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The purpose of this study was to elucidate the strategy to adjust the distance of the standing long jump among young children focusing on the characteristics of upper limb movements. First, 5-year- old boys and girls were instructed to jump as far as they could (Max-jump task). After that, they jumped to their self-perceived half-distance (Half-jump task). Participants' actual distances (jumping distance) and movements were recorded and analyzed. Their movements were classified in five motor patterns in max-jump task, and analyzed by two-dimensional motion analysis in the sagittal plane of upper limb in both tasks. As a result, the jumping distance in max-jump task tended to be greater in boys rather than in girls, and there were five all patterns in max-jump task in both boys and girls. As for the characteristics in upper limb movements, both in the boys and the girls, the magnitudes of degree in shoulder, x-axis of magnitudes in elbow and hand of the half-jump task showed significantly greater than those of the max-jump task. Moreover, in half-jump task, boys and girls took off in a more vertical direction rather than max-jump task, and degree of jumping showed significantly greater. It is concluded that 5-year-old boys and girls adjusted the distance by jumping with the upper limbs restricted.

Во введении описываются особенности мышления, восприятия и анализирующего наблюдения детей с общим недоразвитием речи, затрудняющие правильный анализ и оценку зрительной информации. Методикой исследования является задание «Нелепицы» в варианте, представленном Р. С. Немовым. В результатах исследования приводятся обобщённые количественные результаты по отдельным нелепицам. Качественный анализ фиксирует верные ответы и раскрывает механизмы ошибочных ответов детей. Представлены качественные характеристики анализа, осуществляемого нормально развивающимися детьми и детьми с общим недоразвитием речи (III уровень) 5 лет при рассматривании данного изображения: варианты объяснения несоответствий (всё ли нарисовано правильно) и варианты уточнения ответов (как на самом деле должно быть). По каждому варианту объяснений и уточнений несоответствий приводятся обобщённые количественные данные и количественная разница между результатами нормально развивающихся детей и детей с общим недоразвитием речи (III уровень). Все варианты объяснений и уточнений проиллюстрированы ответами детей и представлены в соответствии с количественной разницей между показателями детей с нормальным речевым развитием и общим недоразвитием речи (III уровень). При этом указываются варианты с количественным преобладанием в норме, варианты с количественным преобладанием при общем недоразвитии речи (III уровень) и варианты, отмечающиеся только при общем недоразвитии речи (III уровень). В заключении представлена последовательность установленных вариантов объяснений и уточнений по степени количественной разницы между показателями нормально развивающихся детей и детей с общим недоразвитием речи (III уровень) от большей разницы к меньшей., The introduction describes the features of thinking, perception and analyzing observation of children with ONR, which make it difficult to correctly analyze and evaluate visual information. The research methodology is the task «Nelepies» in the version presented by R.S. Nemov. The results of the study provide generalized quantitative results for individual absurdities. Qualitative analysis captures the correct answers and reveals the mechanisms of children's erroneous answers. Qualitative characteristics of the analysis carried out by normally developing children and children with OHP (III level) aged 5 years when considering this image are presented: options for explaining inconsistencies (whether everything is drawn correctly) and options for clarifying answers (how it should actually be). For each option for explaining and clarifying discrepancies, generalized quantitative data and a quantitative difference between the results of normally developing children and children with OHP (III level) are given. All variants of explanations and clarifications are illustrated by the children's answers and presented in accordance with the quantitative difference between the indicators of children with normal speech development and GR (III level). At the same time, variants with a quantitative predominance in the norm, variants with a quantitative predominance in OHP (level III) and variants that are noted only in OHP (level III) are indicated. In conclusion, a sequence of established options for explanations and clarifications is presented in terms of the degree of quantitative difference between the indicators of normally developing children and children with OHP (level III) from a larger difference to a smaller one., Кӳртĕм пайра, пуплевĕ пĕтĕмĕшле аталанман ачасен шухăшлавĕн, тавралăх туйăмĕн, тишкерӳллĕ сăнавĕн куçпа курса илнĕ информацие тишкерсе тĕрĕс хак пама чăрмантаракан уйрăмлăхĕсене уçса панă. Тĕпчевĕн меслечĕ «Килĕшӳсĕрлĕх» ĕçĕн Р.С. Немов сĕннĕ варианчĕ пулса тăрать. Тĕпчев пĕтмĕшĕнче уйрăм килĕшӳсĕрлĕхсен пĕтĕмлетӳллĕ результачĕсене хисепсемпе кăтартса панă. Пахалăха тишкерни тĕрĕс хуравсене çирĕплетсе хăварать, ачасем тăвакан йăнăшсен механизмне уçса парать. 5 çул тултарнă нормăпа аталанакан тата нормăпа аталанман (III шай) ачасен пĕр-пĕр ӳкерчĕке пăхса тухнă чухнехи паллăсене тишкернин пахалăх енĕсене кăтарнă: тӳр килӳ çуккине (пурне те тĕрĕс ӳкернĕ-и?) ăнлантарнин варианчĕсем тата хуравсене тӳрлетнипе пулнă (чăннипе епле пулмалла?) вариантсем. Тӳр килӳсем çуккине ăнлантарнă тата тӳрлетнĕ кашни вариантпа пĕтĕм хисепе тата тĕрĕс-тĕкел ӳсекен ачасемпе калаçу енчен кăлтăклă (III шай) ачасен кăтартăвĕсен уйрăмлăхĕсене хисеп тăрăх палăртса пынă. Ăнлантару панă тата тӳрлетӳ тунă пĕтĕм варианта ачасен хуравĕсемпе ĕнентернĕ тата уйрăмлăхсене числопа кăтартса пынă. Çавăнпа пĕрлех, йĕркеллĕ калаçакансен хисепĕ пысăкрах вариантсене, пуплев пĕтĕмĕшле аталанманнисен (III шай) варианчĕсене, пĕтĕмĕшле аталанманнисен кăна (III шай) тĕл пулакан вариантсене кăтартнă. Пĕтĕмлетӳре ăнлантару, тӳрлетӳ варианчĕсен йĕркине тĕрĕс-тĕкел ӳсекен ачасемпе калаçу енчен кăлтăклă (III шай) ачасен кăтартăвĕсене пысăк уйрăмлăхран пуçласа пĕчĕк уйрăмлăх таран черетпе вырнаçтарса кăтартнă.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, The purpose of this study is as follows. Firstly, to clarify what kind of images are shared in children’s\ cooperative play. Secondly, to investigate how images were shared in cooperative play. Finally, to investigate\ the relation between sharing images and the continuity of cooperative play. Cooperative plays of 5-year-old\ children were observed and teachers were interviewed. Cooperative plays in this study showed a smooth\ continuity and images, which included theme and concrete objects (things, story, roles), that were shared by\ children. Images were shared based on the experiences of the past and the play’s flow of the day. Especially,\ children’s common experiences were important for sharing images. Children shared images in play and the\ image sharing supported the smooth continuity of play.

