and serum creatinine. the results of subsequent examinations were analyzed statistically. To assess the safety of the SIJAKUN combination, it is necessary to conduct research to determine the acute and sub acut toxicity of SIJAKUN to the liver and kidneys. Based on the results of acut toxixity study conducted, no experimental animals died at one dose of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/kgbb 'SIJAKUN' extract. Based on these results, the LD50 of 'SIJAKUN' extract was above 5000 mg/kgbb. Therefore, it can be said that 'SIJAKUN' extract is a non-toxic compound. In the subacute toxicity study, examination result of SGOT, SGPT, BUN, and serum creatinin was not change significantly, with P value > 0.05. This result indicating no significant difference between the control group and the treatment group. It can be said that the sub-acute toxicity test found that 'SIJAKUN' extract did not toxic for liver and kidney. In acute and subacute toxicity studies that has been carried out, 'SIJAKUN' extract was classified as a non-toxic compound, so it is safe to use as herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis paniculata is one of the most important “Southern Medicines” in China. It is used for clearing heat and detoxifying, cooling blood and reducing swelling. Its main active ingredient andrographolide has functions in anti-cancer, anti-HIV, anti-inflammation and liver protection. Andrographolide is difficult to be synthesized artificially, mainly relying on extraction from cultivated plant materials. However, the quality of cultivated medicinal materials is affected by various factors such as soil, climate, water and fertilizer managements, and A. paniculata has a long growth cycle, occupying land resources. The technology of plant in vitro culture has significant advantages in rapid propagation of seedling and accumulation of active ingredients, which is one of the important ways to achieve production of active ingredients rapidly and efficiently in A. paniculata. The in vitro regeneration technology system of A. paniculata is becoming increasingly perfect, and the in vitro regeneration technology from explants to complete plants is becoming more and more mature, and it has been applied in seedling propagation and ploidy breeding. At the same time, during callus culture, cell suspension culture, adventitious root culture and hairy root culture of A. paniculata, the accumulation of andrographolide and other active ingredients in the culture could be greatly increased by optimizing the culture conditions and using appropriate inducers. This paper comprehensively and systematically reviewed the research advances on the in vitro culture technology of A. paniculata and production of andrographolide from the aspects of tissue, cell, adventitious root, and hairy root cultures. This paper aimed to provide reference for promoting the development and application of in vitro culture technology of A. paniculata, as well as for the study of in vitro production of andrographolide. It also put forward three aspects that need be focused on in future research on in vitro culture technology of A. paniculata and the production of andrographolides by this technology: (1)To mature and improve the tissues in vitro regeneration technology system of A. paniculata, and to establish a comprehensive and systematic evaluation system; (2)To further increase the yield of andrographolide and other important active ingredients by optimizing the culture conditions and its combination with efficient inducers; (3)To carry out researches in bioreactor culture of the production of andrographolide by cell suspension culture technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the saponin extracted from the roots of Andrographis paniculata for the phytochemical content and antimicrobial and anticancer effects. The phytochemicals present in the methanol and aqueous root extracts included alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, proteins, steroids, chlorogenics and carbohydrates. A. paniculata root saponin expressed antibacterial properties against four Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, and Klebsiella pneumoniae), four Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Micrococcus luteus), and two fungi (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans); the saponin also inhibited the proliferation of HePG2 cells, with an IC50 value of 125 µg mL−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of integrated dose of manures and fertilizers and harvesting stages on growth and yield of Andrographis paniculata in the experimental farm as well as laboratory of Department of Forest Products, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan Himachal Pradesh during the year 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) factorial under field conditions with eight treatments and three replications. Among various organic