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A standing wave induced in front of the ionization-front of a millimeter-wave discharge was numerically investigated to develop an interferometric discharge structure identification method. The time-varying waveform of the standing-wave intensity obtained at a distant observation point was smooth when a continuous comb-shaped structure was formed, whereas it was noisy with high-frequency components when a discrete structure was formed. The peak frequency of the Fourier spectrum of the time-varying waveform was proportional to the ionization-front propagation speed. The rapid time-variation of the waveform was caused by an increase in millimeter-wave absorption in a new plasma spot formation in the discrete structure. The results suggest that discharge structure identification, measurement of ionization-front propagation, and timing of plasma spot formation can be conducted experimentally without using a high-speed camera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-photon absorption in indirect gap semiconductors is a frequently encountered, but not well-understood phenomenon. To address this, the real-density matrix approach is applied to describe two-photon absorption in silicon through the excitonic response to the interacting fields. This approach produces an analytical expression for the dispersion of the two-photon absorption coefficient for indirect-gap materials and can be used to explain trends in reported experimental data for bulk silicon both old and new with minimal fitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a comprehensive computational study describing the excited state dynamics and consequent photostability of amino-cyclohexenone (ACyO), the central template of mycosporine systems, widely recognized for their photoprotection of aquatic species. Photoexcitation to the first excited electronic state (S1, 1nπ*) of ACyO is considered an optically dark transition, while photoexcitation to the second excited electronic state (S21ππ*) is an optically bright 1ππ* transition and largely responsible for UV absorption properties of this molecule. We show that following initial photoexcitation to S2, ACyO relaxes via two competing deactivation mechanisms, each mediated by an S1/S0 conical intersection, which directs the excited state population to the electronic ground state (S0). Our ab initio computational results are supported with nonadiabatic dynamics simulation results, yielding an excited state lifetime of ∼280 fs for this system in vacuo. These results explain the inherent photostability of this core structure, commonplace in a wide range of microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new class of acoustic black hole (ABH) waveguides is presented, which relies in its operation on an array of optimally designed functionally graded perforated rings (FGPRs). In this manner, the developed ABH is provided with built-in energy dissipation characteristics generated by virtue of the flow through perforations, which enhances its acoustic absorption behavior and makes the speed of the propagating waves vanish faster when reaching the end of the waveguide. Furthermore, the particular design of the rings enables sandwiching of additional porous absorbing layers between the rings to further boost the absorption characteristics of the proposed ABH. Accordingly, the operating principle of the new class of ABH is radically different from that of the conventional ABH that employs sequential solid-flat rings of decreasing inner radii to create a virtual power law taper necessary for generating the black hole effect, but through reactive means rather than the effective dissipative means of the proposed ABH. Therefore, this paper develops a transfer matrix modeling (TMM) approach to model the absorption and reflection characteristics of the new class of ABH, in an attempt to predict its behavior, optimize the selection of its design parameters, and more importantly, demonstrate its merits as effective means for controlling sound propagation. Numerical examples are presented to highlight the merits and behavior of the proposed ABH. Predictions of the TMM are validated against experimental results that are available in the literature for one and two micro-perforated plates. Comparisons are also established between the ABH with FGPR and the conventional ABH in order to distinguish the behavior and underlying principles of their operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a new molecular entity is predicted to exhibit high clearance in humans, pharmaceutical sponsors almost universally search for similar acting back-up compounds that will demonstrate low clearance. Here we show that, except for oral dosing, there can be marked advantages to developing and commercializing controlled release formulations of high clearance drugs, the expertise of readers of this journal. Our recent publications demonstrate that the universally held pharmacokinetic principle that drug delivery rate has no effect on measured drug clearance is not correct. Rather, we show that if clearance from the drug delivery site is markedly less than the iv bolus clearance of a drug, the in vivo drug clearance can be the drug delivery clearance controlled by the designed dosage form. This approach will be especially advantageous for high hepatic clearance drugs. These advantages include not being concerned with: a) saturable nonlinear kinetics, b) significant pharmacogenomic differences, c) drug-drug induction mechanisms, and d) in many cases drug-drug inhibition interactions. This is due to the ability of a drug sponsor to design clearance, independent of the pharmacokinetic characteristics for high clearance compounds, where clearance from the dosage form becomes the drug clearance from the patient. Recognition of this principle, as described here, results from our development of the use of Kirchhoff's Laws from physics to derive rate-defining clearance and rate constant elimination processes independent of differential equation derivations. The key message for readers of this journal is that high clearance drugs are potentially drugable through formulation design and should not be outright disregarded, since for such drugs the dose-corrected area under the curve can be increased if the release rate from the injection site is controlled and slow resulting in drug clearance from the body controlled by clearance from the dosage form. The concepts presented here describe previously unrecognized advantages of controlled release formulations.

