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This paper presents the results of applying hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) for the extraction of metal ions from a real hydrochloric acid solution after leaching the cathodes of three different types of Li-ion batteries. Aliquat 336-, D2EHPA- and menthol-based HDESs developed by us were used in this study. The optimal HCl leaching conditions chosen are 80 °C, 2 M HCl, 6 h, solid:liquid ratio = 1:25. The results of stepwise separation of the major elements using extraction with HDESs are presented. The HDESs used in the cross-current extraction made it possible to extract all elements with extraction ratios above 98%. It was shown that the suggested method could potentially be used in the process of recycling end-of-life Li-ion batteries.

A choline chloride–sulfosalicylic acid deep eutectic solvent (DES) is proposed for dissolving the oxides Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(III), Ni(III) and Mn(III). An experimental study of the influence of the dissolution time, solid : liquid mass ratio, temperature, and molar ratio of choline chloride and sulfosalicylic acid on the dissolution of metal oxides in the proposed DES has been carried out. The mechanism of dissolution of the investigated metal oxides has been established. It is shown that choline chloride–sulfosalicylic acid DES can potentially be used for the efficient leaching of metals from components of spent chemical power sources.

The results of studying the physical properties of a deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and sulfosalicylic acid have been presented. A phase diagram for this two-component mixture has been constructed, and the dependences of its density and refractive index on temperature have been studied for the first time. The molar refractivity of the deep eutectic solvent under study has been calculated. The possibility of using this solvent as an extractant for the recovery of metal ions in a solid–liquid system has been evaluated.

An environmentally friendly extraction system based on polypropylene glycol 425 and sodium chloride for the extraction of Pt(IV) and Pd(II) from diluted hydrochloric acid solutions has been proposed for the first time. The effect of the initial concentration of a metal, the acidity of a medium, temperature, the concentration of HCl, and the concentration of sodium chloride in the system on the interphase distribution of platinum-group metal ions has been studied. The mechanism of the extraction of the metal ions under study has been determined. It has been shown that the proposed extraction system can potentially be used for the separation of platinum and palladium.

An extraction system based on polyethylene glycol 1500 and sodium sulfate for extracting lactic acid from aqueous solutions is proposed. The influence of the extraction time, the initial concentration of lactic acid, the molecular weight of the polymer, and the content of the polymer and sodium sulfate in the system on the extraction of lactic acid is investigated. Based on the experimental data, the possibility of isolating lactic acid from fermentation solutions using the proposed environmentally friendly extraction system is shown.

This work presents the experimental study results of Fe(III) and Zn(II) extraction by ionic liquids based on trioctylmethylammonium chloride and rhodanide in an aqueous two-phase system based on polypropylene glycol 425 and sodium chloride. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that these extractants are effective for the extraction of metals from aqueous solutions, and aqueous two-phase systems represent a “green” alternative to traditional extraction systems.

A new extraction system based on polyethylene glycol 1500 and NaNO3 was proposed for the recovery of light rare-earth elements (Ce, La, Nd, Pr, and Sm) from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium distribution coefficients and degrees of extraction of CeIII, LaIII, NdIII, PrIII, and SmIII in the proposed aqueous two-phase system were found. The dependences of the quantitative characteristics of rare-earth element extraction on the temperature, initial metal concentration, and acidity of the medium were obtained. The degree of extraction of the metal ions within one step was shown to exceed 60% at the phase ratio 1:1 without introducing additional complexation agents.

An environmentally friendly solvent, namely, polypropylene glycol 425, has been proposed for the extraction of metal ions from chloride solutions using trioctylmethylammonium thiocyanate. The quantitative characteristics of the extraction of Fe(III), Zn(II), and Mn(II) using trioctylmethylammonium thiocyanate in the polypropylene glycol 425–NaCl–H2O system have been found. For extracting Fe(III), Zn(II), and Mn(II), it has been shown that the patterns of the extraction of metal ions remain unchanged and the replacement of the solvent does not lead to the loss of extraction capacity for trioctylmethylammonium thiocyanate. The mechanism of the extraction of the metal ions under study has been determined. The proposed extraction system can be used to purify Mn(II) from Fe(III) and Zn(II).

