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Information related to the medical field is extremely sensitive to privacy issues and involves a lot of personal information. Medical data must be accurately and securely stored in this era of big data due to the growing amount of information in the healthcare industry. Sharing up-to-date medical data, nevertheless, can be difficult and dangerous due to the possibility of privacy breaches. This paper suggests access control based on attributes and the blockchain framework- based storage solution for healthcare information security to address these problems. Before storing medical data in the blockchain system, it may be made secure and impenetrable through developing associated crypto contracts, the plan leverages attribute-based access management to allow dynamic and granular access to that data. Moreover, IPFS technology is incorporated into this solution to ease the blockchain’s storage burden. Experiments demonstrate that the suggested system in this study, which combines Demonstrations reveal that the scheme proposed in this paperwork on the combination of access control of attributes and blockchain technology will not only takes care of the storage and uprightness of medical data but also have more productivity while accessing the medical information., {"references":["1.\t\"Blockchain: Opportunities for health care — Deloitte US.\" [Online].","2.\t\"Types of Blockchains amp; DLTs (Distributed Ledger Technologies).\" [Online].","3.\tW. J. Gordon and C. Catalini, \"Blockchain Technology for Healthcare: Facilitating the Transition to Patient- Driven Interoperability,\" Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J., vol. 16, pp. 224–230, 2018.","4.\t X. Zheng, A. Vieira, S. L. Marcos, Y. Aladro, and J. Ordieres-Mere´, \"Activity-aware essential tremor evaluation using deep learning method based on acceleration data,\" Park. Relat. Disord., 2018.","5.\tP. Zhang, J. White, D. C. Schmidt, G. Lenz, and S. T. Rosenbloom, \"FHIRChain: Applying Blockchain to Securely and Scalably Share Clinical Data,\" Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J., vol. 16, pp. 267–278, 2018.","6.\tI. Radanovic´ and R. Likic´, \"Opportunities for Use of Blockchain Technology in Medicine,\" Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy, 2018.","7.\tH. Wang and Y. Song, \"Secure Cloud-Based EHR System Using Attribute-Based Cryptosystem and Blockchain,\" J. Med. Syst., vol. 42, no. 8, 2018.","8.\tH. Li, L. Zhu, M. Shen, F. Gao, X. Tao, and S. Liu, \"Blockchain-Based Data Preservation System for Medical Data,\" J. Med. Syst., vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1–13, 2018.","9.\tK. Fan, S. Wang, Y. Ren, H. Li, and Y. Yang, \"MedBlock: Efficient and Secure Medical Data Sharing Via Blockchain,\" J. Med. Syst., vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1–11, 2018.","10.\tC. Esposito, A. De Santis, G. Tortora, H. Chang, and K. K. R. Choo, \"Blockchain: A Panacea for Healthcare Cloud-Based Data Security and Privacy?,\" IEEE CloudComput., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 31–37, 2018."]}

The administration of phage therapy for aquaculture disease has been anticipated by the researchers over a decade as an effective and an alternative control mechanism, though the application of phages as a disease control agent in aquaculture projects various beneficial aspects, critical limitations, and negative influence on production. This present scenario made a pressure to review the possible disclosure of phage therapy with its critical boundaries and limiting influences towards the disease control management of aquaculture (fish, shrimps, lobsters, bivalve mollusks, etc.). The phage therapy has proven its efficacy as a biocontrol agent towards aquaculture disease, although the sustainability of the phage therapy needs further investigation on the following: commercial application, formulation of bacteriophage for layman usage, and development of protocol for various diseases with consistent results. The marginal space existing between the inventors and the end user must be fulfilled by the awareness program and the government policies. The administration of the phage therapy could be effective for long-term safety and negatively influence the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria pathogens in the future.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Etroplus suratensis, the Green chromide cichlid, was determined for the first time through NGS method. The genome is 16,467 bp (Accession no. KU301747) in length and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and one control region. Organization of genes and their order are in accordance with other vertebrates. The overall base composition on plus strand was A: 28.3%, G: 15.2%, C: 30.9%, T: 25.6%, and the A + T content 53.9%. The control region contains a putative termination-associated sequence and three conserved sequence blocks. This mitogenome sequence data would play an important role in population genetics and phylogenetics of cichlid fish of India.