INTRODUCTION: The Developmental Test of Visual Perception second Edition (DTVP-2) is frequently used by South African (SA) occupational therapists, despite the suitability of its US-based norms for SA children being questioned, and the 2014 release of the updated DTVP-3. This study investigated the suitability of the DTVP-2 norms for SA English-speaking children aged 5y 6mo-5y 11mo. SA sample scores were compared to American norms. Motor-reduced subtest scores were compared with and without the stop rule. Gender differences were tested. METHODS: A quantitative, descriptive study used 134 English speaking children. Motor-enhanced subtests were administered as prescribed, but motor-reduced subtests were administered without the prescribed stop rule, allowing prescribed and adapted scores to be computed. RESULTS: Scores of SA children varied from American norms, especially in visual closure, visual-motor speed and form constancy. Better visual closure scores were obtained when the stop rule was excluded. Boys and girls differed only on figure-ground, where girls scored higher. CONCLUSION: The DTVP-2 is valuable, but caution is recommended when measuring visual perceptual skills for this age band. Alternative instruments should be used, or local norms, or even more contextually relevant instruments, must be developed locally. At least, occupational therapists should apply US norms with care. Key words: Developmental Test of Visual Perception 2nd edition (DTVP-2); visual perceptual skills; 5-year-old children; urban South Africa; suitability