Here we report on the results concerning the influence of ultrasound on the dissolution process of metal oxides CoO, Ni2O3 and Mn2O3 in choline chloride/sulfosalicylic acid as a deep eutectic solvent. The mechanism of dissolution under cavitation conditions with ultrasonic assistance is described. Theoretical research resulted in equations describing the dissolution process kinetics and linking its basic parameters. Optimal conditions for the most effective ultrasound application were found. Experimental data on dissolution kinetics of metal oxides in deep eutectic solvents was also obtained. It was discovered that experimental data correlates well with theoretical calculations, which confirms the correctness of developing a picture about the physicochemical nature of the process under study.

An environmentally friendly aqueous two-phase system based on polyethylene glycol and sodium sulfate has been proposed for the extraction of caffeine and coumarin. The kinetic dependence of distribution coefficients for caffeine and coumarin in the system under investigation has been obtained. The dependences of the quantitative characteristics of caffeine and coumarin extraction on the acidity of the medium, the concentrations of the polymer and phase-forming salt, temperature, and the molecular weight of the polymer have been found. The results of this study can be used in the development of effective chemical processes that meet green chemistry requirements.

An aqueous two-phase system based on polyethylene glycol-1500 and sodium sulfate for the extraction of a number of monocarboxylic acids from aqueous solutions has been studied. The influence of the phase contact time, system composition, the molecular weight of the polymer, and temperature on the quantitative characteristics of the interphase distribution of a number of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids has been investigated. Based on the results, it is concluded that these systems are effective for solving problems of the extraction, separation, and purification of carboxylic acids and they are promising as extraction systems for the extraction of metal salts in the presence of carboxylic acids.

The results of experimental investigation of the interphase distribution of iron(III) in an environmentally friendly aqueous two-phase system based on polypropylene glycol with a molecular weight of 425 and sodium chloride have been presented. The mechanism of extraction has been determined, and the quantitative characteristics of the extraction of iron(III) using the system under study have been found.

Combined traumatic injuries of the anterior eye segment are attributed to the severe consequences of the injured organ of vision. Iris defects result in spherical and chromatic aberrations, diplopia, flares, severe photophobia, cosmetic defects, and significantly reduced visual acuity after the injury. The literature describes various methods to restore visual functions impaired as a result of aniridia. Use of an artificial iris together with an intraocular lens pathology results in optimal reconstruction and recovery of normal anterior segment anatomy and topography. In this paper, we provide a report on a patient followed up for 15 years after combined reconstruction eye surgery for an off-the-job penetrating eye injury sustained in 2003. A complex intervention was required due to the involvement of the cornea, iris, and lens. In 2004, the patient underwent a lens-iris diaphragm implantation combined with penetrating keratoplasty. The diaphragm implantation was followed by an improvement in visual acuity and elimination of photophobia and flares. There were no intra- or postoperative complications. Two years later, LASIK refractive surgery was performed on the corneal transplant to eliminate induced ametropia. The patient retained good eye function, with a stable position of the lens-iris diaphragm, for many years after the diaphragm implantation, keratoplasty, and refractive surgery. In 2018, he had an intravitreal implant impregnated with dexamethasone, as changes in the retina had developed. The long-term follow-up in this case demonstrates that the implantation of a lens-iris diaphragm resulted in an elimination of undesirable optical events associated with aniridia and produced an optimal functional result, while also improving the patient’s quality of life with a good aesthetic effect.

The process of recovering valuable materials from lithium-ion batteries is important because of the economic and environmental problems associated with these batteries. In this study, a comprehensive process based on the combination of a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES) for the extractive separation of Li(I), Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), and Fe(III) and subsequent recovery was developed. For the first time, Aliquat 336 and environmentally friendly L-menthol were combined to form HDESs. The solid–liquid equilibrium phase diagram of the Aliquat 336 and L-menthol mixture was analysed to determine the hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor molar ratios corresponding to eutectic points. The physicochemical properties of the two HDESs (density, refractive index, and viscosity) were determined. Thereafter, the extraction properties of a more convenient HDES corresponding to a 3:7 Aliquat 336/L-menthol molar ratio were investigated to determine the optimal conditions for metal separation. One mol/L HCl was added to the metal solution, and then HCl up to 3 mol/L and LiCl up to 5 mol/L were added, resulting in 99% recovery rates for each of Fe(III), Mn(II), and Co(II) for each extraction step. The stripping of each metal to the aqueous phase with an efficiency of up to 99% allows the reuse of both the metal and extractant. The Ni(II) separation via precipitation leads to a concentrated hydrochloric solution of Li(I), and thus, both metals can be reused. In the final process, Aliquat 336/L-menthol-based HDES was used as the only extractant for efficient metal separation, without using volatile and toxic organic solvents.