Sponges are sessile benthic filter-feeding animals, which harbor numerous microorganisms. The enormous diversity and abundance of sponge associated bacteria envisages sponges as hot spots of microbial diversity and dynamics. Many theories were proposed on the ecological implications and mechanism of sponge-microbial association, among these, the biosynthesis of sponge derived bioactive molecules by the symbiotic bacteria is now well-indicated. This phenomenon however, is not exhibited by all marine sponges. Based on the available reports, it has been well established that the sponge associated microbial assemblages keep on changing continuously in response to environmental pressure and/or acquisition of microbes from surrounding seawater or associated macroorganisms. In this review, we have discussed nutritional association of sponges with its symbionts, interaction of sponges with other eukaryotic organisms, dynamics of sponge microbiome and sponge-specific microbial symbionts, sponge-coral association etc.

Advancements in the DNA sequencing technologies and computational biology have revolutionized genome/transcriptome sequencing of non-model fishes at an affordable cost. This has led to a paradigm shift with regard to our heightened understandings of structure-functional relationships of genes at a global level, from model animals/fishes to non-model large animals/fishes. Whole genome/transcriptome sequencing technologies were supplemented with the series of discoveries in gene editing tools, which are being used to modify genes at pre-determined positions using programmable nucleases to explore their respective in vivo functions. For a long time, targeted gene disruption experiments were mostly restricted to embryonic stem cells, advances in gene editing technologies such as zinc finger nuclease, transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases and CRISPR (clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats)/CRISPR-associated nucleases have facilitated targeted genetic modifications beyond stem cells to a wide range of somatic cell lines across species from laboratory animals to farmed animals/fishes. In this review, we discuss use of different gene editing tools and the strategic implications in fish species for basic and applied biology research.

Considering the advantages of gene editing technologies, in recent years, emphasis has been given on three main techniques of gene editing i.e. zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease system. In all of these three technologies one thing is common i.e. the technology utilizes restriction enzymes to break down the double stranded DNA molecule at a targeted location with the help of another molecule of homologous binding protein or RNA, which is also called as a guide RNA molecule. This targeted breaking and repair of the DNA molecule as per our requirement is generally viewed as a great breakthrough in gene therapy methods. In fisheries sector, in order to promote aquaculture/mariculture activities, aquaculture industries are facing number of challenges, particularly in area of quality and demand of seed production, control of health and disease management, production of quality traits with phenotypically improved varieties, and strengthening of immune system. Several efforts are being made both at public and private sectors to develop scientific technologies to meet these challenges and substantial achievements have also been made. But still these challenges remained as major constraints in hampering the growth of this industry as per the demand and expectations. However, with the advent of now recently developed gene editing techniques, we may have to explore and evaluate the possibilities of applications of this technology as a long lasting solution in addressing at least some of the vital issues of the aquaculture industry particularly in those related to altering targeted gene structure in the species for positive impact.

The global energy demand has been increasing rapidly due to depletion of fossil fuels, continuous growth of world population and industrialized economy. India has surpassed to Japan and Russia and become the third largest oil consumer in the world. Unfortunately, India’s primary energy consumption has increased due to reduced oil and gas production. The increased consumption of imported oil could lead to turbulence in economic growth. Due to increasing demand of oil fuels and consequent impact of global warming issues, development of alternate energy is a top priority in research and developments sector. The bioenergy produced from the biomass is being a sustainable alternate energy source which received high acceptance in various sectors include public, industries and government policies. from the Government, public, industries and researches for its sustainability. This review focuson bioprospecting of biomass from terrestrial and marine resources for non conventional energy production and the stepping stones of biofuel for near future. These carbohydrates can be converted into various forms of biofuels either directly or indirectly by exploiting microorganisms. However, the production process and chemical transformation is being an expensive process and therefore commercial supply of biofuel in largescale is not yet successful. Hence an economic and efficient production process is essential to commercialize biomass based biofuels. This article highlights the overview of sustainable and renewable resources for biofuel and stepping stones of biofuel commercialization.

