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The Mediterranean climate has dry and hot summers, which is harsh for plants, especially seedlings. During the 1950s and 1960s, most reforestations carried out in Central Spain, a Mediterranean climate area, were successful, but in recent decades an increasing difficulty in forest regeneration has been observed, often attributed to increased summer drought. This study analyses changes in climatic parameters related to forest regeneration through statistical treatment of meteorological data series from the mid-twentieth century to the present. Simple and multiple regressions and ANOVAs were performed for five parameters, considering annual, summer and extended summer values. Rainfall reduction and prolongation of the summer drought period were not statistically significant. The change that better explains regeneration problems is the increase in temperature, especially in July and August, which was mostly significant between 2002 and 2021. Raising temperatures increase the vapor pressure deficit, exacerbating drought effects and plant mortality. Climate change scenarios point to an increase in temperatures until 2100; thus, the tipping point for natural regeneration of some species could be passed. The most affected species are those at their ecological limit. It is necessary to facilitate the adaptation of these forests to climate change, since their future will depend on the actions carried out today., Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Producción Científica, Mountain lee waves present significant hazards to aviation, often inducing turbulence and aircraft icing. The current study focuses on understanding the potential impact of global climate change on the precursor environments to mountain lee wave cloud episodes over central Iberia. We examine the suitability of several Global Climate Models (GCMs) from CMIP6 in predicting these environments using the ERA5 reanalysis as a benchmark for performance. The dataset is divided into two periods: historical data (2001–2014) and projections for the SSP5–8.5 future climate scenario (2015–2100). The variations and trends in precursor environments between historical data and future climate scenarios are exposed, with a particular focus on the expansion of the Azores High towards the Iberian Peninsula, resulting in increased zonal winds throughout the Iberian Peninsula in the future. However, the increase in zonal wind is insufficient to modify the wind pattern, so future mountain lee wave cloud events will not vary significantly. The relative humidity trends reveal no significant changes. Moreover, the risk of icing precursor environments connected with mountain lee wave clouds is expected to decrease in the future, due to rising temperatures. Our results highlight that the EC-EARTH3 GCM reveals the closest alignment with ERA5 data, and statistically significant differences between the historical and future climate scenario periods are presented, making EC-EARTH3 a robust candidate for conducting future studies on the precursor environments to mountain lee wave cloud events., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)/10.13039/501100011033 - (project PID2019-105306RB-I00)

Producción Científica, Extreme forest fires have historically been a significant concern in Canada, the Russian Federation, the USA, and now pose an increasing threat in boreal Europe. This paper deals with application of the wildFire cLimate impacts and Adaptation Model (FLAM) in boreal forests. FLAM operates on a daily time step and utilizes mechanistic algorithms to quantify the impact of climate, human activities, and fuel availability on wildfire probabilities, frequencies, and burned areas. In our paper, we calibrate the model using historical remote sensing data and explore future projections of burned areas under different climate change scenarios. The study consists of the following steps: (i) analysis of the historical burned areas over 2001–2020; (ii) analysis of temperature and precipitation changes in the future projections as compared to the historical period; (iii) analysis of the future burned areas projected by FLAM and driven by climate change scenarios until the year 2100; (iv) simulation of adaptation options under the worst-case scenario. The modeling results show an increase in burned areas under all Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. Maintaining current temperatures (RCP 2.6) will still result in an increase in burned area (total and forest), but in the worst-case scenario (RCP 8.5), projected burned forest area will more than triple by 2100. Based on FLAM calibration, we identify hotspots for wildland fires in the boreal forest and suggest adaptation options such as increasing suppression efficiency at the hotspots. We model two scenarios of improved reaction times—stopping a fire within 4 days and within 24 h—which could reduce average burned forest areas by 48.6% and 79.2%, respectively, compared to projected burned areas without adaptation from 2021–2099., Fondo para el Clima y la Energía, Programa Austriaco de Investigación Climática (ACRP) - (project C265157), Cooperación europea en ciencia y tecnología (COST), FireLinks - (grant CA18135)