Issues of application of “green chemistry” principles to the extraction and separation of components of liquid mixtures have been discussed. In particular, quantitative characteristics of the interphase distribution of a number of aromatic acids in extraction systems based on polyethylene glycol and sodium sulfate have been determined. It has been shown that these systems, which do not contain components that are toxic or pose a fire hazard, are promising for the effective extraction of aromatic acids from natural and technogenic products.

Liquid-liquid extraction is one of the most used separation methods in chemical technology for recovery and separation of metal ions, other inorganic and organic substances. It is known that for extraction of Zn(II) the most frequently used extractants are D2EHPA, Aliquat 336, etc., diluted in an organic solvent. The use of these reagents does not meet the principles of “green” chemistry. Thus, in the present work, the extraction system based on polypropylene glycol 425 and sodium chloride for the extraction of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions is proposed. Equilibrium values of the distribution coefficient in the proposed aqueous two-phase system have been determined. Dependence of metal distribution coefficient on time of phase contact is obtained, time to reach equilibrium was 10 minutes. The isotherm of Zn(II) extraction obtained in the proposed system is a straight line, which indicates the independence of the distribution coefficient from the initial concentration of metal in the solution. The received experimental data can be used at the creation of “green” schemes of processing of Ni-MH batteries.

In this work, we studied the interphase distribution of a number of polybasic carboxylic acids, in particular, malic, succinic, glutaric, citric, ascorbic and tartaric in two-phase aqueous systems polyethylene glycol-1500 (PEG-1500) - sodium sulfate - water and PEG-1500 - ammonium sulfate - water. Using the spectrophotometric method of analysis, quantitative characteristics (interfacial distribution and degree of recovery) of the extraction of carboxylic acids were determined. In conclusion, it was found that the considered two-phase aqueous systems are promising in the process of extraction of polybasic carboxylic acids. In particular, the system polyethylene glycol 1500 - sodium sulfate - water has effective extraction properties for succinic malic and ascorbic acids. On the other hand, depending on the composition of the extraction systems, the quantitative characteristics for citric, glutaric and tartaric acids practically do not differ.

Today, metal extraction from e-waste is beneficial from both an environmental and economic point of view. Natural resources of metals, especially platinum group metals, are limited. At the same time, the amount of waste containing many valuable elements continues to grow. In this work, we studied the extraction of Pt (IV) from hydrochloric acid solutions using polypropylene glycol 425 (PPG 425). In the course of the experimental work, the dependence of the platinum extraction degree on the influence of hydrochloric acid concentration and medium pH in the polypropylene glycol 425 - sodium chloride - water system have been established. The maximum recovery (distribution coefficient > 3,5) has been achieved in the presence of 2 M HCl in an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), which allows the use of the proposed system for the extraction of platinum from leaching solutions.

Caffeine and coumarin are organic compounds of plant origin, which have biological activity and have found wide application in medicine, pharmaceutical, perfumery and food industries. Recovery of caffeine and coumarin from aqueous solutions using liquid-liquid extraction is the most effective method. In the present work the kinetic dependences of caffeine and coumarin in the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) of PEG 1500 - Na2SO4 - H2O were experimentally obtained. It was established that equilibrium in the system is achieved after 17 minutes for caffeine and after 12 minutes for coumarin. The effect of ultrasound on the extraction rate of caffeine and coumarin in an aqueous two-phase system was also studied.

