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Hydroxyapatite is an osteoconductive material used as a bone graft extender and exhibits excellent biocompatibility with soft tissues such as skin, muscle and gums, making it an ideal candidate for orthopedic and dental implants or components of implants. Synthetic hydroxyapatite has been widely used in repair of hard tissues, and common uses include bone repair, bone augmentation, as well as coating of implants or acting as fillers in bone or teeth. On the other hand, human platelet rich plasma (hPRP) has been used as a source of osteoinductive factor. A combination of hPRP and hydroxyapatite is expected to create a composite with both osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. This study examined the effect of a combination of hydroxyapatite and hPRP on osteogenesis in vivo, using rabbit model bone healing. A critical size defect of 10 mm long was created in the radial diaphysis of 36 rabbit and either supplied with hydroxyapatite-human PRP or hydroxyapatite or was left empty (control group). Radiographs of each forelimb were taken postoperatively on 1st day and then at the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks post injury to evaluate bone formation, union and remodeling of the defect. The operated radiuses of half of the animals in each group were removed on 56th postoperative day and were grossly and histopathologically evaluated. In addition, biomechanical test was conducted on the operated and normal forearms of the other half of the animals of each group. This study demonstrated that hydroxyapatite-humanPRP, could promote bone regeneration in critical size defects with a high regenerative capacity. The results of the present study demonstrated that hydroxyapatite-hPRP could be an attractive alternative for reconstruction of the major diaphyseal defects of the long bones in animal models.

Caudal epidural anesthesia is commonly utilized in veterinary medicine to allow diagnostic, obstetrical, and surgical intervention, in the perineal region of large animal. The aim of this study is to directly compare the time of onset and duration of analgesia produced by a tramadol and lidocaine-tramadol combination with that produced by lidocaine administration in the epidural space of Cattle. Five healthy adult Holstein dairy cows were selected to this study. Epidural anesthesia was produced in all cows by lidocaine, with 2 weeks intervals repeated by a combination of lidocaine-tramadol and tramadol. Time to onset and duration of analgesia were recorded. Heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature were recorded at 0 min and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 75 min after the epidural administrations of each treatments. The tramadol produced a significant (P < 0.05) longer duration of analgesia (306.8 ± 8.58 min) than lidocaine (69.40 ± 8.96 min) alone and lidocaine-tramadol combination (174 ± 4.84 min). Also, lidocaine-tramadol combination produced a significant (P < 0.05) longer duration of analgesia than lidocaine alone. Complete analgesia began at 14.10 ± 1.57 min in the tramadol treatment, being more delayed than in the treatments with lidocaine-tramadol (4.84 ± 0.68 min) and lidocaine (3.90 ± 0.89 min). Body temperatures, heart rates, and respiratory rates were not significantly different in comparison with baseline values throughout the study in the all treatments. The combination of lidocaine-tramadol produced anesthesia of longer duration than lidocaine and the onset time was approximately same as for the lidocaine group. Utilizing this combination, long duration of anesthesia could commence relatively soon after epidural injection and might be used without re-administration of anesthetic agent in long-duration obstetrical and surgical procedures.

In accommodation contexts where dialects already contain extensive overlap, the processes of convergence/divergence may be better specified in terms of the “expansion” and “reduction” of linguistic variation. Among emerging adults at Southern Illinois University, contact between South Midland and Northern Cities speakers illustrates that accommodation of variation in the /u/, /o/, /æ/, and / / vowels is expressed not through the wholesale adoption of new forms but rather through an expansion or reduction of the range of previously existing forms. By providing this alternative view, this study mitigates the competing discussions regarding the primary importance of speaker identity/attitudes versus frequency of interaction by allowing both a role in shaping the outcomes of dialect contact and accommodation. The author suggests that the mechanisms of expansion and reduction in accommodation are echoic of more general processes in language contact and language change.