manures and fertilizers combinations treatment T2 (NPK @ 60:45:30 kg/ha) excelled over other treatments for all the growth and yield parameters i.e. plant height (46.98 cm), plant spread (30.07 cm2), number of branches per plant (19.89), number of leaves per plant (92.39), fresh stem weight per plant (20.30 g), dry stem weight per plant (12.90 g), fresh leaf weight per plant (13.87 g), dry leaf weight per plant (7.47 g), fresh above ground biomass per plant (35.29 g), dry above ground biomass per plant (20.70 g), estimated fresh above ground biomass (26.12 q/ha) and estimated dry above ground biomass (15.32 q/ha) which was followed by T7 (Vermicompost @ 3.3 t/ha + PK @ 45:30 kg/ha) and minimum values were recorded in control i.e. (T1). However, in case of interaction effect between organic manures, fertilizers and harvesting stages maximum values for estimated fresh above ground biomass (30.82 q/ha) and estimated dry above ground biomass (18.95 q/ha) were recorded in treatment combination T2H2 (NPK @ 60:45:30 kg/ha at flowering stage). Economic analysis revealed that NPK (60:45:30 kg/ha) had the highest benefit cost ratio of 2.06 which was followed by Jeevamrit + PK (45:30 kg/ha) i.e. 1.59 and minimum value was recorded in control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Andrographolide, biological component, is present in Green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata), as an immunomodulator and feed additive for laying hens, has been potential to be explored. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract on the levels of antibodies against Avian Influenza (AI) and Newcastle Disease (ND) in laying hens during the initial phase of egg production. Methods: A total of 100 Isa Brown strain laying hens were were used ini this study consisted of 20 box cages with 60x50x50 cm. The study employed a completely randomised design (CRD) with 5 treatments, i.e. T0 = Drinking water without EEGC, T1 = Drinking water + 0.5% EEGC, T3 = Drinking water + 1% EEGC, T4 = Drinking water + 1.5% EEGC, T5 = Drinking water + 2% EEGC. The study was replicated four times for each treatment. Results: The analysis of variance revealed that the treatment with green chiretta leaf extract did not show a significant impact on AI and ND antibody titers at 3, 4, and 5 weeks of age. However, this treatment significant affect on AI and ND antibody titers at 6 weeks of age. Conclusions: The addition of green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract to drinking water boosts up the development of AI and ND antibody levels. It exhibited superior antibody levels in comparison to the control treatment. To clarify, applying green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract to drinking water can maintain AI and ND antibody levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the challenges posed by multi-drug resistance in synthetic anthelmintics, the potential of plant extracts as an alternative helminth control option offers a ray of hope. The current study, conducted with meticulous care and thoroughness, delves into the anthelmintic activity of crude water and ethanol extracts of three plant species, Andrographis paniculata (Hempedu Bumi), Azadirachta indica (Neem), and Litsea elliptica (Pawas), against the nematode, C. elegans. The preparation of water and ethanol extracts from the three plants involved maceration and ultrasonic methods, respectively. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the active compounds in both extracts, followed by determining the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) using the corresponding Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminum colorimetric methods. The percentage yields of water extracts were 15.10%, 13.11%, and 9.55%, and ethanol extracts were 9.78%, 2.94%, and 15.50% for A. paniculata, A. indica, and L. elliptica, respectively. All extracts tested positive for alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, protein, and carbohydrates. In water extract, A. indica exhibited the highest total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents of 58.38 ± 0.005 mg GAE/g and 18.68 ± 0.005 mg QE/g, respectively. In contrast, in ethanol extract, L. elliptica exhibited the highest TPC and TFC of 122.67 ± 0.398 mg GAE/g and 96.69 ± 0.027 mg QE/g, respectively. L. elliptica ethanol extract appeared to induce the most pronounced effect on reducing head thrashing activity compared to other extracts in C. elegans. Both water and ethanol extracts of A. indica and L. elliptica exhibited significant mortality in all examined concentrations with maximum mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review collects the synthetic modifications performed on andrographolide, a natural molecule derived from Andrographis paniculata, for oncology applications. Various pharmacomodulations were carried out, and the products were tested on different cancer