The dispersion properties of the absorption coefficients [α(ν)] of different multi-component silicate oxide glasses have been studied in the frequency region below the boson peak by using THz-time-domain spectroscopy. The value of α(ν)/ν2 has been shown to exhibit a minimum level (R) at low frequency and subsequently a linear increase in the form of r(ν/νBP + E) with increasing frequency, where νBP is the boson peak frequency and R, r, and E are material-specific constants. It has also been found that R ∝ r and E is a constant common to most glasses. This α(ν)/ν2 behavior is ascribed to the dispersion property of the light-vibration coupling coefficient under the reasonable vibrational density of state function. The minimum (constant) and linear terms of the α(ν)/ν2 spectrum are originated from the physical/chemical disorder-induced charge fluctuations in the long-range scale (constant term) and short-range scale (linear term), respectively. The fluctuating charge (σ1) caused by uncorrelated, long-range disorders has primary significance for determining the sub-THz absorption dispersion properties, and its value has been determined for each glass material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A route to assess non-linear light–matter interactions from the increasingly popular GW-Bethe–Salpeter equation (GW-BSE) method is outlined. In the present work, the necessary analytic expressions within the static-screened exchange approximation of the BSE are derived. This enables a straightforward implementation of the computation of the first hyperpolarizability as well as two-photon absorption processes for molecular systems. Benchmark calculations on small molecular systems reveal that the GW-BSE method is intriguingly accurate for predicting both first hyperpolarizabilities and two-photon absorption strengths. Using state-of-the-art Kohn–Sham references as a starting point, the accuracy of the GW-BSE method rivals that of the coupled-cluster singles-and-doubles method, outperforming both second-order coupled-cluster and time-dependent density-functional theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realization of microwave-absorbing materials with "small thickness, light weight, broad bandwidth, and low reflectivity" is an invariable topic. In this paper, Sm2Fe14BHx/polyurethane (SFBH/PU) composites with planar anisotropy were prepared by reduction–diffusion (R/D) and water bath hydrogenation (WBH) process. A minimum reflection loss (RL) value reaches −59.7 dB at the perfect matching frequency of 13.79 GHz with a thickness of only 1.035 mm. Compared with unhydrogenated SFB, the bandwidth and reflectivity are significantly improved. It is mainly attributed to the fact that introduction of hydrogen atoms effectively modulates the electromagnetic parameters and increases the Snoek limit ((μ i − 1) f r) , which leads to the improvement of the high-frequency microwave absorption performance. In addition, the bandwidth equation is derived and simplified from the perspective of the reflected wave at the interface, which is in good agreement with the measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first-order molecular hyperpolarizability (β) dispersion was measured in seven chalcone-based molecules utilizing the tunable femtosecond hyper-Rayleigh scattering (tHRS) technique. Additionally, a theoretical model based on photophysical parameters was employed to better understand β dispersion. Due to the distinct substitution patterns of the aryl/heteroaryl rings within the chalcone structure, varying profiles of one- and two-photon absorption spectra and β dispersion were observed. The applied model highlighted two important factors contributing to achieving high β values: (i) the presence of red-shifted one-photon and two-photon absorption bands; and (ii) the number of discernible absorption bands. To contextualize these results with other molecular structures, we employed the HRS figure of merit (FOM). Remarkably, it was revealed that chemically engineered small chalcone molecules exhibit a FOM comparable to larger quadrupolar and octupolar ones. This underscores the significance of tHRS scattering measurements and their correlation with absorptive parameters in the design and characterization of nonlinear optical materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Period phase gradient metasurface plays a great role in promoting the innovation of acoustic application devices. However, harnessing the internal thermal viscosity of the period phase gradient metasurface to realize sound absorption and non-reciprocal transmission faces the narrow working frequency band and uncontrollable efficiency. In this paper, we propose a lossy metasurface by embedded microperforated walls to realize sound redirection and absorption with high efficiency than 90% simultaneously. The phase modulation is realized using an opening channel, which can cover the 2 π phase range in a broadband frequency range by changing the channel depth. The loss introduced by the microperforated walls can achieve efficient sound energy dissipation when negative reflection occurs. The functions can be switched between wave redirection and wave absorption by rotating the metasurface. In addition, this metasurface can redirect the incident wave below −10° and absorb the incident wave above 25° over a wide frequency range from 1500 to 6500 Hz. The simulation and experiment results of our design are in excellent agreement. This research provided a new bridge to integrate wave redirection and absorption with microperforated walls and may have potential applications in acoustic sensing, sound source identification, and mechanical fault diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research and development of absorbing materials with high absorbing capacity, wide effective absorption bandwidth, and lightweight has always been interesting. In this research, a facile hydrothermal method was used to prepare MnFe2O4, and the grain size of MnFe2O4 decreased with increasing hydrothermal temperature. When the size of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles is less than 10 nm, its quantum size effect and surface effect make its electromagnetic microwave absorption performance greatly optimized. When the thickness of MnFe2O4-110 °C is 2.57 mm, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) is −35.28 dB. Based on this, light porous diatomite and a three-dimensional polyaniline network are introduced. Diatomite is used as the base material to effectively reduce the agglomeration of MnFe2O4 quantum dots. The relatively high surface area introduced by a three-dimensional network of polyaniline promotes the orientation, interfacial polarization, multiple relaxation, and impedance matching, thereby generating further dielectric loss. Additionally, the magnetic properties of manganese ferrite and the strong electrical conductivity of polyaniline play an appropriate complementary role in electromagnetic wave absorption. The RLmin of MnFe2O4/PANI/diatomite is −56.70 dB at 11.12 GHz with an absorber layer thickness of 2.57 mm. The effective frequency bandwidth (RL < −10 dB) ranges from 9.21 to 18.00 GHz. The absorption mechanism indicates that the high absorption intensity is the result of the synergistic effect of impedance matching, conduction losses, polarization losses, and magnetic losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have effectively shown a technique for significantly altering the nonlinear saturable absorption (SA) properties of nanocomposite films (NCFs) based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by regulating MoS2 concentration and input pulse energy of the laser. The NCFs are made using the straightforward drop-cast process on a glass substrate with varying quantities of MoS2. The produced NCFs' refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) values are determined using the Kramers–Kronig equations. Nonlinear studies show that the optical nonlinearity of pure PEDOT:PSS changes when mixed with MoS2. The Pauli blocking has been observed in MoS2/PEDOT:PSS NCFs. This leads to enhanced SA in NCF. The open-aperture Z-scan approach is used for the nonlinear optical research, and