Tendons are soft connective tissues consisting of parallel collagen fibers embedded within an extracellular matrix. Blood supply to the tendon is reported to be poor and, as a result, healing often progresses slowly. Autogenic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic tendon transplantations have been performed in reconstructive tendon surgery; however, there is little information on fresh allogeneic tendon transplantation experimentally. The aim of this study is to evaluate fresh autogenous and allogenous tendon graft in the rabbit to determine which gives the better result, clinically and histopathologically. Ten 1-year-old male New Zealand Albino rabbits weighing 3.5 ± 0.5 kg were used in this study. In five rabbits (group I), about 3 cm of the superficial flexor tendon was resected and a created defect was filled with the same 3-cm harvested tendon and sutured with 2/0 polypropylene in a single modified Kessler suture pattern and the tendon sheath was sutured over the transplanted tendon completely. In the remaining five rabbits (group II), the harvested segment was changed between rabbits and created defects were filled with changed segment allogenous tendon, all other procedures were identical to group I. The main histopathological and gross evaluation showed graft acceptance by recipients in both groups. Our results showed that no significant tissue reaction or graft rejection was observed when fresh allogeneic tendon was transplanted in a rabbit model.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a cell-signaling molecule that has diverse biological functions. Recent evidence suggests that its production may regulate the metabolism of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of nitrite and nitrates (NO metabolites) during ectopic osteoinduction in rats. Eighteen male Sprague–Dawley rats (body weight 200–300 g) were used in this study. All animals were anesthetized and the right and left flank areas were shaved, and under aseptic conditions, a muscular pouch was created in each flank: the left was filled with 20 mg of demineralized bone matrix and the right remained empty (sham). Radiographs were taken at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery to trace the ectopic bone formation and muscle mineralization. Blood samples were taken before (as baseline values) and at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery. The mean values of NO metabolites after 6 weeks were significantly higher (p

The term cryptorchid refers to hidden testicle. Cryptorchidism can be either uni- or bilateral. Unilateral cryptorchidism usually occurs more commonly than the bilateral condition. Left testicular cryptorchid has an intraabdominal location, while right cryptorchid testis tends to be in the inguinal canal. The incidence of cryptorchidism seems to be higher in purebred and inbred dogs than in mixed-breed dogs. Primary testicular neoplasms are common in older dogs. Testicular interstitial cell tumors are more common in older dogs, and these tumors most often occur in cryptorchid testicles. This report describes the left intrainguinal canal cryptorchidism with histopathological finding of Leydig cell tumors in cryptorchid testicle and seminoma in unaffected testicle.

Large bone defects resulting from trauma, tumors, osteitis, implant loosening, or corrective osteotomies require surgical therapy because spontaneous regeneration is limited to relatively small defects. Currently, transplantation of autografts or allografts, mineral bone substitutes, and callus distraction are the most commonly used techniques for skeletal reconstruction. Each method has significant limitations, e.g., availability and biological or biomechanical reasons. This study was designed to evaluate allograft and new xenograft (bovine fetal growth plate) effects on the bone healing process. Twenty male New Zealand White rabbits were used in this study. In the allograft group, the defect was filled by fresh allogeneic cortical graft; in the xenograft group, the defect was filled by a segment of bovine fetal growth plate and was fixed by cerclage wire. Radiological, histopathological, and biomechanical evaluations were performed and results were scored and analyzed statistically. Statistical tests did not support significant differences between the two groups radiographically at the 14th postoperative day (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference in bone formation at the 28th, 42nd, and 56th postoperative days. There were significant radiological differences for bone union and remodeling by the 42nd day postoperatively (P < 0.05). The xenograft was superior to the allograft by the 56th postoperative day for radiological bone formation (P < 0.03); histopathological and biomechanical evaluation revealed no significant differences between the two groups. It can be concluded that the superior bone healing process in the xenograft group was due to the presence of some osteoinduction proteins in bovine fetal growth plate.

The ureter is an important part of the urinary system that can be affected by several disorders such as congenital malformations, extensive iatrogenic ureteral obstruction, ureteritis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, trauma, necrosis, calculi, tumors, etc. We wished to determine whether ovine fetal urachus duct will be accepted when used as a ureteral replacement material in other species. The ureters of five adult native dogs were approached through a ventral midline laparotomy incision. A segment of 3-cm midureter was resected unilaterally. The left ureteral segments were replaced with ovine fetal urachus duct using 5-0 PDS interrupted sutures. Internal ureteral catheter was left for 6 weeks. The patency of the ureters was assessed by intravenous pyelography at 2 and 8 weeks after the surgery, while inflammation and regeneration were assessed grossly and histologically. All five urachus transplantations were accepted successfully in radiological, macroscopical, and histological evaluation. The ovine fetal urachus seems to be an embryonic tissue of extremely low antigenicity and therefore suitable for transplantation.