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this retrospective equivalence trial were to assess the dental arch relationship of 5- to 6-year-old patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated in two specialized cleft centers with a different surgical protocol using the 5-Year-Olds' Index and the modified Huddart/Bodenham scoring system, and to determine the correlation between these two scoring indices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dental arch relationship of seventy-three 5- to 6-year-old patients with complete UCLP was evaluated on plaster casts using the 5-Year-Olds' Index and the modified Huddart/Bodenham scoring system. The sagittal occlusion, overbite, and overjet were also recorded. Inter- and intra-examiner agreement was determined using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients. RESULTS: A good to very good inter- and intra-examiner agreement was found. No significant mean difference in outcome based on the 5-Year-Olds' Index, the modified Huddart/Bodenham scoring system, overjet, or overbite was detected. For mean difference in sagittal occlusion, the hypothesis that both centers are clinically equivalent was confirmed. A strong negative correlation (rs = - 0.832) between the 5-Year-Olds' Index and the modified Huddart/Bodenham scoring system was found. CONCLUSIONS: The dental arch relationship of 5- to 6-year-old unilateral cleft patients treated in two Belgian cleft centers is clinically equivalent based on sagittal occlusion, despite substantial differences in their treatment protocol. Clinical equivalence for other parameters was not confirmed. There is a strong correlation between the 5-Year-Olds' Index and the modified Huddart/Bodenham scoring system. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A well-implemented treatment protocol for cleft patients is of the utmost importance, but case load and skill of the surgeon are also important factors for the quality of the results. ispartof: CLINICAL ORAL INVESTIGATIONS vol:23 issue:4 pages:1777-1784 ispartof: location:Germany status: published

This article examines the characteristics of physical interaction among five-year-old children. Physical interaction that starts with being imitated was found to decrease at age four compared with age three, and further decrease at age five. The characteristics of five-year-old children included the following: 1) creation of a sequence of self-expression motivated by regulating needs, 2) coexistence of narrative thinking and rational thinking, and 3) self-awareness and vision of own intention, but an insufficient ability to regulate and accept discrepancies of awareness with others. Moreover, on examining the factors supporting physical interactions that replaced decreased imitation we found the following two behaviors: 1) acting by adapting parts of others’ acts while forming an image of the whole, and 2) acting depending on a particular situation while seeing oneself objectively.

幼児期の教育と小学校教育の接続の概観から、両者を円滑につなぐためには「学びに向かう力」の育成を目標とし、幼児期を十分に生ききる「アプローチカリキュラム」の作成が重要だと捉えた。そのための第一歩として、本研究では、幼稚園５歳児の「教育課程」と「指導計画」（教育活動）を対象に、「学びに向かう力」の育成がどのように目指されているかを検討した。その結果、指導計画には既に「学びに向かう力」が埋め込まれていること、しかし今後の課題として（1）５歳児の育ちは３，４歳児の育ちの上に成立していることを認識した上で、（2）子ども自らが「遊び・活動・場」をつくる援助を行うために、（3）場と時間を保障する援助が重要となってくることが示された。

Background: Sleep, physical activity, screen time and dietary behaviours influence health during childhood, but few studies have looked at all of these behaviours simultaneously and previous research has relied predominantly on self- or proxy-reports of physical activity and food frequency questionnaires for the assessment of diet.Purpose: To assess the prevalence and clustering of health behaviours and examine the socio-demographic characteristics of children that fail to meet multiple health behaviour guidelines.Methods: Data are from the Sport, Physical activity and Eating behaviour: Environmental Determinants in Young people (SPEEDY) study. Participants (n = 1472, 42.9% male) were dichotomized based on whether or not they met public health guidelines for accelerometer-assessed physical activity, diet-diary assessed fruit/vegetable intake and fat/non-milk extrinsic sugar (NMES) intake, and self-reported screen time and sleep duration. Behavioural clustering was assessed using an observed over expected ratio (O/E). Socio-demographic characteristics of participants that failed to meet multiple health behaviour guidelines were examined using ordinal logistic regression. Data were analysed in 2013.Results: 83.3% of children failed to meet guidelines for two or more health behaviours. The O/E ratio for two behavioural combinations significantly exceeded 1, both of which featured high screen time, insufficient fruit/vegetable consumption and excessive fat/NMES intake. Children who were older (Proportional odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.69 (1.21,2.37)) and those that attended a school with a physical activity or diet-related policy (1.28 (1.01,1.62)) were more likely to have a poor health behaviour profile. Girls (0.80 (0.64,0.99)), participants with siblings (0.76 (0.61,0.94)) and those with more highly educated parents (0.73 (0.56,0.94)) were less likely to have a poor health behaviour profile.Conclusions: A substantial proportion of children failed to meet guidelines for multiple health behaviours and there was evidence of clustering of screen viewing and unhealthy dietary behaviours. Sub-groups at greatest risk may be targeted for intervention.

