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Three independent approaches (binding of 125I-antibodies to polysomes, cell-free translation of polyadenylated mRNA in a wheat germ system and hybridization of RNA with a specific complementary DNA probe) were used to study the intracellular distribution of polysomes involved in the synthesis of coeruloplasmin as well as of coeruloplasmin mRNA sequences in rat liver. It was shown that only membrane-bound polysomes contain both nascent chains of coeruloplasmin and coeruloplasmin mRNA sequences. The size of coeruloplasmin polysomes is 16-18 monomers/mRNA molecule and their proportion is about 0.4-0.6% of total liver polysomes. The proportion of coeruloplasmin mRNA is 0.0025% of the total polysomal RNA and 0.29% of poly(A)-containing mRNA. These values correspond to coeruloplasmin mRNA concentration about 400-535 molecules per parenchymatous liver cell, 90% of those mRNA molecules were recovered from polysomes while the remaining 10% were from postpolysomal supernatant.

Russian specialists in the application of radar imagery to the study of geographical problems survey its use in the study of urban settlements. More specifically, they are concerned with the types of patterns and tonal signatures (optical densities) manifest on centimeter-band radar imagery, corresponding to buildings and other structures of various heights, dimensions, and construction materials. Cities and smaller urban and rural settlements in Vitebsk Oblast of Belarus and Voronezh Oblast of Russia are compared with respect to such information derived from radar images. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, Virginia from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 2002, No. 4, pp. 138-140.

Two Russian specialists in the application of radar imagery to a wide range of environmental monitoring tasks describe the results of aerial and space radar surveys of the dried bed of the Aral Sea. The surveys were carried out at a variety of frequencies, which permit the identification of many diverse features associated with the regression of the sea. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1999, No. 4, pp. 83-85.

Two Russian specialists on radar imagery examine its utility in the identification and mapping of different natural communities and land-use types associated with boggy areas in the central portion of European Russia. Special emphasis is placed on the development of interpretation keys for particular subtypes of lowland, transitional, and upland bogs using 1:100,000 scale radar imagery recorded in April and May. A series of interpretation maps is presented. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1997, No. 4, pp. 191-194.

Methods for utilizing multiseasonal radar imagery to study the landscape structure of a glaciolacustrine plain in Karelia are outlined by two Russian remote sensing specialists. Side-looking radar imagery (1:100,000 scale) in the cm wavelength band, with a ground resolution of 20–30 m, is used to discriminate basic vegetation structures (a swamp, area of pine forest). Interpretation maps derived from imagery for each of the four seasons were used to compile a comprehensive landscape map of the study area. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1997, No. 2, pp. 181-184.

Two Russian remote sensing specialists investigate the problem of selecting the most informative spectral bands for multispectral remote sensing investigations of natural features and vegetation associations typical of arid environments in the Turgay Lowland of north-central Kazakhstan. More specifically, they investigate which among the four bands of a summertime Landsat-TM image yields the most information about topographic, hydrographic, and vegetational shrub and grass communities typical of the area. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, Virginia, from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 2000, No. 2, p. 144-145.

This study is devoted to testing the general applicability of radar imagery in vegetation analysis, and, in particular, to determining the potential of radar images obtained for different seasons. In plains areas intermediate-scale radar images are used to discriminate forests differing in age and stand productivity and to identify sectors where the tree stand has been partially destroyed. They also can be used as supplementary material in studying forest resources and in geological research in forested plains areas. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1989, No. 3, pp. 130–134.

The relative information yield of radar imagery and aerial photographs is compared for selected natural and cultural features (mountains, erosional depressions, low and high forest, desert plants and shrubs, reeds, and canals) in a number of desert and mountainous areas. The types of aerial photographic and radar equipment used are discussed and recommendations are made regarding when preference should be given to one or the other type of system. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, seriya 7 (geologiya, geografiya), 1989, No. 2, pp. 106–110.

The task of the study was to determine the influence of emotional-motivational sphere on the phenomenon of out-of-logic mental activity. An accepted in the laboratory model of the recognition of a hidden image double image pictures was used. Recorded multichannel EEG was analysed by the method of computation of coefficients of community elaborated in the laboratory. The results of computation were presented in a form of a stereometric map. The obtained results testify to the fact that the emotional-motivational processes influence the mechanism of the out-of-logic form of decision making. At the out-of-logic form of decision making a subjective evaluation of results dominates being reflected in the character of the spatial distribution of coefficient of community.