To stimulate the process of bone healing, several methods have been used previously. These methods include use of ultrasound, electrical stimulation, exposure to electromagnetic field, bone graft, interporous hydroxyapatite (as a bone graft substitute). The aim of this study was evaluation of bone-defect healing with autogenous bone marrow concurrent with static magnetic field. Twenty adolescents, 2-kg-weighing, white New Zealand male rabbits were used in this study. In the control group (n = 10) mid-radii bone defect was created and filled with harvested bone marrow. In the experimental group (n = 10) the procedure was similar to control group with static magnetic application over the bone-defect area. Radiological, histopathological and evaluations were performed blindly and results scored and analyzed statistically. The results show those experimental groups were superior to control group in radiological and histological evaluation.

The following study was designed to evaluate xenogenic bovine demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and new xenograft (Bovine fetal growth plate) effects on bone healing process. Twenty male White New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. In group I (n = 10) the defect was filled by xenogenic DBM and in group II (n = 10) the defect was filled by a segment of bovine fetal growth plate and was fixed by cercelage wire. Radiological, histopathological, and biomechanical evaluations were performed blindly and results scored and analyzed statistically. Statistical tests did not support significant differences between two groups radiographically (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference for union at the 28nd postoperative radiologically (P < 0.05). Xenograft was superior to DBM group at the 28th postoperative day for radiological union (P < 0.03). Histopathological and biomechanical evaluation revealed no significant differences between two groups. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that satisfactory healing occurred in rabbit radius defect filled with xenogenic bovine DBM and xenogenic bovine fetal growth plate. Complications were not identified and healing was faster in two grafting groups.

Bone grafting is used to enhance healing in osteotomies, arthrodesis, and multifragmentary fractures and to replace bony loss resulting from neoplasia or cysts. They are source of osteoprogenitor cells and induce bone formation and provide mechanical support for vascular and bone ingrowth. Autografts are used commonly but quantity of retrieved bone is limit. This study was designed to evaluate autograft and new xenograft (Bovine fetal growth plate) effects on bone healing process. Twenty male White New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. In autograft group the defect was filled by fresh autogenous cortical graft, in xenograft group the defect was filled by a segment of bovine fetal growth plate and was fixed by cercelage wire. Radiological, histopathological and biomechanical evaluations were performed blindly and results scored and analyzed statistically. Statistical tests did not support significant differences between two groups at the 14th and 28th postoperative day radiographically (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference for remodeling at the 42nd postoperative radiologically (P < 0.05). Xenograft was superior to autograft at the 56th postoperative day for radiological bone formation (P < 0.03). Histopathological and biomechanical evaluation revealed no significant differences between two groups. The results of this study indicate that satisfactory healing occurred in rabbit radius defect filled with calf fetal growth plate. Complications were not identified and healing was faster than cortical autogenous grafting. It was concluded that the use of calf fetal growth plate as a new xenograft is an acceptable alternative to cortical autogenous graft and could reduce the morbidity associated with harvesting autogenous graft during surgery.

This is a report of an unusual multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in the larynx of a Pekingese dog. A 5-year-old female Pekingese dog with a 1-month history of unexplained pain localized to an asymmetrical swelling of the neck together with lethargy and poor appetite was referred to the Veterinary Clinic of Shiraz University. Plain radiographs of the neck revealed ventral displacement of the trachea, with the space between the trachea and spine occupied by a soft tissue mass. Histopathology of the mass affirmed squamous cell carcinoma that affected the larynx. According to the history, clinical signs, radiology, necropsy findings, and histopathological examination, the case was diagnosed as laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Cellulitis is a severe, deep, suppurative infection that is poorly defined and tends to dissect through tissue planes. When a foreign body enters the body, white blood cells attack the site and fight the invading agent. Sometimes, this collection of blood cells forms a packed of pus or an abscess within the body’s tissues, organs, or confined spaces. Chronic sinus tracks have been reported previously in the lumbar, paralumbar, and flank skin area in hunting dogs with grass awn and other migrating foreign bodies. Surprisingly, little information is published on histopathological changes about grass awn migration subcutaneously. This report describes histopathological characteristics of subcutaneous cellulitis of the thigh due to grass awn migration in a German shepherd dog.

Premature closure of a growth plate can result in angular deformity, limb shortening, or both. The condition, particularly in the distal radius and ulna, is not uncommon in dogs; the distal ulnar physis is commonly affected. Causes of premature closure may include growth plate trauma, abnormal nutrition, hereditary factors, and infection. A 6-month-old male German shepherd dog, weighting 19 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Shahrekord University, with a 5-day history of lethargy, anorexia, and persistent pyrexia associated with left forelimb lameness. Survey radiography revealed the premature closure of distal radial growth plate and moth-eaten osteolysis pattern of affected limb in comparison of normal forelimb. The present report describes clinical, paraclinical, and radiological findings of premature growth plate due to osteomyelitis conditions.