cell lines. The impact of these modifications was analyzed with the aim of mapping the positions essential for activity to facilitate future research in this field. However, this study makes it clear that, in addition to structural modifications of the molecule, which can result in varying degrees of effectiveness in targeting interactions, the lipophilic capacity of the structures obtained through hemisynthesis is of significant importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMGR) enzyme plays an important role in the biosynthesis of diterpene lactones such as andrographolide, a specialized metabolite that is widely used as a therapeutic agent. This study aimed to enhance the content of andrographolide through the overexpression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase-1 (HMGR1) in A. paniculata. HMGR1 was constructed into the pBI121 expression vector controlled by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV 35S) promoter. The pBI121-HMGR1 construct was transformed to A. paniculata through Agrobacteriummediated transformation followed by plant regeneration to obtain transgenic plants. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was conducted to validate the transgenic plants, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was used for the HMGR1 expression analysis, and high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to quantify the andrographolide content of the transgenic plants. PCR analysis on the transgenic plantlets indicated the presence of a 2,262 bp fragment that corresponded to HMGR1, thus confirming the integration of HMGR1 into the A. paniculata genome. The RT-qPCR results showed a 52.5-fold greater HMGR1 expression in the transgenic plant under the CaMV 35S promoter compared to the normal plant. As the expression level of HMGR1 increased, the amount of andrographolide was enhanced by up to 2.6 times in the transgenic plant compared to the control plant. This study demonstrates that the overexpression of HMGR1 driven by CaMV 35S can enhance the production of andrographolide in A. paniculata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piscirickettsiosis is the main cause of mortality in salmonids of commercial importance in Chile, which is caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, a Gram‐negative, γ‐proteobacteria that can produce biofilm as one of its virulence factors. The Chilean salmon industry uses large amounts of antibiotics to control piscirickettsiosis outbreaks, which has raised concern about its environmental impact and the potential to induce antibiotic resistance. Thus, the use of phytogenic feed additives (PFA) with antibacterial activity emerges as an interesting alternative to antimicrobials. Our study describes the antimicrobial action of an Andrographis paniculate‐extracted PFA on P. salmonis planktonic growth and biofilm formation. We observed complete inhibition of planktonic and biofilm growth with 500 and 400 μg/mL of PFA for P. salmonis LF‐89 and EM‐90‐like strains, respectively. Furthermore, 500 μg/mL of PFA was bactericidal for both evaluated bacterial strains. Sub‐inhibitory doses of PFA increase the transcript levels of stress (groEL), biofilm (pslD), and efflux pump (acrB) genes for both P. salmonis strains in planktonic and sessile conditions. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the antibacterial effect of PFA against P. salmonis in vitro, highlighting the potential of PFA as an alternative to control Piscirickettsiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foot ulcers are common among diabetic patients and can lead to severe bacterial infection. The aim of the study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Andrographis paniculata root extracts on clinical pathogens isolated from foot ulcers of diabetic patients. A total of 5 typed strains comprising of Acinetobacter johnsonii strain JUQ303 Pseudomonas rhodesiae strain YHBT5, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 2, Alcaligenes faecalis strain N148 and Alcaligenes faecalis strain 3 were isolated from patients attending clinics at the National Orthopedic Hospital, Enugu. Roots of Andrographis paniculata were obtained from a local garden in Anaocha local government area of Anambra State. They were pulverized and extracted using ethanol, acetone and water solvents. These crude extracts were reconstituted using 5ml of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 and1.56mg/ml. The isolates were screened for sensitivity to the plant extracts using agar well diffusion method. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these isolates was analyzed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The aqueous extract showed highest zone of inhibition of 12mm on Acinetobacter johnsonii, 11mm on Psedomonasrhodesiae, 10mm on Alcaigenes faecalis strain 2, 9mm on Alcaligenes faecalis strain N148 and 7mm on Alcaligenes faecalis strain 3, respectively at the concentration of 200mg/ml. At lower concentrations of 12.5mg/ml, 6.25mg/ml, 3.125mg/ml and 1.56mg/ml, the aqueous extracts showed no inhibition on tested isolates. The MIC of the ethanol root extract of Andrographis paniculata were recorded at 12.5mg/ml,25mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml on Acinetobacter johnsonii strain JUQ303, Pseudomonas rhodesiae strain YHBT5, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 2, Alcaligenes faecalis strain N148 and Alcaligenes faecalis strain 3, respectively. The MIC of the acetone root extract were recorded at 25mg/ml, 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 100mg/ml on Acinetobacter johnsonii, Psedomonasrhodesiae, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 2,Alcaligenesfaecalis strain, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 3 respectively while the MIC of the aqueous root extract were recorded at100mg/ml, 200mg/ml, 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml and 200mg/ml Acinetobacter johnsonii, Psedomonasrhodesiae, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 2, Alcaligenes faecalis strain, Alcaligenes faecalis strain 3 respectively. The aqueous extract showed no bactericidal effect on tested isolates. From the study, ethanol extract of A. paniculataroots showed the highest antibacterial potency on clinical pathogens isolated from diabetic foot ulcers than the acetone and aqueous extracts. Andrographis paniculata plant is easily accessible, potent, economical and safe to man, therefore, this study encourages the use of plant extracts in the treatment of human diseases caused by these pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is closely associated with the aging process, prompting an investigation into the therapeutic potential of Andrographis paniculata extract, Syzygium aromaticum oil, and Pogostemon cablin oil, herbs known for their widespread medicinal use. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant properties of skincare products, including facial wash, moisturizer, and serum formulated with these oild and extract. Utilizing the DPPH assay to evaluate antioxidant activity, we found that all products displayed antioxidant activity, with the serum showing the greatest efficacy (IC50 value of 2792.17 μg/mL) compared to the moisturizer (IC25 value of 2541.73 μg/mL) and facial wash (IC25 value of 2752.01 μg/mL). Notably, all products (with active ingredients) significantly enhanced radical scavenging activity over the product bases (products without active ingredients) at 5000 μg/mL, with percentage improvement as follows: serum 53.48 ± 1.50%, moisturizer 39.5 ± 2.18%, and facial wash 7.23 ± 2.20%. These findings suggest that facial wash, moisturizer, and serum containing the combination of Andrographis paniculata extract, Syzygium aromaticum oil, and Pogostemon cablin oil have the potential to become effective anti-aging treatments in the cosmetic market due to their antioxidant properties. Further studies are needed to assess their mechanism of action as anti-aging cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographolide is the main active ingredient of Andrographis paniculata, which has the functions of clearing heat and detoxifying, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, protecting liver and improving gallbladder. It is clinically used to treat pneumonia in children and upper respiratory tract infection. In recent years, because of the influence of environmental factors for a long time, not high purity and good varieties of selective breeding work lag and so on reasons, greatly restricted the quality improvement of andrographolide. In the quality evaluation of A. paniculata, the content of andrographolide is a very important index. Analyzing the molecular mechanism and accumulation rule of andrographolide biosynthesis is helpful to improve the quality of A. paniculata. In this review, the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory molecular mechanisms of andrographolide are comprehensively discussed. The biosynthesis of andrographolide is mainly divided into two stages, including the synthesis stage of andrographolide precursor and the modification stage of andrographolide synthesis. The synthesis of precursor has been relatively clear, but the mining of the pathways and key enzymes in the modification stage of andrographolide synthesis is still at a blank, and further research is needed. Through the excavation of the key factors affecting the synthesis and accumulation of andrographolide from the two levels of environmental factors and cropping systems, it is conducive to the establishment of a perfect and high-quality A. paniculata cultivation system. In addition, the research progress on the regulation of andrographolide biosynthesis was summarized and prospected, in order to provide research reference for the improvement of A. paniculata quality.