Background: Sleep, physical activity, screen time and dietary behaviours influence health during childhood, but few studies have looked at all of these behaviours simultaneously and previous research has relied predominantly on self- or proxy-reports of physical activity and food frequency questionnaires for the assessment of diet. Purpose: To assess the prevalence and clustering of health behaviours and examine the socio-demographic characteristics of children that fail to meet multiple health behaviour guidelines. Methods: Data are from the Sport, Physical activity and Eating behaviour: Environmental Determinants in Young people (SPEEDY) study. Participants (n = 1472, 42.9% male) were dichotomized based on whether or not they met public health guidelines for accelerometer-assessed physical activity, diet-diary assessed fruit/vegetable intake and fat/non-milk extrinsic sugar (NMES) intake, and self-reported screen time and sleep duration. Behavioural clustering was assessed using an observed over expected ratio (O/E). Socio-demographic characteristics of participants that failed to meet multiple health behaviour guidelines were examined using ordinal logistic regression. Data were analysed in 2013. Results: 83.3% of children failed to meet guidelines for two or more health behaviours. The O/E ratio for two behavioural combinations significantly exceeded 1, both of which featured high screen time, insufficient fruit/vegetable consumption and excessive fat/NMES intake. Children who were older (Proportional odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.69 (1.21,2.37)) and those that attended a school with a physical activity or diet-related policy (1.28 (1.01,1.62)) were more likely to have a poor health behaviour profile. Girls (0.80 (0.64,0.99)), participants with siblings (0.76 (0.61,0.94)) and those with more highly educated parents (0.73 (0.56,0.94)) were less likely to have a poor health behaviour profile. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of children failed to meet guidelines for multiple health behaviours and there was evidence of clustering of screen viewing and unhealthy dietary behaviours. Sub-groups at greatest risk may be targeted for intervention.

Vitamin D is associated with lung function in adults, but its relation with childhood lung function is still unclear.To investigate whether prenatal and postnatal vitamin D supplementation and plasma level is associated with childhood lung function.In the KOALA Birth Cohort Study, children's lung function (n=436) was measured at age 6-7 years by means of spirometry and presented as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) z scores and forced vital capacity z scores. The mother and child's 25-hydroxyvitamin D plasma level was determined around 36 weeks of pregnancy and at age 2 years. Vitamin D supplement intake during pregnancy was defined based on the amount of vitamin D in supplements, and trimester and duration of use. Data on child's vitamin D supplement use were collected through questionnaires at ages 1, 2 and 6-7 years.25-Hydroxyvitamin D level and vitamin D supplement use in childhood were not associated with lung function. Maternal use of vitamin D at ≤10 μg/day (adjusted beta (AdjB -0.37; 95% CI -0.69 to -0.05)), vitamin D containing multivitamin use in the second and/or third trimester (AdjB -0.26; 95% CI -0.49 to -0.03), and use for two trimesters (AdjB -0.25; 95% CI -0.49 to -0.02) were associated with a significantly lower FEV1 z score compared with no supplements. Maternal use of vitamin D at ≥10 μg/day and use in the first or all trimesters was not associated with significantly lower lung function levels.The authors found no association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, vitamin D supplementation in childhood or recommended vitamin D dosage of ≥10 μg/day during pregnancy and lung function in children aged 6-7 years.