A 4-year-old male German shepherd with weight loss, alopecia, skin thickness, cachexia, black diarrhea, abnormal locomotion, and deformed nails was presented to the Veterinary Clinic of Shiraz University. The dog had not responded to antibiotic therapy, vitamin therapy, deworming, and ectoparasite treatment. All joints were intact by radiography. Leukocyte count was markedly raised. The concentrations of triglyceride, cholesterol, and albumin in serum were high. The result of a direct agglutination test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis was positive (1:320 titer), and a dipstick test (rk39) confirmed visceral leishmaniasis in this case. No parasite was seen in touch smears and culture of spleen or in liver biopsy and bone marrow aspirate. Additionally, the result of polymerase chain reaction using specific primers (RV1, RV2) was negative.

Coral is an osteoconductive material used as a bone graft extender and human platelet rich plasma has been used as a source of osteoinductive factor. A combination of human platelet rich plasma and coral is expected to create a composite with both osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. This study examined the effect of a combination of human platelet rich plasma and coral on osteogenesis in vivo using rabbit model of bone healing. A critical size defect of 10 mm elongation was created in the radial diaphysis of 36 rabbit and either supplied with coral-human PRP, or coral alone or left empty (control group). The platelets in the PRP were about 10.1 fold compared to normal blood. Radiographs of each forelimb was taken postoperatively on 1st day and then at the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks post injury to evaluate bone formation, union and remodeling of the defect. The operated radiuses were removed on 56th postoperative day and were grossly and histopathologically evaluated. In addition, biomechanical test was conducted on the operated and normal forearms of the rabbits. This study demonstrated that coral-human PRP (hPRP), could promote bone regeneration in critical size defects with a high regenerative capacity. The results of the present study demonstrated that coral-hPRP could be an attractive alternative for reconstruction of the major diaphyseal defects of the long bones in animal models.

The aim of this study was evaluation of osteoinductive properties of demineralized bovine foetal growth plate in submuscular transplantation (ectopic osteoinduction) as a new xenogenic biomaterial in rat model. Demineralized bovine foetal growth plate was ectopically implanted in 18 male Sprague–Dawley rats. In 18 of the animals under aseptic conditions two submuscular pouches were created between external and internal oblique abdominal muscles in the two flanks: the right was left empty (sham) and the left was filled with 20 mg of demineralized bovine foetal growth plate powder. Radiographs were taken in 2, 4 and 6 weeks after the surgery, then six animals were pharmacologically euthanized after 2, 4 and 6 weeks for histopathological evaluation. Results showed: (1) osteoinductivity of xenogenic demineralized bovine foetal growth plate powder, and (2) earlier mineralization of ectopically implanted demineralized bovine foetal growth plate in the submuscular implanted area. Our results show that submuscular implantation of xenogenic demineralized bovine foetal growth plate has osteoinductive properties in a rat model.

Epidural anesthesia is commonly utilized in veterinary medicine to allow diagnostic, obstetrical, and surgical intervention, in the perineal region of domestic animal. The following study was carried out to directly compare the time of onset and duration of anesthesia produced by a tramadol and lidocaine-tramadol combination with that produced by lidocaine administration in the epidural space of lamb. Seven healthy female lambs of undefined breed weighing 15-20 kg were selected for this study. Epidural anesthesia was produced in all lambs by 2% lidocaine and with 2 weeks intervals repeated by combination of lidocaine-tramadol and tramadol alone. Analgesia was defined as lack of a response to pin prick test and pressure from hemostat clamp (closed to the first ratchet) applied first in the perineal area and then moved cranially toward the thoracic region until a response (movement associated with pin prick test or hemostat pressure) was observed. Time to onset, duration and cranial spread of analgesia were recorded. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and rectal temperature were recorded before (baseline, 0) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min after epidural administration of the solution. The results were expressed as mean ± SD and were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's test as a post hoc for heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature and also, for time of onset and duration of analgesia. Graphpad Prism version 5 software program was used for all analyses. A value of P

Three different suture patterns (simple interrupted, interrupted horizontal mattress, subcuticular) were placed in a full thickness incision (skin and body wall) of 18 goldfish (Carassius auratus). After 14 days all fish were euthanized using benzocaine solution. The tissue reactions were evaluated by gross visual inspection and histopathological examination. The superficial inflammatory reactions were graded on a scale from 0 (no inflammation) to 3 (severe inflammation). The inflammatory response in histological examination was graded on a scale from 0 (no inflammatory response or normal skin tissue) to 5 (severe inflammatory response and necrosis). The interrupted horizontal mattress induced a moderately severe to severe inflammatory response and necrosis (grades 4-5) but the subcuticular suture induced a very mild to mild inflammatory response (grades 0-1). The simple interrupted suture induced a moderate to moderately severe inflammatory response (grades 2-4). In conclusion, results showed that a subcuticular suture is the most appropriate to use in the closure of a full thickness body wall incision.