The progress in the sequencing technology has significantly augmented single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) discovery and genotyping in fish genetic research. The affordable cost, development in Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology and computational tool has rationalized SNPs discovery in various model and non-model aquaculture species. The SNPs linked with biological part on a genomic scale is expected to provide new insights into the fish biology, evolution and physiology. Alongside, recently developed SNPs arrays are a powerful tool for understanding genomic patterns of fish diversity, phylogeny in fish populations and marker–trait associations. These SNPs arrays or chips are a valuable for genetic studies in fish species like genomic selection, Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) detection, and genetic diversity studies. Here, we have discussed for SNPs discovery using advanced sequencing techniques for understanding genomic level information in fishes and provide a future perspective. We have speculated the impact analysis of SNPs on the genes/proteins, which rationalize further experimental study. This review focuses on high-throughput sequencing technologies has used for SNPs identification studies in fishes with evidence. This review will simplify process for mining SNPs from important genes associated with the production/performance traits for conducting genomic selection program in aquaculture.

Indian aquaculture industry was growing steadily and showed a sixfold growth in production over the last two decades. However, the overall development of aquaculture in India did not reach the levels as projected due to frequent disease outbreaks and related issues. Shrimp and fish are predominantly affected by viruses including white spot syndrome virus, monodon baculovirus, hepatopancreatic parvovirus, viral nervous necrosis, white tail disease, and hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis baculovirus that cause outbreaks across the countries. Owing to these viral pathogens, the production of aquaculture fishes and crustaceans has dramatically been dropped. There are no specific measures to control these viral infections since it causes mortality at all life stages of cultured aquatic organisms. Early detection of the diseases may be beneficial to prevent the spreading and mass mortality. In India, the Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture has developed a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early and precise detection of monodon baculovirus infection in Indian tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon using SYBR Green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. More than twenty-five cell lines from freshwater, brackish water, and marine fish have been developed, characterized, and stored in C. Abdul Hakeem College for research and viral diagnosis. This review reveals the distinctive tools that are being used in aquaculture for the detection of pathogens and preventive measures. Advanced molecular methods such as nested PCR and SYBR Green-based real-time PCR are found to be sensitive and effective for the quantitation. Simple and inexpensive methods such as microscopic evaluation and histopathological analysis detects the progression of the disease. These assays can be used as a diagnostic method for emerging diseases in addition to avoid forthcoming of another.

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are becoming a choice of markers in fish genetic research due to their abundance in the genome, co-dominant nature, high polymorphism and ability to reproduce. Thus, in this review, we have discussed regarding SSRs markers developed in fishes using different techniques. These markers have been used for revealing genetic variability, strain and species identification, genetic linkage map construction and parentage assignment in fish genetic research. Recently, high-throughput sequencing platform has been widely used in non-model fishes for genome/transcriptome sequencing to understand genomic information. The rapid progress in fish genomic research has been made due to sequencing platform along with their low cost for sequencing and use of the advanced computational tools for generated data analysis. We have shown that different next-generation sequencing platforms have been applied in the genomic studies for SSRs markers identification in fishes with evidence. We have depicted the use of various computational tools/algorithms for the SSRs identification from genome/transcriptome data. However, we also highlighted existing challenges in high-throughput sequencing data analysis as well as the current need of computationally deep analysis software/tools/expertise. The purpose of this review is to get envisage on the various possibilities, which can be harnessed via these new technologies and advanced computational tools for SSRs marker development via genome/transcriptome sequencing of aquaculture species.

Fish cell line has emerged as an important tool in fishery biotechnology. In recent years, various fish cell lines have been developed by different researchers across the country. National Repository on Fish cell lines, established with the aim to preserve fish cell lines for training and education to stakeholders, has started functioning at National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow. This repository is supposed to characterize and preserve the fish cell lines developed across the country and serve as a national referral centre for Indian and exotic fish cell lines. Currently, the repository is maintaining 50 fish cell lines deposited by various research institutes in India, including the cell lines developed at cell culture facility of National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources. The cell lines have been successfully cryopreserved after verifying its authenticity by sequence analysis of two mitochondrial genes, viz. 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase sub-unit I. Chromosomal analysis, transfection efficiency and immunocytochemistry are also being used to characterize the cell lines. The facility is serviceable for the collection, deposition and distribution of fish cell lines. This paper discusses the status as well as the methodology adopted for fish cell lines development, characterization and storage at NRFC.