Context: Cardiovascular diseases claim the lives of an estimated 17.9 million people worldwide (report by the World Health Organization), yet the drug pipeline compared to some other life-threatening diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders, is low. Aims: To investigate the potential of Andrographis paniculata as a supplementary therapy for cardiovascular diseases based on recent in vivo animal studies. Methods: This study adopted a systematic review approach to analyze preclinical evidence from in vivo animal studies. Three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) were searched using the keywords “Andrographis paniculata”, “cardiovascular disease”, “CVD”, “heart disease”, “cardioprotective”, “cardio*”, “inflammation”, “oxidative stress”, “obesity”, “lipopolysaccharide”, “hypertension”, “arrhythmia” and “aortic disease”. The search period was from April 20th, 2023, to April 26th, 2023, and included studies published from 2013 to 2023. Only in vivo animal studies were appraised. In contrast, clinical studies, in vitro studies, in silico studies, and review papers were excluded. SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: Sixteen eligible in vivo animal studies showed that Andrographis paniculata extracts and isolated bioactive compounds have strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on cardiovascular diseases. These effects lead to lowering the risk of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, easing the effects of bad cardiac remodeling, stopping cardiac hypertrophy, and improving diabetic cardiomyopathy. Although SYRCLE's tool detected some bias, the studies were included since they met the inclusion criteria and had no conflicts of interest. Conclusions: Andrographis paniculata may have the potential to be used as a supplementary therapy for cardiovascular diseases, but more animal studies and clinical trials should be done to establish these findings.

Andrographis (A.) paniculata contains andrograpanin, which is both anti-inflammatory and anti-infective. Rosa comprises over 150–200 species from the family Rosaceae. Rosa exerts various properties, including anti-inflammatory property. Herbal mouthwash was made using A. paniculata leaf powder and Rosa extract. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using an albumin denaturation assay and egg albumin denaturation. The percentage of protein denaturation that is inhibited by the formulation of A. paniculata and Rosa indicates that it has strong anti-inflammatory effect. According to the findings, as concentration is raised, the formulation’s anti-inflammatory activity rises. The formulation’s percentage inhibition values are also equivalent to those of a typical anti-inflammatory medicine, indicating that it may be effective as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.

Drought stress is a major agricultural problem that leads to increased accumulation of ethylene in plants. It also has negative effects on plant productivity and growth. Andrographis paniculate is an important herb widely used in medical applications to inhibit diseases caused by viruses. In order to improve the production quality and growth of the A. paniculata, ACC-deaminase plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria were isolated from rice rhizosphere soil. All bacterial isolates were screened for their plant growth-promoting properties, including ACC deaminase, IAA production, biofilm formation, and exopolysaccharide production. Among the bacterial isolates, Rh-01 and Rh-22 exhibited positive results (cutting-edge) in all tests and were identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa Rh-01 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Rh-22, respectively. These strains were selected for further pot experiment study. Our results revealed that treatment with chemical fertilizer showed the highest potential to promote A. paniculata seedlings under normal moisture conditions. However, under water limitation conditions, the application of ACC-deaminase plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria led to a higher chlorophyll content compared to the control treatment. In addition, under normal irrigation conditions, plant growth promoting rhizobacterial increased relative water content and total biomass. In terms of plant stress markers, the proline content in Andrographis paniculate’s seedling stage was low under water limitation conditions. In conclusion, to enhance the growth of A. paniculate seedlings during water limitation stress, a combination of microbial biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers is beneficial.

ABSTRACTThis research was conducted to determine the effects of Andrographis paniculate extract on hybrid catfish. The fish were fed 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg extract to supplement their diets for 90 days. The highest weigh gain, average daily growth, specific growth rate, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio, as well as the lowest feed conversion rate, were found in the group fed 0.6 g/kg. RBC were at their highest in all treatment groups, while the highest levels of total WBC and haematocrit percentage were observed in the group fed 0.6 g/kg. ALT and triglyceride were at their lowest levels in all treatment groups, while the highest amounts of glucose were found in all treatment groups. The highest levels of high-density lipoprotein and the lowest cholesterol were observed in fish fed 0.6 g/kg. Lysozyme activity was initially observed at a significant difference on days 60–90, the highest activity was found in the group fed 0.6 g/kg. After bacterial challenge test, lysozyme activity and WBC were significantly increased in all treatment groups, the lowest cumulative mortality was found in the group fed 0.6 g/kg. These results suggest that 0.6 g/kg of the extract has positive effects on hybrid catfish.