The extraction of non-ferrous metal ions (Co, Ni, Cu, Al) from chloride solutions with poly(propylene glycol) 425 was studied. The values of the distribution coefficients and the degree of metal ions extraction are determined in the system under study. The mechanism of metal extraction in the poly(propylene glycol) 425 – sodium chloride– water extraction system in the presence of KSCN is described. The possibility of selective extraction of Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Al (III) from chloride solutions with poly(propylene glycol) 425 in the presence of KSCN is shown. Keywords: aqueous two-phase system, metal extraction, liquid–liquid equilibria, e-waste, poly(propylene glycol), sodium chloride

This article presents an ecologically safe aqueous two-phase system based on poly(ethylene oxide) with a molecular weight of 1500, designed for complex extraction of Ni(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), and Al(III) from nitrate solutions. A kinetic dependence has been investigated for a distribution ratio for the metals examined. The influence of pH-values, temperature, initial metal concentration, and nitric acid content have on the extraction of a wide range of metals in the heterogeneous poly(ethylene oxide) 1500-NaNO3-H2O system has been discovered. As a result, the complex extraction of metals (EMe &gt, 60%) was achieved in one step of extraction without introducing additional chemicals into the system.

The non-linear equation of the radial oscillations of a liquid ball in an immiscible liquid under the exposure of time-varying sound pressure was obtained. The behavioral features of a liquid spherical drop placed in such a media were analyzed in the presence of ultrasound irradiations. The slowing-down effect of the extracted metal ions under its exposure has been studied for the first time, using theoretical and experimental approaches. This phenomenon mechanism was revealed, and analytical equations for the mass transfer rate as a function of the sound pressure oscillations amplitude and the substrate ultrasonic treatment time are presented. Experimental studies of Fe3+ ions extracted from chloride and nitrate solutions in systems based on water-soluble polymers were carried out, and a convincing coincidence with the results of theoretical calculations was established. The conditions for achieving the desired extraction efficiency when applying the ultrasonic stimulating effect are specified. The derived result opens the complementary possibility in operations, with the separateness of extraction processes, that which has the essential practical importance.

Objective of research: to study the mechanisms of induced tomato plant resistance to rootknot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and potato to cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Materials and methods: The biogenic elicitors — chitosan and signal molecules — SA, JA for the modulation of immune plant responses were used. In experiment 1, tubers of potato cultivars Istrinskii (PCN-susceptibility) and Krinitsa (PCN-resistant), were treated with aqueous solutions of the immunomodulators at the specified concentrations. A low molecular weight soluble chitosan and acetylation degree of 15% and signal molecule — SA was used as an elicitor. In experiment 2, system tomato M. incognia was studied. Water solutions of chitosan, signal molecules: SA, JA were used for treatment of tomato seeds for 2 h and then the seeds were planted in sterile soil. The control plants were treated with water. Cultivation of plants was carried out by the standard technique. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse long enough for the nematodes to complete their life cycle. Development of nematodes in the processed plants estimated on morphophysiological and population characteristics. Biochemical indicators of roots and leaves of tomatoes estimated for 14 days after infection of plants. Previously identified major biochemical indicators of the plants in the genome that contain genes that determine the resistance of plants. The effects of biogenic elicitors on plant resistance were also evaluated by some metabolic changes related to natural plant resistance to tomato and potato to plant nematodes. These indicators were studied in clarifying mechanisms of induced resistance. Results and discussion: Biogenic elicitors induce systemic resistance of plants to plant parasitic nematodes — Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera rostochiensis (decrease in the parasitic invasion of the roots; an inhibition of the vital activity of the parasite; a decrease in fertility and the amount of agents sources (larvae and eggs) capable of infecting the plants). The addition of signal molecules (salicylic and jasmonic acid) to elicitors increased their activity as immunomodulators. In present investigation, the mechanisms of induced plant resistance nematode were studied. The data obtained suggest that the mechanisms natural and induced by biogenic elicitors tomato resistance to the nematode have the same origin. These features meet all requirements of the new generation of methods of plant protection and the use of biogenic elicitors to raise plant resistance to parasitic nematodes may be promising.

The mechanism of ultrasonic extraction was discovered and analyzed in detail for the liquid membrane technique from the consideration of the specific features of the radial vibrations of a droplet of the dispersed phase placed into an immiscible continuous phase subjected to ultrasonic irradiation. Analytical formulas were derived for the rate of mass transfer as a function of the amplitude of acoustic pressure oscillations and the time of ultrasonic treatment of an extraction system. Conditions for achieving the maximum efficiency of the extraction of a substance under the stimulating effect of ultrasound were analyzed. A nonlinear equation was derived for the radial vibrations of a spherical droplet of the dispersed phase in an immiscible continuous phase under forcing in the form of acoustic pressure periodically changing with time. Experimental study of the dependence of sulfosalicylic acid distribution on time in an aqueous two-phase system with ultrasound shows good agreement of experimental results with the calculations performed.