a nanosecond pulsed laser with a wavelength of 532 nm is used for the excitation. The findings obtained show the NCFs' strong SA qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rare earth alloy Y 2 Co 17 − x Ni x was prepared by a low-cost co-precipitation reduction-diffusion process, and its crystal structure, static magnetic properties, and microscopic morphology were systematically characterized. The effects of Ni doping with different contents on the electromagnetic parameters and wave absorption properties of Y 2 Co 17 − x Ni x /polyurethane(PU) compounds were researched in the frequency range of 0.1–18 GHz. The results show that the static magnetic properties and wave absorption properties change significantly with Ni doping, and the maximum reflection loss of Y 2 Co 14 Ni 3 /PU reaches − 89.7 dB at 2.9 mm thickness, and the maximum reflection loss peaks of Y 2 Co 17 /PU and Y 2 Co 16 Ni 1 /PU are at 1.316 and 1.515 GHz, which is at the center frequency of the L-band. With Ni doping, the effective absorption bandwidth of the compounds at a frequency above 3 GHz is greatly increased. The physical factor in the bandwidth calculation was modified, and the effective absorption bandwidth of the material was calculated theoretically, and the error was less than 5 % compared with the experimental value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we have explored the absorption properties of a monolayer graphene-based photonic heterostructure, which consists of topological photonic configurations, graphene, and a Bragg mirror. The optical attributes were computed by using the 4 × 4 transfer matrix method. The results indicate that the creation of topological interface states and strong coupling between these resonant modes result in mode splitting, leading to the formation of hybrid modes known as coupled topological interface states with unity transmittance. The number of absorption modes can be modulated with an appropriate selection of cascaded photonic structures. Our proposed design with 1, 3, 5, and 7 cascaded topological photonic structures provides 1, 5, 9, and 13 absorption modes with greater than 90 % absorption. The findings also reveal that absorption peak strength is greatly influenced by Fermi-level and magnetic fields; switching of the modes from absorption to reflection and vice versa is achieved by suitable electrical and magnetic biasing. Our proposed design offers various applications, such as switchable filters, absorbers, and modulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why does the same experience elicit strong emotional responses in some individuals while leaving others largely indifferent? Is the variance influenced by who people are (personality traits), how they feel (emotional state), where they come from (demographics), or a unique combination of these? In this 2,900+ participants study, we disentangle the factors that underlie individual variations in the universal experience of aesthetic chills, the feeling of cold and shivers down the spine during peak experiences. Here, we unravel the interplay of psychological and sociocultural dynamics influencing self-reported chills reactions. A novel technique harnessing mass data mining of social media platforms curates the first large database of ecologically sourced chills-evoking stimuli. A combination of machine learning techniques (LASSO and SVM) and multilevel modeling analysis elucidates the interacting roles of demographics, traits, and states factors in the experience of aesthetic chills. These findings highlight a tractable set of features predicting the occurrence and intensity of chills-age, sex, pre-exposure arousal, predisposition to Kama Muta (KAMF), and absorption (modified tellegen absorption scale [MODTAS]), with 73.5% accuracy in predicting the occurrence of chills and accounting for 48% of the variance in chills intensity. While traditional methods typically suffer from a lack of control over the stimuli and their effects, this approach allows for the assignment of stimuli tailored to individual biopsychosocial profiles, thereby, increasing experimental control and decreasing unexplained variability. Further, they elucidate how hidden sociocultural factors, psychological traits, and contextual states shape seemingly subjective phenomena.

BACKGROUND: Psilocybin Therapy (PT) is being increasingly studied as a psychiatric intervention. Personality relates to mental health and can be used to probe the nature of PTs therapeutic action. METHODS: In a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, active comparator controlled trial involving patients with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder, we compared psilocybin with escitalopram, over a core 6-week trial period. Five-Factor model personality domains, Big Five Aspect Scale Openness aspects, Absorption, and Impulsivity were measured at Baseline, Week 6, and Month 6 follow-up. RESULTS: PT was associated with decreases in neuroticism (B = -0.63), introversion (B = -0.38), disagreeableness (B = -0.47), impulsivity (B = -0.40), and increases in absorption (B = 0.32), conscientiousness (B = 0.30), and openness (B = 0.23) at week 6, with neuroticism (B = -0.47) and disagreeableness (B = -0.41) remaining decreased at month 6. Escitalopram Treatment (ET) was associated with decreases in neuroticism (B = -0.38), disagreeableness (B = -0.26), impulsivity (B = -0.35), and increases in openness (B = 0.28) at week 6, with neuroticism (B = -0.46) remaining decreased at month 6. No significant between-condition differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Personality changes across both conditions were in a direction consistent with improved mental health. With the possible exception of trait absorption, there were no compelling between-condition differences warranting conclusions regarding a selective action of PT (v. ET) on personality; however, post-ET changes in personality were significantly moderated by pre-trial positive expectancy for escitalopram, whereas expectancy did not moderate response to PT.

The foldcore of an origami structure made up of rigid triangular units is suggested. This foldcore has two stable states: contraction and expansion. The suggested foldcore's peak stress, average stress, and densification strain were numerically analyzed at different cutting heights and varied parameters n, and the damage modes were analyzed. Finally, the impact of strain rate on the proposed foldcore's structural response and energy absorption capacity is investigated. The contraction stable state foldcore with a cutting 1/5 height was discovered to have the best energy absorption capacity. Increasing n improves its energy absorption performance, but decreases its dense strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a non-uniform design method mapped by density-based topology optimization is proposed and applied to the classic hexagonal honeycombs. A parametric investigation is conducted to explore the effect of crucial factors on the in-plane and out-of-plane crashing behaviors and energy absorption of the non-uniform honeycomb mapped by topology optimization. Compared to classic hexagonal honeycombs, the in-plane specific energy absorption of the non-uniform honeycomb mapped by topology optimization is improved by 29.1%, and its peak stress is decreased by 16.9%. Meanwhile, the out-of-plane specific