The physical environment, the nonliving part of the world, sets the background for all living beings. A major factor of the physical environment is climate, which ultimately determines water availability and thermal conditions. These two factors interact to determine how an amazing variety of organisms is distributed in different parts of the world. Due to anthropogenic activities, the climate changes and its impacts are noticeable around the globe. Changes like global warming, greenhouse effect, increase in sea level, melting of glaciers, ocean warming, migration of aquatic organisms, prolonged winter and summer and habitat deterioration, are posing huge threat to aquatic ecosystem as well as living and nonliving organisms residing in it. The present chapter will focus on impact of climate change on aquatic ecosystem with special emphasis on fisheries.

The discovery of genes responsible for the production of bioactive metabolites via metabolic pathways combined with the advances in synthetic biology tools, has allowed the establishment of numerous microbial cell factories, for instance the yeast cell factories, for the manufacture of highly useful metabolites from renewable biomass. Genome mining and metagenomics are two platforms provide base-line data for reconstruction of genomes and metabolomes which is based in the development of synthetic/semi-synthetic genomes for marine natural products discovery. Engineered biofilms are being innovated on synthetic biology platform using genetic circuits and cell signalling systems as represillators controlling biofilm formation. Recombineering is a process of homologous recombination mediated genetic engineering, includes insertion, deletion or modification of any sequence specifically. Although this discipline considered new to the scientific domain, this field has now developed as promising endeavor on the accomplishment of sustainable exploitation of marine natural products.

oceans, seas and marine resources for increasing the economic benefits to Small Island developing states and least developed countries for sustainable use of marine resources, including sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism. Blue economy has great potential for boosting the economic growth, employment and sustenance of economy (Figure 1). It supports food security, managing and protecting the ocean environment, creation of high value job and diversification to address new resources for energy, new drugs and value chemicals, protein food, deep sea minerals, security and threats including services to human welfare and measures for resilience climatic changes. Considering its wide range of valuable resources, the Blue Economy is gaining increasing interest in Indian Ocean Rim Region for the economic development and for the human welfare. Indian Ocean supports with wide array of biodiversity and ecosystem resources from mangroves, coral reefs and sea-grass beds to deep oceans and provides economic value products

The family Nodaviridae includes two genera, Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus. The family name derives from the Japanese village of Nodamura where Nodamura virus was first isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes. Virions are non-enveloped and spherical in shape with icosahedral symmetry (T=3) and diameters ranging from 25 to 33 nm. The genome consists of two molecules of single-stranded positive-sense RNA: RNA1 and RNA2. The virion capsid consists of 180 protein subunits arranged on a T=3 surface lattice. Alphanodaviruses infect insects, whereas betanodaviruses are pathogens of fish. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Nodaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/nodaviridae.

The family Sarthroviridae includes a single genus, Macronovirus, which in turn includes a single species, Macrobrachium satellite virus 1. Members of this species, named extra small virus, are satellite viruses of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus, an unclassified virus related to members of the family Nodaviridae. Both viruses have isometric, spherical virions, infect giant freshwater prawns and together cause white tail disease, which is responsible for mass mortalities and severe economic losses in hatcheries and farms. Infection is caused by both vertical and horizontal transmission of virus. Aquatic insects act as a carrier to transmit the disease in prawns. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Sarthroviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/sarthroviridae.

Sponges are closely associated with microorganisms that occur either intracellularly and extracellularly. Sponges are soft-bodied sessile organisms appear to be defenseless in facing predation. Microbial symbionts supposed to have a functional role in the host defense against pathogens, predation and microfouling processes. Recently, the ubiquitous defense enzyme, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) detected in the sponge associated bacterium envisaged the possible functional role in the ecological succession of host sponge against predatory / fouling pressure in the habitat. In present review, we highlighted the possible functional interactions between associated microbes and host sponges and its potentials in bioprospecting approaches.