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) supplementation in sow diets before and after farrowing on the sow and piglets' performances during early postpartum period and on sows' backfat and longissimus muscle losses during lactation. Methods: Seventy Landrace×Yorkshire sows and their offspring (1,186 piglets) were distributed into three groups: control (n = 31), treatment-250 (n = 18), and treatment-1000 (n = 21). From 110.2±0.7 days of gestation until farrowing (5.8 days) and throughout the lactation period (25.2 days), sows in the control group were given the conventional lactation diet, while sows in the treatment-250 and treatment-1000 groups received supplements of 250 ppm and 1,000 ppm of A. paniculata, respectively. Results: In sows with parity 3-5, piglets from the treatment-1000 group had higher colostrum intake than the control and treatment-250 groups (p<0.05), but not in sows with parity 6-9. Colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) increased in treated sows versus controls for parity 6-9 (p<0.05), but was consistent for parity 3-5. Piglet performance until day 3 postnatal was similar across groups (p>0.05). Treatment-250 sows had higher feed intake post-farrowing than treatment-1000 sows (p<0.05). Longissimus loss was less in both treatment groups than control (p<0.05), but backfat loss was similar across groups (p>0.05). Post-partum complications were consistent across groups (p>0.05). Farrowing duration and piglet birth intervals in sows with parity 6-9 were prolonged in the treatment-1000 group. Conclusion: Supplementing with 1,000 ppm A. paniculata for 5.8 days pre-farrowing and 25.2 days post-farrowing enhanced sow colostrum IgG and piglet colostrum intake, while also reducing longissimus loss in sows. However, for sows of parity 6-9, this supplementation led to prolonged farrowing, increased intervals between piglet births, increased stillbirth, and reduced piglet birth weight. These effects should be considered when using A. paniculata supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Andrographolide (ADG) has poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study systematically reviews the use of solid dispersion (SD) techniques to enhance the solubility and absorption of ADG, with a focus on the methods and polymers utilized. Methodology: We searched electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus®, Embase and ScienceDirect Elsevier® up to November 2023 for studies on the solubility or absorption of ADG in SD formulations. Two reviewers independently reviewed the retrieved articles and extracted data using a standardized form and synthesized the data qualitatively. Results: SD significantly improved ADG solubility with up to a 4.7-fold increase and resulted in a decrease in 50% release time (T1/2) to less than 5 min. SD could also improve ADG absorption, as evidenced by higher Cmax and AUC and reduced Tmax. Notably, Soluplus-based SDs showed marked solubility and absorption enhancements. Among the five SD techniques (rotary evaporation, spray drying, hot-melt extrusion, freeze drying and vacuum drying) examined, spray drying emerged as the most effective, enabling a one-step process without the need for post-milling. Conclusions: SD techniques, particularly using Soluplus and spray drying, effectively enhance the solubility and absorption of ADG. This insight is vital for the future development of ADG-SD matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographolide is the main active ingredient of Andrographis paniculata, which has the functions of clearing heat and detoxifying, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, protecting liver and improving gallbladder. It is clinically used to treat pneumonia in children and upper respiratory tract infection. In recent years, because of the influence of environmental factors for a long time, not high purity and good varieties of selective breeding work lag and so on reasons, greatly restricted the quality improvement of andrographolide. In the quality evaluation of A. paniculata, the content of andrographolide is a very important index. Analyzing the molecular mechanism and accumulation rule of andrographolide biosynthesis is helpful to improve the quality of A. paniculata. In this review, the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory molecular mechanisms of andrographolide are comprehensively discussed. The biosynthesis of andrographolide is mainly divided into two stages, including the synthesis stage of andrographolide precursor and the modification stage of andrographolide synthesis. The synthesis of precursor has been relatively clear, but the mining of the pathways and key enzymes in the modification stage of andrographolide synthesis is still at a blank, and further research is needed. Through the excavation of the key factors affecting the synthesis and accumulation of andrographolide from the two levels of environmental factors and cropping systems, it is conducive to the establishment of a perfect and high-quality A. paniculata cultivation system. In addition, the research progress on the regulation of andrographolide biosynthesis was summarized and prospected, in order to provide research reference for the improvement of A. paniculata quality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Himalaya PartySmart capsule is a polyherbal formulation having liver-protective properties. The polyherbal capsule consists of extracts of six different herbs namely, Phoenix dactylifera, Cichorium intybus, Andrographis paniculata, Vitis vinifera, Phyllanthus amarus and Emblica officinalis. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection was developed to standardize commercial polyherbal capsule using andrographolide and catechin as markers. Two selected markers were separated on the C18 silica gel column by isocratic elution mode using methanol, phosphate buffer (potential of hydrogen 2.5) (70:30, v/v) as mobile phase at 27° and the detection wavelength was 259 nm. The method was validated as per the recommendations of the International Conference on Harmonization Q2 (R1) guidelines. Both the calibration curves exhibited a good linear coefficient of correlation (r2>0.995). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation values indicated that the developed method was sensitive even at low concentrations. The percent relative standard deviation of peak areas was less than 2 % for intra-day and inter-day precision. The recoveries of both markers ranged between 98 %-102 %. Two markers were quantified in polyherbal capsules containing andrographolide (0.72 %, w/w) and catechin (0.94 %, w/w). In conclusion, a specific, precise, accurate and robust reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to determine andrographolide and catechin simultaneously which can be used to monitor the quality control studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doxorubicin fights cancer effectively, but harms heart muscle. The current methods for managing doxorubicin's toxicity are limited. This study determined the acute toxicity and protective effect of a standardized Andrographis paniculata ethanolic leaf extract against doxorubicin- induced cardiotoxicity. The acute toxicity of the extract was first investigated before determining its protective effect. 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into four groups: normal, DOX, DOX+AP250, and DOX+AP125. Doxorubicin was administered intraperitoneally (4 mg/kg/week) for four weeks. Treatment groups received doxorubicin plus either 250 mg/kg or 125 mg/kg daily dose of Andrographis paniculata ethanolic extract for 4 weeks. The rats were subjected to echocardiography 24 hours prior to sacrifice. After sacrifice, blood and heart tissue were collected to analyze brain natriuretic peptide and troponin level by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histopathology assessment of heart tissues was also performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Andrographolide content of the extract was determined by HPLC. The bulk capsule extract's lethal dose 50 (LD50) was determined to be above 4166 mg/kg BW and the andrographolide content was 8.98%. Andrographis paniculata extract (125 or 250 mg) mitigated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by decreasing serum brain natriuretic peptide and troponin level (p < 0.05), reversing histopathological alterations in heart tissue (p < 0.05), and improving fractional shortening, ejection fraction and heart rate. This study demonstrates that the standardized extract may be a non-toxic herbal and holds promise as a therapeutic agent for mitigating doxorubicin-induced damage in rats. Further studies are needed to elucidate its exact protective molecular mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolisms participate in N source-regulated secondary metabolism in medicinal plants, but the specific mechanisms involved remain to be investigated. By using nitrate (NN), ammonium (AN), urea (UN), and glycine (GN), respectively, as sole N sources, we found that N sources remarkably affected the contents of diterpenoid lactone components along with C and N metabolisms reprograming in Andrographis paniculata, as compared to NN, the other three N sources raised the levels of 14-deoxyandrographolide, andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide (except UN), and neoandrographolide (except AN) with a prominent accumulation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). These N sources also raised the photosynthetic rate and the levels of fructose and/or sucrose but reduced the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Conversely, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and malate enzyme (ME) activities were upregulated. Simultaneously, citrate, cis-aconitate and isocitrate levels declined, and N assimilation was inhibited. These results indicated that AN, UN and GN reduced the metabolic flow of carbohydrates from glycolysis into the TCA cycle and downstream N assimilation. Furthermore, they enhanced arginine and GABA metabolism, which increased C replenishment of the TCA cycle, and increased ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) levels. Thus, we proposed that the N sources reprogrammed C and N metabolism, attenuating