Objective—To compare time of onset and duration of analgesia obtained by epidural administration of a lidocaine–magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) combination versus a lidocaine–distilled water combination in cattle. Animals—5 healthy adult (mean ± SD age, 4.6 ± 0.5 years) Holstein cows (body weight, 480.0 ± 71 kg). Procedures—Caudal epidural anesthesia was obtained in all cows with 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) solution and 1 mL of distilled water, and 2 weeks later, anesthesia was repeated with 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) solution and 1 mL of 10% MgSO4 solution. Time to onset, duration, and cranial spread of analgesia were recorded. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature were recorded at minute 0 prior to epidural administrations of each treatment (baseline) and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 75 minutes after epidural administration of each treatment. Results—Onset of analgesia was significantly different following epidural administration of lidocaine–distilled water (mean ± SD, 2.82 ± 0.33 minutes) versus lidocaine-MgSO4 (4.76 ± 0.59 minutes). Epidural administration of lidocaine-MgSO4 produced analgesia of significantly longer duration (168 ± 2.6 minutes) than that of lidocaine–distilled water (59.8 ± 3.4 minutes). No significant differences were observed in heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature, compared with baseline values, for lidocaine–distilled water or lidocaine-MgSO4 treatments. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The combination of lidocaine with MgSO4 produced analgesia of longer duration than lidocaine with distilled water. By use of this combination, long-duration obstetric and surgical procedures could commence relatively soon after epidural injection and could be completed without readministration of anesthetic.

Bone grafting is used to enhance healing in osteotomies, arthrodesis, and multifragmentary fractures and to replace bony loss resulting from neoplasia or cysts. They are source of osteoprogenitor cells and induce bone formation and provide mechanical support for vascular and bone ingrowth. Autografts are used commonly but quantity of harvested bone is limit. This study was designed to evaluate fresh cortical autograft and allograft effects on bone healing process. Twenty male White New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. In autograft group the defect was filled by fresh autogenous cortical graft, in allograft group the defect was filled by a segment of fresh allogenous cortical bone which was harvested at the time of surgery during the creation of radius bone defect. Then all surface soft tissue, such as muscle attachments, were removed from the harvested bone and changed between rabbits as a fresh allogenous cortical bone graft and was fixed by cercelage wire. Radiological, histopathological and biomechanical evaluations were performed blindly and results scored and analyzed statistically. Statistical tests did not support significant differences between two groups at the 14th and 56th postoperative day radiographically (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference radiologically for the 28th and the 42nd postoperative (P < 0.05). Autograft was superior to allograft at the 28th and 42nd postoperative day in radiological evaluation (P < 0.03). Histopathological and biomechanical evaluation revealed no significant differences between two groups.

This study was performed to compare the onset and duration of analgesia produced by either a lidocaine� MgSO4 or lidocainedistilled water combination ad- ministration in the caudal epidural space of horse. Seven healthy adult horses, aged 11.7 � 1.4 years (mean � SD), body weight (kg) 567 � 32.5 (meanSD), were selected for this study. Caudal epidural anesthesia was produced in all horses by administering 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) diluted in 1 mL distilled water and repeated with 2% lidocaine (0.22 mg/kg) diluted in 1 mL 10% MgSO4 2 weeks later. Time to onset (minutes), duration (minutes), and cranial spread of epi- dural analgesia were recorded. Heart rate (HR), respira- tory rate (RR), and body temperature (8C) were recorded. Measurements were taken at 0 (as a baseline value before epidural administrations) and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 75 minutesafter the epidural administrations of each treatment. Statistical analyses included paired Student t test and analysis of variance (computer pro- gram SPSS, Analytical Software, version 15.00). Statisti- cal significance was set at P < .05. Onset of analgesia was significantly different (P < .001) between lidocaine-dis- tilled water (2.38 � 0.47 minutes) and lidocai- neMgSO4 (4.62 � 0.54 minutes). Duration of analgesia after lidocaineMgSO4 (186.0 � 7.0 minutes) was longer than lidocaine-distilled water (54.5 � 7.3 minutes). No significant differences were recorded for HR, RR, and body temperature in compar- ison with baseline values for each group. Using the lidocaineMgSO4 combination for obstetric and surgi- cal procedures could commence relatively soon after epidural injection and could be completed without readministration of anesthetic agent.