energy absorption is increased by 19.8% without a significant rise in peak stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the energy absorption performance of three bending-dominated lattice structures including quad-diametral (QD), quad-diametral-line (QDL), and dodecahedron (DO)). Compression test specimens with these three lattice types were manufactured using the material extrusion additive manufacturing technique with PLA material. The specimens were manufactured with different sets of values of the print temperature, layer thickness, and line width to identify their effect on the energy absorption performance. Taguchi's method was utilized for this purpose which revealed that the temperature is the most effective and its optimized value is 225 °C. It was also found that the energy absorption performance of the DO lattice is superior to that of QD and QDL lattices. In the following set of experiments, the print temperature was fixed to its optimized value (i.e. 225 °C), and another process parameter (i.e. print speed) along with layer thickness and line width were investigated among eight different groups of DO lattices. Numerical investigations were also performed and validated based on the experimental results. Parametric studies were also done for the DO lattice to improve its energy absorption performance by changing the strut diameters and introducing grading to the struts at each lattice cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we define the notion of possibly paraconsistent sets. We introduce algebraic operations on them and we analyze their properties. Moreover, it is shown that our class can be considered as isomorphic to the classes of intuitionistic and weak rough sets (with the assumption that intersection, union and complement are understood in an appropriate manner). Hence, the framework of paraconsistent sets can be treated as a new semantics for three-valued logic. Two less typical operations on possibly paraconsistent sets are studied too. They do not give us de Morgan algebra but rather a bisemilattice with only one absorption law. Finally, we pay attention to the fact that possibly paraconsistent sets can be treated as neutrosophic crisp sets of type 2. As for the exact isomorphism, it should be a matter of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectroscopic techniques coupled with chemometric approaches have been widely used for quality evaluation of agricultural and food (agri-food) products due to the nondestructive, simple, fast, and easy characters. However, these techniques face the issues or challenges of relatively weak robustness, generalizability, and applicability in modeling and prediction because they measure the aggregate amount of light interaction with tissues, resulting in the combined effect of absorption and scattering of photons. Optical property measurement could separate absorption from scattering, providing new insights into more reliable prediction performance in quality evaluation, which is attracting increasing attention. In this review, a brief overview of the currently popular measurement techniques, in terms of light transfer principles and data analysis algorithms, is first presented. Then, the emphases are put on the recent advances of these techniques for measuring optical properties of agri-food products since 2000. Corresponding applications on qualitative and quantitative analyses of quality evaluation, as well as light transfer simulations within tissues, were reviewed. Furthermore, the leading groups working on optical property measurement worldwide are highlighted, which is the first summary to the best of our knowledge. Finally, challenges for optical property measurement are discussed, and some viewpoints on future research directions are also given. Highlights: Emerging techniques for measuring optical properties are briefly introduced Qualitative analyses of maturity evaluation and defect detection are reviewed Quantitative analyses of attribute prediction and microstructure estimation are presented Light transfer simulations based on optical properties are comprehensively discussed Leading groups are summarized for the first time, to the best of our knowledge Challenges and prospects for optical property measurement are given [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the energy absorption characteristics of thin-walled structures under oblique loads, a new hexagon hierarchical gradient structure (HHGS) was designed in this work, which was inspired by the fractal structure of tree gradient in nature. The crashworthiness of the structure under oblique loads was systematically studied by numerical simulation method. The force-displacement curve of this structure under oblique loads is different from that of conventional thin-walled tubes under axial loads. Crashworthiness comparisons show that gradient structure can significantly reduce initial peak forces and maintain good deformation patterns and energy absorption advantages compared to other structures under oblique loads, at 15° load, the specific energy absorption of the third-order structure was increased by 59.20% at the highest level, at the same time, the initial peak force was reduced by 94.23%. At 30° load, the specific energy absorption of the third-order structure was increased by 32.30% and the initial peak force was reduced by 84.45%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel bioinspired hexagonal honeycomb (NBHH) is proposed. Different from the conventional honeycomb (CH), the core wall of the NBHH has a saw-tooth corrugated shape. Firstly, LS-DYNA R11.0 is used to construct a finite element model and conduct experimental verification; then, a comparative analysis is carried out with the CH and the bionic honeycomb sandwich panel (BHSP) with sinusoidal curves, and the proposed NBHH exhibits excellent energy absorption capability under dynamic impact. In particular, compared with the CH and the BHSP with the same wall thickness, the specific energy absorption of the NBHH is 58.60% higher than that of the CH. Compared with the BHSP, the specific energy absorption of the NBHH has increased by 7.23%. Finally, parametric research is carried out on the NBHH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamins are essential components of enzyme systems involved in normal growth and function. The quantitative estimation of the proportion of dietary vitamins, that is in a form available for utilization by the human body, is limited and fragmentary. This review provides the current state of knowledge on the bioavailability of thirteen vitamins and choline, to evaluate whether there are differences in vitamin bioavailability when human foods are sourced from animals or plants. The bioavailability of naturally occurring choline, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K in food awaits further studies. Animal-sourced foods are the almost exclusive natural sources of dietary vitamin B-12 (65% bioavailable) and preformed vitamin A retinol (74% bioavailable), and contain highly bioavailable biotin (89%), folate (67%), niacin (67%), pantothenic acid (80%), riboflavin (61%), thiamin (82%), and vitamin B-6 (83%). Plant-based foods are the main natural sources of vitamin C (76% bioavailable), provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene (15.6% bioavailable), riboflavin (65% bioavailable), thiamin (81% bioavailable), and vitamin K (16.5% bioavailable). The overview of studies showed that in general, vitamins in foods originating from animals are more bioavailable than vitamins in foods sourced from plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study goals to create of PS-SiC-Al2O3 multifunctional nanocomposites films as a promising nanomaterials to exploit in futuristic nanoelectronics and optical fields. By comparing with other nanocomposites films, the PS-SiC-Al2O3 films have high absorption for UV-radiation, flexible, low band gap, and inexpensive. The microstructure and optical characteristics of PS-SiC-Al2O3 films were investigated. The microstructure and morphological properties included FTIR and OM. The realized results indicated that the values absorbance for PS-SiC-Al2O3 films are high at NIR and UV spectrums. These results build the films of PS-SiC-Al2O3 are promising for NIR sensing, UV shielding and optoelectronics approaches. The increment ratio of PS absorbance is 30.9% for λ = 320 nm and SiC-Al2O3 content is 2.4 wt.