The task of the study was to determine the influence of emotional-motivational sphere on the phenomenon of out-of-logic mental activity. An accepted in laboratory model of recognition of concealed image in double image pictures was used. The electrical activity, recorded was analyzed by means of the method of computation of coefficient of community, elaborated in the laboratory, the results were presented in the from of stereometric map. The obtained results testify to the fact that emotional-motivational processes influence the mechanism of out-of-logic form of making solution; at out-of-logic form of making solution subjective evaluation of results dominates, what is reflected in the character of spatial distribution of coefficient of community.

The aim of the study was an attempt to record neurophysiological processes connected with the mechanism of subconscious brain activity. Created in the laboratory method of construction of a topographical map of electrical processes interactions in 24 recorded points was applied. The obtained data testify that identification of evident and latent images in "double image pictures" is accompanied by similar relief of topomaps of interactions. Effect of "sudden vision" of latent image in a manner of "insight" is gradually prepared neurophysiologically, but is not realized by the subject and only at the last stage reaches the consciousness and is verbalized.

Eight subjects were studied by the method of topographic mapping of interconnection characteristics of the human brain electrical activity in the process of recognition of visual images. The method used in our studies differs from others by the fact that properties of the processes interconnections are mapped but not the characteristics of the very processes. Under recognition of images the relief of topographic map of interconnections of cortical electrical processes increases in the right and decreases in the left frontal areas. Thus both hemispheres participate in this process. The hypothesis is suggested about two types of spatial synchronization: of similar electrical activity and of the activity differentiated in the brain sections. The developed method proved to be informative for the studied structure of spatial-temporal organization of the human brain electrical activity.

The article proposes the methods of using the radiolocation (RL) images for analysis of picture of steppe fire areas. The images were obtained in the sm wave-diapason with horizontal polarization and resolution in the first tens of meters. By the RL negatives, made in the summer and winter periods, the characteristics of optical density and the contrasts of RL images between fire areas and steppes were determined.

Previous investigations from our laboratory have suggested a possible interhemispheric difference in brain functioning in relation to the severity of a depressive psychopathological process. The present study has been carried out to extend the previous findings to comprise a more detailed symptom analysis of the depressive syndrome, several EEG characteristics, and a new method of EEG analysis. 22 depressed patients, most of them previously untreated, participated in the study. The patients were rated by means of a highly reliable rating scale for depression, and an EEG record was obtained from each of them. Analysis of possible relationships among clinical symptoms and EEG characteristics from different parts of the brain showed a complex pattern, quite different for each symptom. First when a systemic structural analysis of the EEG was performed by means of a special computer program, differential EEG syndromes could be identified. Patients with a high level of anxiety-depression showed a more pronounced functional involvement of the left precentral region than less severely ill patients.

The isozyme spectrum of hexokinase (HK) of the mucous membrane of the rat large intestine consists of three isozymes. In tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in this situation, the isozyme composition of HK is simplified through the loss or sharp reduction in content of the isozyme with the fastest speed of migration toward the anode. In metastatic tumors HK is represented by a single isozyme. The Michaelis constant (glucose) for KG in the tumors is reduced by 2–3 times. Starting from the first month of administration of the carcinogen, HK activity begins to appear in the blood serum of the animals and by the fifth month it is found in 80% of cases. HK was always absent from the blood serum of control animals.

The tendency to 'augment' or to 'reduce' the amplitude of the response to stimuli of increasing intensity is a matter of much interest in the neurophysiological, psychophysiological and psychiatric literature. According to their response, individuals have been divided so far into 'augmenters' and 'reducers', and different mechanisms beyond these types of response have been discussed. In most studies, however, the major emphasis has been laid upon 'reducing', which has been regarded as deviance from the expected 'augmenting'. In the present article, a new theory referring to a two-directional adaptive switch mechanism for coping with incoming stimuli is presented together with some hypotheses which can be derived from such a general theory. In the following, evidence from experimental work is presented which supports the main theoretical principles, and also the hypothesis that both basic characteristics of the central nervous system and biochemical variables contribute to the determination of the individual augmenting/reducing response.

In previous articles, evidence has been presented which supports the hypothesis that detectable neurophysiological changes occur in the course of affective disorders, mainly of a depressive type. The

The activity of hexokinase was studied in several normal and malignant human tissues. The enzyme activity in tumors was significantly higher. Isoenzyme studies on normal gastric mucosa and stomach cancer extracts showed that malignancy is accompanied by a "simplification" of the hexokinase isoenzyme pattern due to "deletion" of the slowest isoenzyme. Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoreis was used to isolate hexokinase isoenzymes from normal and malignant tissues. Tumor hexokinase isoenzymes displayed an increased affinity to glucose when compared to the corresponding normal prototypes (Km/glucose, 10(-6) M and 10(-5) M, respectively; Km = Michaelis constant). The molecular weights, subunit composition, and peptide patterns were identical for corresponding isoenzyme pairs from normal and tumor tissues.