As an alternative strategy to antibiotic use in aquatic disease management, probiotics have recently attracted extensive attention in aquaculture. However, the use of terrestrial bacterial species as probiotics for aquaculture has had limited success, as bacterial strain characteristics are dependent upon the environment in which they thrive. Therefore, isolating potential probiotic bacteria from the marine environment in which they grow optimally is a better approach. Bacteria that have been used successfully as probiotics belong to the genus Vibrio and Bacillus, and the species Thalassobacter utilis. Most researchers have isolated these probiotic strains from shrimp culture water, or from the intestine of different penaeid species. The use of probiotic bacteria, based on the principle of competitive exclusion, and the use of immunostimulants are two of the most promising preventive methods developed in the fight against diseases during the last few years. It also noticed that probiotic bacteria could produce some digestive enzymes, which might improve the digestion of shrimp, thus enhancing the ability of stress resistance and health of the shrimp. However, the probiotics in aquatic environment remain to be a controversial concept, as there was no authentic evidence / real environment demonstrations on the successful use of probiotics and their mechanisms of action in vivo. The present review highlights the potential sources of probiotics, mechanism of action, diversity of probiotic microbes and challenges of probiotic usage in shrimp aquaculture.

Rhamnolipid-biosurfactants are known to be produced by the genus Pseudomonas, however recent literature reported that rhamnolipids (RLs) are distributed among diverse microbial genera. To integrate the evolutionary implications of rhamnosyl transferase among various groups of microorganisms, a comprehensive comparative motif analysis was performed amongst bacterial producers. Findings on new RL-producing microorganism is helpful from a biotechnological perspective and to replace infective P. aeruginosa strains which ultimately ensure industrially safe production of RLs. Halotolerant biosurfactants are required for efficient bioremediation of marine oil spills. An insight on the exploitation of marine microbes as the potential source of RL biosurfactants is highlighted in the present review. An economic production process, solid-state fermentation using agro-industrial and industrial waste would increase the scope of biosurfactants commercialization. Potential and prospective applications of RL-biosurfactants including hydrocarbon bioremediation, heavy metal removal, antibiofilm activity/biofilm disruption and greener synthesis of nanoparticles are highlighted in this review.

The emergence of social networks have opened a new paradigm for Web practises from an individual (called as an actor or a member) to a professional students groups to exchange their information with their contemporaries quickly and efficiently. The social networking enables to set up relations among the actors who share common interests, activities or connections. The blending of a social network with good Web practises is the new area of research, which has opened new opportunities for activity based actors to be aware of the developments in their area without themselves asking for the information. In this paper, we present Web Service Query Selection for a Professional Social Network Members (WSQSPSNM) by considering actor's characteristic features like personal information, professional information, etc., which reflects on the Web queries generated by actors. In this method, we classify professional group members based on their hierarchical and equivalence relations with respect to professional activities. In the case of any group of actors raises a Web query, the proposed system selects appropriate Web service query for the rest of the group members based on the allocated weights, relations and level of actors. The designed WSQSPSNM is tested over an Academic Social Network (ASN) which constitutes a set of actors related to the academic profession. If any one of them raises a professional Web query, the system generates appropriate Web queries for all the group members based on relations and level. We have simulated different sets of academic professionals, and results were obtained for the average time required by a set of Web queries of actors and the accuracy of the model.

The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding regimes composed of various combinations of live food (LF), artificial food (AF) and mixed food (MF: LF and AF 50% each) on the digestive physiology of first feeding Catla catla (catla) larvae. Larvae (0.92 ± 0.21 mg) were cultured for 30 days under six different feeding regimes of LF, AF, MF, two groups were shifted from LF to AF on day-13 (LF-AF-13) and day-18 (LF-AF-18) and one group from LF to MF on day-12 (LF-MF-13). Significantly (p

The rapid development of communication and networking has lessened geographical boundaries among actors in social networks. In social networks, actors often want to access databases depending upon their access rights, privacy, context, privileges, etc. Managing and handling knowledge-based access of actors is complex and hard for which broad range of technologies need to be called. Access based on dynamic access rights and circumstances of actors impose major tasks on access systems. In this paper, we present an access mechanism for social networks (AMSN) to render access to actors over databases taking privacy and status of actors into consideration. The designed AMSN is tested over an agriculture social network (ASN) which utilised distinct access rights and privileges of actors related to the agriculture occupation, and provided access to actors over databases. The results obtained are quite encouraging for the access of actors over databases in social networks.