CARBOMYCIN, a recent addition to the antibiotic family, is produced by Streptomyces halstedii.1 Studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that the substance is active against gram-positive bacteria b...

BackgroundBone grafting is used to enhance healing in osteotomies, arthrodesis, and multifragmentary fractures and to replace bony loss resulting from neoplasia or cysts. They are source of osteoprogenitor cells and induce bone formation and provide mechanical support for vascular and bone ingrowth. Autografts are used commonly but quantity of harvested bone is limited. The aim of this study is to evaluate autograft and new xenogenic bovine demineralized bone matrix (DBM) effects on bone healing process.Materials and methodsTwenty male White New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. In group I (n = 10) the defect was filled by xenogenic DBM and in autograft group the defect was filled by fresh autogenous cortical graft and fixed by cercelage wire. Radiological, histopathological and biomechanical evaluations were performed blindly and results scored and analyzed statistically.ResultsStatistical tests did not reveal any significant differences between two groups on the 14th postoperative day radiographically (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference for union on 28th and 42nd postoperative days and for remodeling at on the 56th postoperative day radiologically (P P > 0.05). Histopathological and biomechanical evaluation revealed no significant differences between two groups.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that satisfactory healing occurred in rabbit radius defect filled with xenogenic bovine DBM. Complications were not identified and healing was faster, same as in cortical autogenous grafting.

Pneumonitis due to aspiration of oil is a form of pulmonary consolidation that has been recognized for many years.1Most of the cases described were attributable to the medicinal use of mineral oil and cod liver oil, but cases of lipid pneumonia have been caused by the accidental aspiration of kerosene, diesel oil, and gasoline. Infancy, debilitation, old age, and diseases affecting deglutition have been the most commonly associated factors. The following case report is made to point out the industrial hazards of oil spraying as a cause of lipid pneumonia. REPORT OF A CASE A 30-year-old white aircraft mechanic was admitted to Chanute Air Force Base Hospital on Feb. 19, 1952. His chief complaints were loss of vitality, shortness of breath on exertion, and frequent chest colds for the past year. Chest roentgenograms in 1946, 1948, and February, 1951, were reported as normal. A systemic review and the

The discovery of the sulfonamides and antibiotics is one of the most brilliant pages in the history of medicine. Many bacterial and rickettsial diseases that formerly were fatal are now treated successfully with antibiotics in a relatively short time. The outstanding success with bacterial and rickettsial infections has not been paralleled in the antibiotic treatment of viral diseases. Antibiotics are effective against the viruses that cause psittacosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, and trachoma and appear to be of value in the treatment of viral pneumonias. 1 It is generally conceded, however, that the use of antibiotics in acute nonbacterial respiratory infections and influenza is of no benefit in the treatment of the primary disease. 2 The most important viral-like conditions with regard to incidence and economic importance are moderately severe, acute illnesses that are loosely grouped with certain bacterial conditions as acute respiratory infections. During outbreaks of so-called acute respiratory infection simultaneous

THE SEVERAL pathogenic leptospira produce in man a group of closely related diseases. These infections have received considerable attention in Europe for many years. In the United States, leptospirosis has been identified almost exclusively with that due to Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (leptospiral jaundice, Weil's disease). It is becoming more obvious that other leptospiral disease is present. Several dozen cases of infection with Leptospira canicola (canicola fever), 1 several instances of infection with Leptospira pomona (swineherd's disease), 2 and an outbreak of disease attributed to Leptospira autumnalis (pretibial fever, Fort Bragg fever, autumnal fever) 3 have been noted in this country. In November, 1952, Spain and Howard 4 reported the first case of leptospirosis due to Leptospira grippotyphosa (mud fever) in the United States. Their patient had an icteric febrile illness. We are reporting a patient with an anicteric course marked by a benign aseptic meningitis. This is the second instance, to our knowledge, of leptospirosis

Excerpt Spontaneous or idiopathic hemopneumothorax is thought to be an unusual and rare occurrence. A review of the literature discloses that there have been about 120 cases recorded. Pitt and Roll...