Using the electroencephaloscopic method of Livanov and Anan'ev, the author studied the spatial distribution of cortical electrical activity in man and animals. He note that in certain physiological and pathological conditions of the central nervous system a special form of dynamic distribution of synchronous electrical activity (cortical mosaic) is recorded, called an “overflow,” or spreading wave of activity, representing a movement of the peak of negativity (or positivity) from certain areas of the cortex into others, with a generalized rhythm of bioelectric activity all over the cortex. Recorded with monopolar leads, spreading waves appear as movement of the point of maximum amplitude of corresponding potential variations. With bipolar leads, it is manifested mainly as a phase shift in space. Certain conditions for these spreading waves are described, and an attempt is made to analyze their mechanism.

Aus Affenserum (Macacus rhesus) ist das Zeruloplasmin in Form einer homogenen Eiweisssubstanz isoliert und in ihren physikalisch-chemischen Konstanten naher bestimmt worden. Der Vergleich der Eigenschaften des Zeruloplasmins des Menschen und des Affen ergibt eine Ahnlichkeit dieser beiden Substanzen. Bei der Untersuchung mittels spezifischer Prazipitation im Agar haben sich beim Antiserum des Kaninchens Beweisgrunde fur eine antigene Identitat beider Zeruloplasmine ergeben. An Gewebeschnitten der Affenleber inkubiert bei aktiv oxydativer Phosphorylierung ergab sich die Bindung des Zeruloplasmins in vitro. Resynthetisierte Eiweissubstanz bildet einen spezifischen Niederschlag mit dem Antiserum des Kaninchens, welches gegen das Zeruloplasmin des Menschen immunisiert ist. Mit Hilfe lumineszierender Antikorper ist die spezifische Lumineszenz des Zeruloplasmins nur in parenchimatosen Leberzellen gefunden worden. Die Biosynthese des Zeruloplasmins ist in der Leber lokalisiert. Aus In-vitro-Versuchen an Gewebeschnitten der Leber beim Affen und entsprechenden In-vivo-Versuchen ergibt sich, dass Kupfersalze in geringen Konzentrationen die Biosynthese verstarken, in grossen Konzentrationen hingegen die Biosynthese des Zeruloplasmins hemmen.

The radioimmunochemical study of ceruloplasmin-synthesizing polyribosomes was carried out using bioptic liver specimens obtained from fourteen homozygous patients with hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson--Konovalov disease) and from eight control patients with various non-hereditary diseases. The measurement of binding of 125I-antibodies to the nascent polysome-bound ceruloplasmin chains demonstrated that in control patients this protein is only synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes, while free polysomes do not contribute to the synthesis of ceruloplasmin. The majority of homozygous carriers of Wilson--Konovalov mutation (eleven of fourteen) are characterized by the involvement of free, rather than membrane-bound polysomes, in the synthesis of ceruloplasmin. This shift of ceruloplasmin synthesis from membrane-bound to free polysomes seems to be accompanied by disturbances in the cotranslational proteolytic maturation of ceruloplasmin from its biosynthetic precursors. As a result of this defect, a putative of ceruloplasmin (preproceruloplasmin) was detected in the content of Golgi complex as well as in the serum of homozygous patients. This precursor of a molecular weight 84,000 was found neither in Golgi complex, nor in the serum of control subjects.

Hexokinase of the endometrium and gastric mucosa is represented by 5 isoenzymes. The "simplification" of HK isoenzyme spectrum is characteristic of cancer tissue. So, in gastric cancer there is a disappearance of the "slowest" isoenzyme, while in malignant endometrium the "fastest" one was absent. Hexokinase isoenzymes of the serum were identical to those in the tumors in question, that indicates the tumor origin of the body fluid hexokinase. The latter was not observed in normal body fluids. The isoenzymic composition of hexokinase in uterine fibromyoma did not differ from that in normal tissues. If hexokinase appeared in the serum of these patients, its isoenzymic composition was similar to that in the normal uterus. The study on the hexokinase isoenzyme composition may be a valuable adjunct in establishing the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant tumors.

Methods of factorial and discriminant analysis were used for the analysis of the electroencephalographic reaction to gamonil and damilen. Specific features of EEG spatial reorganization were revealed for each of the thymoleptics which made it possible to recognize correctly the drugs in 87.5 and 92.3% of cases, respectively.