%. The PS band gap is 3.8 eV and its reduced to 3.13 eV with increasing SiC-Al2O3 NPs content to 2.4 wt.%.. This performance leads to make the PS-SiC-Al2O3 films are welcomed in various optoelectronics and photonics fields. The optical factors: extinction coefficient; absorption coefficient; real and imaginary dielectric constants, refractive index; and optical conductivity of PS were enhanced with increasing SiC-Al2O3 NPs content; these results of lead to made the PS-SiC-Al2O3 films are suitable for optical fields. Finally, the achieved results confirmed that the PS-SiC-Al2O3 films could be as a key for promising nanoelectronics and optical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a highly selective frequency selective rasorber (FSR) utilizing interdigitated resonators, characterized by a passband exhibiting low insertion loss (IL) and the introduction of a second-order passband response in the lossless layer enhances selectivity on both sides of the passband. The lossy unit is implemented by inserting interdigitated resonators on an octagonal ring loaded with lumped resistors, while the lossless layer is constructed with a five-layer structure. Simulation results demonstrate a low IL value of 0.78 dB at 3.5 GHz. At vertical incidence, the S 21>−3 dB bandwidth ranges from 3.41 to 3.67 GHz, and the S 11<−10 dB range spans from 2.2 to 8.2 GHz, obtaining two absorption bands on either side of the passband, with absorption rates exceeding 80%. The operating frequency bands are 1.95–3.27 GHz and 3.8–8.4 GHz. The designed FSR exhibits polarization insensitive. To validate simulation results, a prototype FSR was fabricated and tested, with experimental data aligning with simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet can be considered as one of the pivotal factors in regulating gastrointestinal health, and polyphenols widely distributed in human daily diet. The polyphenols and their metabolites playing a series of beneficial effects in human gastrointestinal tract that can regulate of the gut microbiota, increase intestinal barrier function, repair gastrointestinal mucosa, reduce oxidative stress, inhibit the secretion of inflammatory factors and regulating immune function, and their absorption and biotransformation mainly depend on the activity of intestinal microflora. However, little is known about the two-way interaction between polyphenols and intestinal microbiota. The objective of this review is to highlight the structure optimization and effect of flavonoids on intestinal flora, and discusses the mechanisms of dietary flavonoids regulating intestinal flora. The multiple effects of single molecule of flavonoids, and inter-dependence between the gut microbiota and polyphenol metabolites. Moreover, the protective effects of polyphenols on intestinal barrier function, and effects of interaction between plant polyphenols and macromolecules on gastrointestinal health. This review provided valuable insight that may be useful for better understanding the mechanism of the gastrointestinal health effects of polyphenols, and provide a scientific basis for their application as functional food. HIGHLIGHTS: Possible mechanism of flavonoids regulating intestinal flora. Flavonoids optimize the structure and composition of gut microbiota. Polyphenol improve intestinal barrier function. Interaction between polyphenols and macromolecules improves gastrointestinal health The two-way interaction between flavonoids and intestinal microflora to improve bioavailability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical oxidation of a double-twisted nanographene led to quantitative generation of corresponding dicationic species, which exhibited an intense absorption band tailing to 1500 nm wherein two orthogonally arranged π-skeletons contributed to transitions and a high dissymmetry factor of −0.0209 was recorded at 1443 nm in the NIR-II region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The mineral requirements or recommendations generated by various NASEM committees are used by many ration formulation programs. The current NASEM dairy requirement system uses the factorial approach (requirements for maintenance, lactation, gestation, and growth) for most minerals, but when data or equations were not available to estimate factorial requirements the committee used available data to estimate adequate intake values. The current beef NASEM uses the factorial method for Ca and P and recommendations for the other minerals. The factorial method works well for Ca and P because adequate data are available to estimate absorption coefficients (AC) and maintenance requirements. In addition, feeding Ca and P above requirements has few if any positive effects. For many other minerals the factorial method is problematic. Estimating both the maintenance requirement and AC can be extremely difficult and inaccuracies in those values have a major impact on accuracy of total dietary requirements. Some minerals have positive effects on health, production, and reproduction when fed above factorially determined requirements. For those minerals, response models rather than or in addition to requirement models are more appropriate. The AC is in the denominator of the factorial equation and converts absorbed requirements into dietary requirements. The AC for trace minerals is small, often <0.1, and small changes in a low AC can have substantial effects on dietary requirements. Although accurate AC are essential for the factorial method to work, woefully few data are available on the true absorption of trace minerals. Because of antagonism to absorption (e.g., negative effect of S on absorption of Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn) equations will be needed to estimate AC under different dietary conditions, but current data are inaccurate to generate equations. The systems currently used will almost always prevent clinical mineral deficiencies, but because of uncertainties, most nutritionists formulate diets to exceed and often far exceed established recommendations. This leads to increased costs, potential antagonism, and increased manure excretion of environmentally important minerals. More accurate systems for estimating mineral requirements will optimize animal performance and health while keeping costs in check and reducing environmental damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gambling disorder is a severe condition that significantly compromises the lives of those affected. In light of this clinical relevance, the literature on the antecedents of this form of addiction is constant and continually evolving. Consistently with this framework, the present research aimed at investigating the role of some risk factors in gambling disorder, with a specific focus on alexithymia, dissociation, and locus of control. The research involved a sample of 290 participants (183 males and 107 females; Mage = 34.43, SD = 14.65) who practice gambling at least occasionally. They completed an online survey including the South Oaks Gambling Screen, Twenty-Items Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Dissociative Experience Scale‐II, and Locus of Control of Behavior. ANOVA and a moderated-mediation model were implemented to analyse the collected data. Results showed that 19.0% of the participants were At Risk and Problem Gamblers, while 27.6% fell into the category of Problematic Gamblers. Problematic Gamblers showed significantly higher levels of alexithymia, dissociation, and external locus of control. Moreover, a significant association between alexithymia and the severity of problematic gambling behaviour was found and was significantly mediated by absorption (a dissociation feature). Furthermore, the external locus of control significantly moderated this indirect effect. The role of gender as a covariate was also investigated. Such findings may offer further insights into the field of clinical research on gambling disorder and may provide useful information for effective clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ta 4 C 3 T x MXene, a novel two-dimensional material, shows significant application potential for electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption because of its unique layered structure and high conductivity. In this study, hydrofluoric acid etching was used to obtain Ta 4 C 3 T x MXenes with varying interlayer spaces by adjusting the etching duration, which enhanced the EMW absorption performance. The impact of interlayer spacing on the EMW absorption performance of Ta 4 C 3 T x MXene was systematically evaluated for the first time. The results show that the sample etched with hydrofluoric acid for 48 h (S2-48 h) exhibited the best EMW absorption performance. For S2-48 h, the optimal reflection loss (RL) value was −33.53 dB at a frequency of 9.74 GHz and a thickness of 1.4 mm. In addition, the widest effective absorption bandwidth was 2.97 GHz (10.73–13.7 GHz), which was achieved at a frequency of 11.72 GHz and a thickness of 1.2 mm. This outstanding performance is mainly attributed to good impedance matching and multiple loss mechanisms induced by the etching process, including conduction loss, dipolar polarization, interfacial polarization, and multiple RLs. Furthermore, this research expands the application potential of two-dimensional MXene materials in EMW absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This overview summarizes the latest research progress on the aroma absorption mechanism and aroma fixation pathway of jasmine green tea, and discusses in depth the aroma absorption mechanism of green tea, the aroma release mechanism of jasmine flowers, as well as the absorption and fixation mechanism of the aroma components of jasmine green tea in the process of scenting, to provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of the quality of jasmine green tea and the innovation of processing technology. It was found that the aroma absorption mechanism of jasmine green tea is mainly associated with both physical and chemical adsorption, aroma release in jasmine involves the phenylpropanoid/benzoin biosynthetic pathway, β‐glycosidase enzymes interpreting putative glycosidic groups, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) as molecular chaperones to prevent stress damage in postharvest flowers due to high temperatures and to promote the release of aroma components, and so forth. The preparation of aroma‐protein nano‐complexes, heat stress microcapsules, and the spraying of polymeric substances – β‐cyclodextrin are three examples of aroma‐fixing pathways. This overview also summarizes the problems and future development trends of the current research and proposes the method of loading benzyl acetate, the main aroma component of jasmine, through konjac glucomannan (KGM)‐based gel to solve the problem of volatile aroma and difficult‐to‐fix aroma, which provides a reference for the sustainable development of the jasmine green tea industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, various 3D printed metamaterials are investigated for application in energy absorbing structures in motorsports. Impact attenuating structures are used to decelerate vehicles and protect drivers in the event of a crash. Additive manufacturing enables complex plastic structures which can facilitate improved angular resistance and reduced weight and cost compared with traditional approaches. Metamaterials were 3D printed from PLA using commercially available equipment and include gyroid structures, a novel reinforced gyroid design and a lattice designed using finite-element analysis-based topology optimization. Compression testing was used to measure stress–strain response, compressive modulus, and energy absorption. This demonstrated gyroids and reinforced gyroids have ideal compressive behavior for high energy absorption under impact. The topology optimized metamaterial was found unsuitable for this application due to its high stiffness, revealing a weakness in traditional topology optimization approaches which are not catered to maximize energy absorption. The reinforced gyroid demonstrated the highest specific energy absorption and was used to manufacture an impact attenuator which demonstrated the potential to safely stop a hypothetical 300 kg vehicle crash. This work supports that gyroid-based structures can reduce weight, volume and cost over current materials in all motorsport categories, with improved safety from oblique crashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To create advanced lithium-ion battery packs (BP) that are both lightweight and durable in crashes, an innovative honeycomb BP design has been developed. This design involves inserting cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells into a honeycomb cell core, eliminating the need for traditional modules. To reduce the weight of BP, collision analyses using the finite element method (FEM) are conducted with various thickness-to-length ratios for the honeycomb cell structures. A new mathematical formula is developed to calculate the energy absorption rate per unit volume and compared with the FEM results. Based on the formula, the optimal thickness-to-length ratio is determined. Furthermore, a new method to capture effective mechanical properties for the integrated battery cells with honeycomb cells is developed using the optimal thickness ratios and a modified rule of mixture. To enhance the collision safety of the honeycomb BP, its dimensions have been optimized by performing transient FE analyses while colliding with a rigid pillar on its one edge. A weight reduction of approximately 23.7% has been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: L-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in various physiological functions, including immune health. The stability of vitamin C in the gastrointestinal tract its bioavailability is limited. This study aimed to investigate if a liposomal form of vitamin C can increase absorption compared to standard vitamin C. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion, 19 males and 8 females (n = 27; 36.0 ± 5.1 years, 165.0 ± 6.9 cm, 70.6 ± 7.1 kg) ingested a single-dose of placebo (PLA), 500 mg vitamin C (VIT C), and 500 mg liposomal vitamin C (LV-VIT C, LipoVantage®, Specnova, LLC, Tyson Corner, VA, USA). Venous blood samples were collected 0, 0.5-, 1-, 1.5-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-, and 24-hours after ingestion and were analyzed for plasma and leukocyte vitamin C concentration. Results: VIT C and LV-VIT C demonstrated significantly greater Cmax and AUC0 − 24 in plasma and in leukocytes compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Additionally, LV-VIT C had significantly higher Cmax (plasma + 27%, leukocytes + 20%, p < 0.001) and AUC0 − 24 (plasma + 21%, leukocytes + 8%, p < 0.001) values as compared to VIT C. Conclusion: Liposomal formulation of vitamin C increases absorption into plasma and leukocytes. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials Registry - India (CTRI/2023/04/051789). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) has demonstrated potential applications in enhancing the protective immune function of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867), owing to its superior biological properties. The fluorescent probe labeling technique is simple to operate and highly sensitive, enabling the visualization of polysaccharides. This study utilized the fluorescent probe fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to label COS. A fluorescence imaging system was used to track the distribution of the FITC-tagged COS absorbed by A. japonicus. FITC-COS was prepared and administered to A. japonicus along with a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% FITC-COS. Subsequently, samples were collected at different time points to analyze the differential absorption and distribution of COS in the coelomocytes and the tissues of A. japonicus, including intestinal contents, intestine, respiratory tree, longitudinal muscle, and body wall tissues. Quantitative fluorescence detection with a microplate reader and fluorescence microscopy were used for analysis. The results revealed that COS is widely distributed in the various tissues of A. japonicus. Fluorescence peaks were observed at 9.5 h in the coelomocytes, respiratory tree, longitudinal muscle, and body wall tissues. Additionally, at 12 h, fluorescence peaks were observed in the intestinal contents and intestine tissue. At the same time, the distribution of COS in the intestinal contents decreased significantly at day 3 compared to the peak value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchical design and gradient design have proven to be effective in improving the crashworthiness of honeycombs. In this study, a novel graded hierarchical hexagonal honeycomb (GHHH) is proposed by introducing wall thickness variation into the vertex-based hierarchical hexagonal honeycomb (VHHH). The VHHH is obtained by replacing every vertex of the regular hexagonal honeycomb (RHH) with a smaller hexagon. Numerical simulations and theoretical analysis are performed to study the crashworthiness performance of GHHH under the out-of-plane impact. The numerical results show that the specific energy absorption (SEA) of GHHH can be 146.09%, 39.01%, and 50.23% higher than that of RHH, VHHH, and graded hexagonal honeycomb (GHH), respectively, while their peak stresses are nearly the same. In addition, a theoretical model for the plateau stress of GHHH is developed, and the theoretical values show good consistency with numerical results of GHHH with in-extensional mode. The findings of this study provide an effective guideline for the design of honeycombs with enhanced crashworthiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluate the effects on hand catalepsy on parasympathetic tone assessed using Analgesia/Nociception Index (ANI) and on subjective rating of absorption, dissociation, and time perception among healthy volunteers. This was a randomized controlled trial including participants to a medical hypnosis congress in France. Ninety volunteers were randomized in two arms, all receiving a fifteen-minute positive hypnotic trance, with or without hand catalepsy. The relative parasympathetic tone assessed by ANI (Analgesia/Nociception Index), heart rate and respiratory rate were recorded at different times of the study protocol. The actual duration of the hypnotic session, calculated from eye closing to eye opening, was also recorded. At the end of the hypnotic trance, participants subjectively rated their level of absorption and dissociation on a 0–10 scale. They were also asked to estimate the duration of the hypnotic session from eye closing to eye opening. In total, ninety subjects were included in the study. One subject was excluded because of deviation in the protocol standard, leaving eighty-nine subjects for analysis. Subject characteristics were similar between groups. There was a statistically different increase in ANI and decrease in both heart rate and respiratory rate over time with no difference with or without hand catalepsy. There was no statistically significant difference in absorption and dissociation subjective scales between groups. The median [Q1-Q3] actual duration of hypnotic sessions was similar between the catalepsy and the control groups (9 [8–10] min vs. 8 [7–10] min, respectively). However, subjects in the catalepsy group estimated a longer duration of the hypnotic session (12 [10–15] min) than in the control group (10 [5–10] min) with a mean ± SD overestimation of 3 ± 4 min (p < 0.001). Parasympathetic comfort increased during the hypnotic trance with no difference between groups. However, adding hand catalepsy to a pleasant hypnotic trance did not appear to increase feelings of absorption or dissociation but created time distortion on the longer side that could be useful in some clinical settings. Nevertheless, further study is still needed to determine more precisely the physiological and psychological effects on hand catalepsy during the hypnotic trance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable silicon carbide fibers (SiCf) have the potential to be utilized in microwave absorption (MA) applications. However, the low complex permittivity and absence of magnetic loss of SiCf result in impedance mismatching and a narrow absorption bandwidth. The development of SiCf-based composites exhibiting multiple electromagnetic loss mechanisms and excellent impedance matching represents a significant challenge, yet is of great importance. In this study, a magnetic FeCo2O4 nanoparticle-modified SiCf composite (FCO@SiCf) was synthesized by the frequently employed hydrothermal method. An investigation was conducted to examine the microstructure, morphology, dielectric-magnetic responses, and microwave absorption properties of the material in question. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action were subjected to further analysis. By varying the concentration of FeCo2O4 nanoparticles, the frequency dependence of the electromagnetic parameters of the FCO@SiCf composite was effectively modified in order to tune the impedance matching. It was demonstrated that the FCO@SiCf composite, with a loading of only 20 wt.