the competition of N assimilation for C, and promoting the synthesis and accumulation of andrographolide through plant hormone signaling. To obtain a higher production of andrographolide in A. paniculata, AN fertilizer is recommended in its N management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees is an important medicinal plant known for its bioactive compound andrographolide. NAC transcription factors (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) play a crucial role in secondary metabolite production, stress responses, and plant development through hormonal signaling. In this study, a putative partial transcript of three NAC family genes (ApNAC83, ApNAC21 22 and ApNAC02) was used to isolate full length genes using RACE. Bioinformatics analyses such as protein structure prediction, cis-acting regulatory elements, and gene ontology analysis were performed. Based on in silico predictions, the diterpenoid profiling of the plant's leaves (five-week-old) and the real-time PCR-based expression analysis of isolated NAC genes under abscisic acid (ABA) treatment were performed. Additionally, the expression analysis of isolated NAC genes under MeJA treatment and transient expression in Nicotiana tabacum was performed. Full-length sequences of three members of the NAC transcription factor family, ApNAC83 (1102 bp), ApNAC21 22 (996 bp), and ApNAC02 (1011 bp), were isolated and subjected to the promoter and gene ontology analysis, which indicated their role in transcriptional regulation, DNA binding, ABA-activated signaling, and stress management. It was observed that ABA treatment leads to a higher accumulation of andrographolide and 14-deoxyandrographolide content, along with the upregulation of ApNAC02 (9.6-fold) and the downregulation of ApNAC83 and ApNAC21 22 in the leaves. With methyl jasmonate treatment, ApNAC21 22 expression decreased, while ApNAC02 increased (1.9-fold), with no significant change being observed in ApNAC83. The transient expression of the isolated NAC genes in a heterologous system (Nicotiana benthamiana) demonstrated their functional transcriptional activity, leading to the upregulation of the NtHMGR gene, which is related to the terpene pathway in tobacco. The expression analysis and heterologous expression of ApNAC21 22 and ApNAC02 indicated their role in andrographolide biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis Paniculata also known as the "King of Bitters" is a herbal medicine of the Acanthaceae family which is native to India and Sri Lanka. Andrographis Paniculata is a very useful medicinal plant as it has antioxidant, antidiabetic, antipyretic, anticancer properties. The main antibacterial activity of Andrographis Paniculata is due to the presence of andrographolide and arabinogalactan proteins. The medicinal properties of rose are mostly due to their abundance in phenolic compounds. They have many pharmacological properties like antibacterial, antioxidant, thrombolytic, and anticancer properties. The hips of the rose plant have Vitamin C in a concentration that is three times more than a citrus fruit that can be used in the treatment of a flu or a cold. Mueller-Hinton agar was utilized for this activity to determine the zone of inhibition. The plant extracts with different concentrations were loaded, and the plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. After the incubation time, the zone of inhibition was measured. The results of this study are significant because they demonstrate the antibacterial activity of Andrographis Paniculata and Rosa against three bacterial pathogens. This suggests that the formulation of Andrographis Paniculata and Rosa has potential as a natural antibacterial agent. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism of action and potential applications of this formulation. In conclusion, the study shows that the formulation of Andrographis Paniculata and Rosa has significant antibacterial activity against Klebsiella, Escherichia Coli, and Enterococcus Faecalis. This suggests that the formulation of Andrographis Paniculata and Rosa has potential as a natural antibacterial agent that could be further explored for its potential use in the treatment of bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis (A.) paniculata contains andrograpanin, which is both anti-inflammatory and anti-infective. Rosa comprises over 150-200 species from the family Rosaceae. Rosa exerts various properties, including anti-inflammatory property. Herbal mouthwash was made using A. paniculata leaf powder and Rosa extract. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using an albumin denaturation assay and egg albumin denaturation. The percentage of protein denaturation that is inhibited by the formulation of A. paniculata and Rosa indicates that it has strong anti-inflammatory effect. According to the findings, as concentration is raised, the formulation's anti-inflammatory activity rises. The formulation's percentage inhibition values are also equivalent to those of a typical anti-inflammatory medicine, indicating that it may be effective as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]