In previous articles, evidence has been presented which supports the hypothesis that detectable neurophysiological changes occur in the course of affective disorders, mainly of a depressive type. The scope of the present report has been to expand the previous investigation to comprise variables not hitherto taken into account and to present a new approach to the analysis of EEG in psychiatry. This new approach, a systemic structural analysis, follows the concepts borrowed from the general system theory, and is based on the assumption that brain activity can be regarded as a type of hierarchical system. Hints about the theoretical principles beyond a systemic structural analysis of EEG are given, and the point is stressed that possible correlations between, e.g., neurophysiological and clinical variables must be south starting from characteristics which are at a comparable level of integration in both realms. The preliminary findings of an international collaborative study of depressive syndromes are presented. 45 patients suffering from depressive syndromes of different aetiology and of varying severity participated in the study. These were rated by means of a rating scale which permitted a division for further analysis into subgroups according to the main symptomatology. The results show that characteristic neurofunctional structures can be identified which correspond to various symptomatological patterns. The occurrence of pronounced interhemispheric differences in electrical activity, related to the severity of the depressive syndrome, has also found further support in the results of this present investigation.

Ceruloplasmin (Cp) was isolated from the sera of albino rats fed with silver nitrate (60 mg/kg of body weight). The oxidase activity of the enzyme was sharply decreased, while its concentration in the blood (as assayed immunologically) was slightly lower than in controls. The drop in the oxidase activity was caused by the replacement of several coppers by silver ions in the Cp molecule. Ag-Cp contained about four silver atoms per 1 mole of protein, its spectrum lacking maxima at 450 and 610 nm that are typical of normal Cp. When subjected to PAAG electrophoresis, Ag-Cp displayed two bands, one of which (Ag-Cp2) had the anodic mobility of normal Cp. The other band (Ag-CpI) migrated at a slower rate. Both bands were separately subjected to SDS-PAAG electrophoresis which revealed the dissimilarities among the proteolytic fragment patterns of Ag-CpI, Ag-Cp2 and normal Cp. Both Ag-CpI and Ag-Cp2 contained peculiar fragments produced by spontaneous limited proteolysis of the native molecule. The binding of silver ions by Cp seems to alter significantly the molecule conformation, which may cause the exposure of new peptide bonds susceptible to proteolytic attack. Cp seems to participate in the binding and detoxication of heavy metals in mammals.

Individual hexokinase isoenzymes (isoHK) are isolated from normal and malignant human stomach mucosa. IsoHK from tumour tissue are found to have KM for glucose 10 times as low as isoHK from normal tissue. Molecular weights of individual isoHK from normal and tumour tissues are similar (at the range of 112,000-125,000). The treatment of protein preparation with 8M urea in the presence of 1% sodium docecyl sulphate resulted in the appearance of a single band with molecular weight of 58,000-60,000 for all the isoHK under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Intensive bands with molecular weight of 60,000 and 96,000 and a number of minor bands were observed under polyacrylamide gel disc elect-ophoresis in the absence of urea. 2-Mercaptoethanol did not affect the results of disc electrophoresis. It is concluded that the molecule of human hexokinase consists of two subunits with molecular weight of 60,000.

The synthesis and secretion of ceruloplasmin (Cp) by isolated rat hepatocytes were investigated. Cp released by liver cells appeared to have properties similar to those of the blood-circulating protein, i. e. Mr, oxidase activity, immunological specificity and the peptide set of tryptic fingerprints. The polypeptides with Mr of 130,000, 65,000, 48,000 and 18,000 were revealed in Cp isolated from the incubation medium. These results suggest the susceptibility of the single-chain protein molecule (Mr 130,000) to limited proteolysis which is accomplished by the proteases released from the cells. When fresh serum was added to the incubation medium, the proteolytic degradation of Cp proceeded at a much slower rate, which led to an increase in the content of excreted polypeptides with Mr 130,000. The secretion was strongly diminished by the addition of colchicine to the medium. The time of Cp molecule synthesis on membrane-bound polyribosomes (3.5 min) was determined.

A study was made of the content of protease alpha 1-inhibitor and of the phenotyping of protease alpha 1-inhibitor subtypes in 666 patients with different chronic non-specific pulmonary diseases. It is concluded that pronounced deficiency of protease alpha 1-inhibitor is of importance in the formation of primary emphysema, chronic obstructive bronchitis and bronchial asthma. The clinical characteristics of obstructive pulmonary diseases marked by protease alpha 1-inhibitor deficiency have been investigated.

Comparative study of concentrations of growing hexokinase subunits polypeptide chains in the polyribosomes from normal and tumour human stomach tissue is studied using specific antiserum to hexokinase isoenzyme from human stomach tumour tissue. It is shown by two different methods (chromatography on Sepharose 46 and sucrose concentration gradient analysis) that the content of hexokinase polypeptides in stomach tumour is several times higher than in homologous normal tissue. The acta obtained show that the high activity of hexokinase in tumour tissues is due to the increased synthesis rate of the enzyme.