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Czytanie potrzebuje wsparcia. Trzeba je promować, jednak nie poprzez akcje, które docierają jedynie do czytających, a przy tym są jednorazowe, obliczone na wysoki zysk w krótkim czasie. Czytanie to proces, i właśnie na procesie powinny opierać się kampanie społeczne i interakcje związane z zaproszeniem do świata książki.

On the basis of a comparative analysis of the worlds presented in Moscoviada by Yurii Andrukhovych and in the Little Apocalypse by Tadeusz Konwicki the article demonstrates the meaning of "metaphorical translation". Using the category proposed by Joseph Brodsky, the author of the article shows how similar characters, who search for their identities, are presented in both books.

Pociąg linii M to trzecia książka Patti Smith, która trafia do rąk polskich czytelników. Po wprowadzających w świat nowojorskich beatników Poniedziałkowych dzieciach oraz zbiorze miniatur Obłokobujanie otrzymujemy pozycję, którą można uznać za klaser lektur i wspomnień jednej z największych żyjących artystek rockowych.

Rafała Wojaczka określa się w polskim literaturoznawstwie mianem poety przeklętego, podobną etykietę przypina się amerykańskiej poetce Anne Sexton. Oboje podejmują w swojej twórczości próby autoanalizy, piszą o ciele, tworząc swoistą formułę „pisania sobą”. Proponowany temat będzie próbą porównania wykreowanego podmiotu cierpiącego w liryce amerykańskiej poetki Anne Sexton i polskiego poety Rafała Wojaczka. Wychodzimy z założenia, że podmiot poezji wymienionych twórców ukonstytuowały kategorie takie jak choroba, ból, cierpienie, które obecne są w ich poezji, chociaż w sposób odmienny. Szczególnie interesować nas będą podobieństwa i różnice poetyckich reprezentacji ciała samobójców. Skupimy się na utworach, które pozwolą opisać nam za pomocą fragmentów poetyckich Sexton i Wojaczka uniwersalne doświadczenia homo patiens.

The article presented the interaction between Ukrainian and Polish writers, who were living in Cracow at the turn ol the 20th centurv. Cracow in the late 19dl and early 20th century was a city in which resided a large group of Ukrainian poets, writers and artists, who constituted themselves as a group of the literary Moloda Muza. This artistic movement developed under the influence of the ideals of the Młoda Polska and personal contacts with Cracow artists (including friendship of Stanislaw Przvbvszewski with Wasyl Stefanyk). Many of the artists associated with the Mloda Muza were guests of the Ukrainian professor at the Jagiellonian University, Bohdan Lepki. Among the Ukrainian Impressionist artists who worked or stayed in Cracow at the beginning of the 2011' century one mav mention the novelist Wasvl Stefanvk (he studied medicine in Cracow). Stefanvk wrote short stories, which were translated into Polish, analyzed and popularized by Cracow’s writers, critics, scholars and publishers, his texts were published in "Życie", "Czas Krakowski", "Świat Słowiański". A special role is played by his contacts with Władysław Orkan, who explained him to his contemporary Ukrainian writers and released two particularly important collections - Młoda Ukraina (1908) and the Antologia współczesnych poetów ukraińskich (1910).

The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that intramuscular (i.m.) injection of naked DNA leads to distribution of the injectate remote from the site of needle placement, a finding that might be expected to facilitate i.m. gene transfer. Transcutaneous ultrasound imaging was employed to monitor online the extent to which a solution of phVEGF165 was distributed among the skeletal musculature during 288 i.m. injections in 18 consecutive patients. In 237 (82.3%) of 288 muscle sites, the injection was performed into the distal calf muscle. In 51 (17.7%) of 288 muscle sites, injection was performed into the first and/or second interosseous muscles of the dorsal foot. Unperturbed muscle was recognized by a characteristic echogenic, stippled texture that was bounded by more intensely echogenic fascia. When i.m. gene transfer was performed into the calf muscles, the injectate was distributed along a longitudinal dimension of 3.59 +/- 0.79 cm (1.39-5.87 cm); the corresponding area of injectate measured by on-line planimetry was 1.83 +/- 0.51 cm2 (0.62-3.41 cm2). When i.m. gene transfer was performed into the interosseous muscles of the foot, the longitudinal extent of injectate distribution was 2.49 +/- 0.66 cm (1.61-3.91 cm), with a corresponding injectate area of 1.71 +/- 0.54 cm2 (0.51-2.86 cm2). These findings establish that a solution of plasmid DNA administered by direct i.m. injection into the skeletal muscles of the limb is distributed well beyond the site of needle entry. Thus, the use of multiple injections performed at different sites is likely to result in broad distribution of DNA injectate, a physical factor that may act to facilitate naked DNA and/or other gene transfer strategies.