The aim of the study was to investigate the molecular genetic mechanisms of the influence of laser radiation with 577 nm wavelength in a microimpulse mode on the retina in the experimental conditions after the intravitreal injection of VEGF. Materials and methods The study was performed on 4-5 week-old male mice of the line C57BL/6J. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 5 mice in each group, one eye was excremental, the contralateral eye remained intact. In the first group, intravitreal injection of PBS was performed; in the second group, intravitreal injection of 50 ng/ml of recombinant VEGF165 in 2 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was performed; in the third and fourth groups, a day after the intravitreal injection of recombinant VEGF165, laser radiation with wavelength 577 nm was applied in the micropulse and continuous modes, respectively. Tissue samples (neuroepithelium, pigment epithelium) for the microarray transcription analysis in the animals from group 1 and 2 were taken 2 days after the injection of PBS and VEGF, in the animals from group 3 and 4 – a day after the retina was exposed to laser radiation. Results and conclusion Molecular genetic mechanisms of the influence of laser radiation with wavelength 577 nm in a microimpulse mode on the retina in experimental conditions were studied and the genes that significantly changed the level of expression (the genes that take part in the regulation of neoangiogenesis, structural cell functions, processes of cells proliferation, transcription, differentiation, transmembrane transport, signaling, synaptic transmission, etc.) were identified.

This paper considers a solution of the problem of coupled hydroelasticity for a helicoidal shell in a rigid tube with a flowing ideal incompressible fluid, which is of interest for the design of heat exchange systems. The flow is considered potential, and boundary conditions are imposed on the deformed surface. The version of the classical theory of elastic shells as the Lagrangian mechanics of deformable surfaces is used. The longitudinal-torsional vibrations of a long shell and a naturally twisted rod are studied. It is established that the obtained hydrodynamic loads are conservative, so that a divergence type instability is possible. A critical combination of parameters is determined.

The present review summarizes experimental data revealed while studying the mechanism of the adaptogenic effect of furostanol glycosides (FG) extracted from Dioscorea deltoidea Wall cell culture under the conditions of biotic stress in tomato plants Lycopersicon esculenium Mill. induced by the gall nematode Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid et White. Comparison of changes in isoprene content (phytosterines, tomatin, and carotenoids) and in the rate of oxidative processes in the leaves and roots of intact and treated plants evidence that FG cause nonspecific defense reactions resulting in the formation of systemic acquired resistance. This formation is presented by the enhancement in photosynthetic apparatus pigment fund, pigments of the violaxanthin cycle in particular, by activation of processes related to POL, and by increase in peroxidase activity—enzyme of antioxidant protection.

Polyfunctional protein PML contributes significantly to the vital activity of the cell. Eleven isoforms of PML differ from one another in their C-terminal domain. Despite intensive research into the protein, the role of the isoforms in cellular processes remains obscure. In addition, the literature contains various names for isoforms. The goal of this work is to review the structure of the PML gene, variants of alternative splicing of mRNA, and domain organization of corresponding protein forms. PML isoforms are classified and the functional specificity of each PML isoform is characterized as follows: contribution to gene transcription, contribution to cell apoptosis, cell growth, immune response, and the formation of nuclear bodies.

The hydrocarbon-group composition of short residues having different values of specific viscosity was studied. The influence of the hydrocarbon-group composition of short residues from West Siberian crude oils on the kinetic behavior in the oxidation process and the physicochemical properties of air-blown asphalts was examined.