% FeCo2O4, exhibited a remarkably wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL < −10 dB) of 6.16 GHz and an impressive reflection loss (RLmin) of up to −34.51 dB, respectively. These findings suggest that the FCO@SiCf composites have considerable potential for application in the domain of microwave absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multifunctional terahertz metamaterial is proposed for achieving asymmetric transmission (AT) and broadband absorption, leveraging the phase transition property of vanadium dioxide (VO2). By manipulating the phase state of VO2, the metamaterial demonstrates switchable functionalities across distinct frequency ranges. When VO2 is in its insulating state, within the frequency range of 1.15–1.88 THz and the incident angle range of 0–12°, the AT efficiencies are all above 0.6, exhibiting wideband AT characteristics. Additionally, polarization conversion is achieved during transmission in the terahertz regime. When VO2 transitions to its conducting state, the metamaterial operates as a broadband perfect absorber, achieving absorptance exceeding 90% for both y- and x-polarized waves within the frequency range of 2.5–3.3 THz. The electric field and surface current distributions are presented to elucidate the underlying physical mechanisms. Moreover, the influence of structural parameters and angular tolerance have been comprehensively investigated. This proposed metamaterial offers a promising platform for developing multifunctional terahertz devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of microwave absorption, the quarter-wavelength theory (QWM) is commonly employed to describe the properties of films with multiple layers. However, this study demonstrates the inadequacy of QWM as conventional results pertaining to single-layered films with or without a metal backing are typically applied to the intermediate layers of multilayer films, but that approach is flawed, as it overlooks the presence of incident microwaves on both sides of the intermediate layer, focusing solely on those in front of the film. To address this notable omission, a novel theoretical framework suitable for multilayer films is introduced and validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study proposes faster virtual observation point (VOP) compression as well as post‐processing algorithms for specific absorption rate (SAR) matrix compression. Furthermore, it shows the relation between the number of channels and the computational burden for VOP‐based SAR calculation. Methods: The proposed new algorithms combine the respective benefits of two different criteria for determining upper boundedness of SAR matrices by the VOPs. Comparisons of the old and new algorithms are performed for head coil arrays with various channel counts. The new post‐processing algorithm is used to post‐process the VOP sets of nine arrays, and the number of VOPs for a fixed median relative overestimation is compared. Results: The new algorithms are faster than the old algorithms by a factor of two to more than 10. The compression efficiency (number of VOPs relative to initial number of SAR matrices) is identical. For a fixed median relative overestimation, the number of VOPs increases logarithmically with the number of RF coil channels when post‐processing is applied. Conclusion: The new algorithms are much faster than previous algorithms. Post‐processing is very beneficial for online SAR supervision of MRI systems with high channel counts, since for a given number of VOPs the relative SAR overestimation can be lowered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N,N‐Diethylethanolamine (DEEA) is a potential high‐capacity CO2‐capturing solvent. The CO2 reactivity of DEEA can be improved by the addition of rate promoters. Both equilibrium CO2 solubility and desorption rate are also influenced by promoters. In this work, the effect of promotion of DEEA with three amino acid salts, potassium arginate (PA), potassium prolinate (PP), and potassium glycinate (PG), was investigated. In a stirred cell reactor, CO2 reactivity of the promoted solutions was studied at 303 K. Rate promotion with PA was most effective; this was then followed by PP and PG. The value of the liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient (0.005 cm/s) for CO2 absorption in water inside the stirred cell was found. Equilibrium CO2 solubility in the promoted mixtures was measured. Empirical equations that predicted solubility data (accuracy 99%) were proposed. Desorption trials were performed at 363 K. PA, PP, and PG lowered sensible energy constraint by 59%, 32%, and 30%. PA was most‐suited for faster desorption of aqueous solutions of DEEA. Overall, potassium salts of arginine, proline, and glycine were promising candidates for improving the performance of the tertiary amine DEEA. Finally, catalytic desorption of loaded solutions of DEEA was studied and it was found that alumina was a promising catalyst for faster desorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic framework (MOF) derivatives have attracted tremendous attention in electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption owing to their unique properties such as structural diversity, tailorable components and light weight. However, they fail to demonstrate decent EM attenuation performance due to inadequate heterostructures and multiple reflections. Here, 3D carbon skeleton (CS)/MOF derivatives are prepared via an in situ growth and pyrolysis strategy which is based on chitosan derived CS and the MOFs ZIF-8 and ZIF-67. As a result, CS/ZIF-8 600 °C demonstrates excellent EM absorption, whose minimum reflection loss is −41.85 dB with an effective absorption bandwidth of 2.56 GHz. In addition, the CS/MOF composites exhibit splendid corrosion resistance in complex environments such as neutral, acidic and alkaline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfect light transmission in metamaterials typically experiences a frequency shift as the incident angle of the wave increases, limiting their applicability across wide angles. One-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructures, with elliptic-shaped equi-frequency contours, exhibit angle-in sensitive properties. However, an inevitable blue shift in the optical response still occurs as the incident angle increases. In this work, we present two photonic crystal heterostructures, one of which incorporates the optical phase-change material Sb2S3. By joining two heterostructures with distinct Zak phases, we achieve perfect light transmission. Specifically, as incident angle of wave increases, the transmission peak can be strictly maintained without a frequency shift by tuning the phase (refractive index) of Sb2S3. Moreover, by combining the heterostructures with a thin silver film, we demonstrate a Tamm plasmon polariton mode with angle-insensitive properties, facilitating angle-tolerant light absorption. Our work offers an innovative approach to designing highly angle-tolerant and tunable devices, which could be applied in various fields such as telecommunications, sensing, and imaging systems, where maintaining performance across a wide range of incident angles is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]