Abstract —Preclinical studies in animal models and early results of clinical trials in patients suggest that intramuscular injection of naked plasmid DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can promote neovascularization of ischemic tissues. Such neovascularization has been attributed exclusively to sprout formation of endothelial cells derived from preexisting vessels. We investigated the hypothesis that VEGF gene transfer may also augment the population of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In patients with critical limb ischemia receiving VEGF gene transfer, gene expression was documented by a transient increase in plasma levels of VEGF. A culture assay documented a significant increase in EPCs (219%, P P P v β 3 , and E-selectin after VEGF gene transfer. Constitutive overexpression of VEGF in patients with limb ischemia augments the population of circulating EPCs. These findings support the notion that neovascularization of human ischemic tissues after angiogenic growth factor therapy is not limited to angiogenesis but involves circulating endothelial precursors that may home to ischemic foci and differentiate in situ through a process of vasculogenesis.

Background Clinical studies have suggested that smooth muscle cell (SMC) hyperplasia is the most likely cause of in-stent restenosis. However, pathological data regarding this issue are limited. Specifically, direct evidence of proliferative activity in tissues excised from stenotic stents has not been previously reported. Methods and Results Tissue specimens were retrieved by directional atherectomy from 10 patients in whom in-stent restenosis complicated percutaneous revascularization of peripheral artery disease. Analysis of cellular composition was performed quantitatively after cell-specific immunostaining. For specimens preserved in methanol (7 of 10), cellular proliferation was evaluated by use of antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin E, and cdk2. TUNEL staining for apoptosis was performed on 8 paraformaldehyde-preserved specimens. Each of the 10 specimens contained extensive foci of hypercellularity composed predominantly of SMCs (mean±SEM, 59.3±3.0%). Evidence of ongoing proliferative activity was documented in all 7 methanol-preserved specimens: 24.6±2.3% of SMCs were PCNA-positive, 24.8±3.1% were cyclin E–positive, and 22.5±2.2% were cdk2-positive. Apoptotic cells were detected in all 8 specimens that had been appropriately preserved to permit DNA nick-end labeling. Macrophages and leukocytes were identified in each of the 10 specimens but accounted for a proportionately smaller number of cells (14.5±1.9% and 9.5±1.4%, respectively). Organized thrombus was observed in 6 of the 10 specimens. Conclusions These findings support the notion that in-stent restenosis results from SMC hyperplasia and suggest that adjunctive therapies designed to inhibit SMC proliferation may further enhance the utility of endovascular stents.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a prototypic member of a family of heparin-binding growth factors, is angiogenic both in vitro and in vivo. Increased levels and activity of bFGF have been documented in a variety of diseases, including tumors. We sought to determine whether bFGF might be similarly elevated in patients with clinical evidence of limb ischemia. Serum was obtained at the time of percutaneous revascularization from patients with symptomatic peripheral vascular disease (46 procedures were performed on 40 patients). An enzyme-linked immunoassay specific for bFGF was used (limit of detection, 1 pg/ml; range in normal subjects, 0 to 5 pg/ml). Among the 40 patients (28 men, 12 women, mean age 70 years) studied, elevated circulating bFGF (≥10 pg/ml) was detected in 36 samples (78%); levels ranged from 10 to 310 pg/ml (mean ± SEM = 62 ± 12). In 16 (89%) of 18 patients with both rest pain and nonhealing ischemic ulcers, serum bFGF levels were elevated up to 30 times normal values. In conclusion, circulating levels of bFGF are elevated in patients with vascular insufficiency and may reflect a physiologic response to limb ischemia.

Summary Background Preclinical findings suggest that intra-arterial gene transfer of a plasmid which encodes for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can improve blood supply to the ischaemic limb. We have used the method in a patient. Methods Our patient was the eighth in a dose-ranging series. She was aged 71 with an ischaemic right leg. We administered 2000 μg human plasmid phVEGF 165 that was applied to the hydrogel polymer coating of an angioplasty balloon. By inflating the balloon, plasmid DNA was transferred to the distal popliteal artery. Findings Digital subtraction angiography 4 weeks after gene therapy showed an increase in collateral vessels at the knee, mid-tibial, and ankle levels, which persisted at a 12-week view. Intra-arterial doppler-flow studies showed increased resting and maximum flows (by 82% and 72%, respectively). Three spider angiomas developed on the right foot/ankle about a week after gene transfer; one lesion was excised and revealed proliferative endothelium, the other two regressed. The patient developed oedema in her right leg, which was treated successfully. Interpretation Administration of endothelial cell mitogens promotes angiogenesis in patients with limb ischaemia.

The age-adjusted prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the U.S. population has been estimated to approach 12%. The clinical consequences of occlusive peripheral arterial disease (PAD) include pain on walking (claudication), pain at rest, and loss of tissue integrity in the distal limbs; the latter may ultimately lead to amputation of a portion of the lower extremity. Surgical bypass techniques and percutaneous catheter-based interventions may be used to successfully revascularize the limbs of certain patients with PAD. In many patients, however, the anatomic extent and distribution of arterial occlusion is too severe to permit relief of pain and/or healing of ischemic ulcers. No effective medical therapy is available for the treatment of such patients. The purpose of this clinical protocol is to document the safety of therapeutic angiogenesis achieved in this case by percutaneous catheter-based delivery of the gene encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with P...

Scientific Abstract “Restenosis” is the term which has been used to denote recurrent narrowing of a blood vessel after an initially successful revascularization procedure, such as percutaneous tran...