Chromosomal and genome abnormalities of 3p are frequent in many epithelial tumors, including lung cancer. Several critical regions with a high frequency of hemi-and homozygous deletions in tumors are known for 3p, and more than 20 cancer-related genes occur in 3p21.3. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the mRNA level for tumor-suppressor and candidate genes of 3p21.3 (RBSP3/CTDSPL, NPRL2/G21, RASSF1A, ITGA9, HYAL1, and HYAL2) in major types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): squamous cell lung cancer (SCC) and lung adenocarcinoma (AC). A significant (2-to 100-fold) and frequent (44–100%) decrease in mRNA levels was observed in NSCLC. The mRNA level decrease and its frequency depended on the histological type of NSCLC for all genes. The downregulation of RASSF1A and ITGA9 was significantly associated with AC progression; the same tendency was observed for RBSP3/CTDSPL, NPRL2/G21, HYAL1, and HYAL2. In SCC, the downregulation of all genes was not associated with the clinical stage, tumor cells differentiation, and metastasis in lymph nodes. The RBSP3/CTDSPL, NPRL2/G21, ITGA9, HYAL1, and HYAL2 mRNA levels significantly (5-to 13-fold on average) decreased at a high frequency (83–100%) as early as SCC stage I. Simultaneous downregulation of all six genes was observed in some tumor samples and was independent of the gene position in 3p21.3 and the functions of the protein products. The Spearman correlation coefficient r s was 0.63–0.91, p < 0.001. The highest r s values were obtained for gene pairs ITGA9-HYAL2 and HYAL1-HYAL2, whose products mediate cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix interactions; coregulation of the genes was assumed on this basis. Both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms proved to be important for downregulation of RBSP3/CTDSPL and ITGA9. This finding supported the hypothesis that the cluster of cancerrelated genes in the extended 3p21.3 locus is simultaneously inactivated during the development and progression of lung cancer and other epithelial tumors. A significant and frequent decrease in the mRNA level of the six genes in SCC could be important for developing specific biomarker sets for early SCC diagnosis and new approaches to gene therapy of NSCLC.

We consider the effects of the grain size, shape, structure, and chemical composition as well as the angle between the grain rotation axis and the incident ray on the full widths at half maximum (FWHM) of the polarization bands in the two deepest infrared absorption bands observed in the spectra of protostars, the water-ice band centered at 3.1 μm and the silicate band centered at 9.7 μm, using a core—mantle confocal spheroid model with various axial ratios a/b and relative volumes of the core material. We have found that the observed polarization bands with FWHMp < 0.3 μm in the water-ice absorption band can be explained only by oblate and prolate particles with rv ≤ 0.35 μm and the polarization bands with FWHMp ≈ 0.3 μm can be explained only by particles with rv ≈ 0.35 μm. Broad silicate absorption bands (FWHM ≈ 3 μm) with broad polarization bands (FWHMp ≈ 2.7 μm) can be explained by particles with rv ≈ 0.35 μm. Narrow silicate absorption bands (FWHM ≤ 3 μm) with any FWHM of the polarization bands can be explained by a mixture of particles of two types of olivine. Narrow polarization bands (FWHMp ≈ 2 μm) with broad absorption bands can be explained only by very small particles, rv ≤ 0.1 μm. We have found the relationships between the effective polarization and extinction cross sections and estimated the ranges of observed polarizabilities that can be explained by particles of given shape and orientation in each of the bands independently. Independent studies of the observational data for each of the bands are shown to give a wider choice of particle model parameters.

The hydrocarbon-group composition of short residues having different values of the specific viscosity was studied. The influence of the hydrocarbon-group composition of short residues from West Siberian crude oils on the properties of petroleum air-blown road asphalts was examined.

Changes in the c-Met/HGF system are noted in tumors of various types and may be directly related to their progression. In particular, the c-Met/HGF system may play a definite role in the progression of lung tumors, and changes in the expression of c-Met and HGF may occur in non-small cell lung carcinomas. In this work we analyzed the change in the expression of c-Met and HGF in non-small cell lung carcinomas in comparison with the adjacent normal tissue, using a semiquantitative PCR method. The results of the investigations revealed transcription of c-Met in 50% of the cases of squamous cell lung carcinoma and an increase in the number of transcripts in 2 tumors out of 25 analyzed (8%). Expression of HGF was established in only two cases of squamous cell carcinoma. At the same time, a transcript of c-Met was detected in all five investigated samples of lung adenocarcinomas; an increase in the level of the c-Met transcript was observed in three cases in comparison with that in the adjacent unchanged tissues, whereas a HGF transcript was determined in two cases of lung adenocarcinomas. Thus, the expression of c-Met, but not of HGF, is often observed in non-small cell lung carcinomas, especially in adenocarcinomas, and, in agreement with the results of previous investigations, can serve as an indicator of an aggressive course and progression of non-small cell lung carcinomas.