Producción Científica, Wildfires represent a significant threat to both ecosystems and human assets in Mediterranean countries, where fire occurrence is frequent and often devastating. Accurate assessments of the initial fire severity are required for management and mitigation efforts of the negative impacts of fire. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a crucial hydrological process that links vegetation health and water availability, making it a valuable indicator for understanding fire dynamics and ecosystem recovery after wildfires. This study uses the Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration (eeMETRIC) and Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) ET models based on Landsat imagery to estimate fire severity in five large forest fires that occurred in Spain and Portugal in 2022 from two perspectives: uni- and bi-temporal (post/pre-fire ratio). Using-fine-spatial resolution ET is particularly relevant for heterogeneous Mediterranean landscapes with different vegetation types and water availability. ET was significantly affected by fire severity according to eeMETRIC (F > 431.35; p-value < 0.001) and SSEBop (F > 373.83; p-value < 0.001) metrics, with reductions of 61.46% and 63.92%, respectively, after the wildfire event. A Random Forest machine learning algorithm was used to predict fire severity. We achieved higher accuracy (0.60 < Kappa < 0.67) when employing both ET models (eeMETRIC and SSEBop) as predictors compared to utilizing the conventional differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) index, which resulted in a Kappa value of 0.46. We conclude that both fine resolution ET models are valid to be used as indicators of fire severity in Mediterranean countries. This research highlights the importance of Landsat-based ET models as accurate tools to improve the initial analysis of fire severity in Mediterranean countries., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación - (LANDSUSFIRE project PID2022-139156OB-C21), Junta de Castilla y León - (WUIFIRECYL project LE005P20), Fundación Portuguesa para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (FCT) - ( project UIDB/04033/2020), Ministerio de Educación, Formación Profesional y Deportes, Programa Salvador de Madariaga - (grants PRX22/00305 and PRX22/00307)

Producción Científica, The world is facing a global sustainability crisis affecting environmental systems and society. Addressing these issues requires a multi-dimensional approach that can integrate energy, water, and environment Systems, as well as provide scientific policy advice. In this study, an updated version of an Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) was used, together with new data compatible with Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) projections, to significantly improve the work developed before. SSP climate data (temperature, precipitation, and total radiative forcing) and socioeconomic data (population and GDP) were loaded into the IAM, together with different scenario parameters. By analyzing varying socioeconomic scenarios, mitigation efforts, and adaptation strategies, this study assesses their impact on primary energy demand and, consequently, their impact on hydropower potential production. Our results show diverse energy paths, strongly dependent on the future scenario. Energy demand could increase up to 160%; however, several projections foresee a decline in hydropower production to minus 46% due to both climate change and socioeconomic transformation. Our findings highlight the importance of considering a range of potential future scenarios in energy planning and policy development. The varied outcomes across the considered scenarios emphasize the need for flexibility in strategies to accommodate for uncertainties and address the challenges posed by divergent trajectories in hydropower use and renewable energy shares., Fundación Portuguesa para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (FCT) - (project UIDB/00329/2020), Unión Europea, European Union’s Horizon 2020 - (grant 821105)

El cambio climático está ejerciendo un impacto significativo en la viticultura, alterando las condiciones ambientales óptimas para el cultivo de la vid. Esta revisión bibliográfica analiza los principales factores climáticos que influyen en la producción vitícola, como la temperatura, las precipitaciones, la evapotranspiración y la radiación. Se examinan los efectos previstos del cambio climático, incluyendo el adelanto en la maduración de la uva, la mayor concentración de azúcares y alcohol, y los previsibles desequilibrios en la composición de la uva. Posteriormente, se evalúan diversas estrategias de adaptación que se pueden adoptar, como la poda tardía para retrasar la maduración, el uso eficiente del riego, el forzado de yemas para desplazar el ciclo productivo y la mejora genética para desarrollar variedades más resilientes. Estas alternativas buscan mitigar los impactos del cambio climático, manteniendo la calidad y sostenibilidad de la producción vitivinícola, Grado en Enología

Global changes in climate have been widely documented but the relationships between these changes and floods are not easy to establish. Hydroclimatology offers an important tool in order to improve our knowledge about the flood producing mechanisms, which can be used to explain historical and palaeohydrological events. Storm cells and mesoscale systems develop into small floods, mainly at tributary streams. But a synoptic scale relates better to Guadiana River floods, dominant in winter. At a higher level, macroscale atmospheric configuration can also explain flood generation at the Guadiana River and, particularly, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) that is one of the most important recurrent patterns of atmospheric circulation. There is no reliable evidence, however relating NAO and historical floods in Europe, especially for central European countries. This situation changes in the Iberian Peninsula, specially in the Southwest that shows a good relationship between winter floods and a negative NAO phase. Recent Guadiana River floods (XX century) could be related to these phenomena, but there´s not and index who covers previous events. Guadiana palaeoflood records compiled using slackwater deposits are dated by 14C radiometric methods and associated, when it is possible to a historical flood event. Results shows event clusters during cooling phases and it is likely that they reflect moments of climatic variability., Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (España), Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Monthly, seasonal and annual trends in mean temperatures have been analysed in this study using data from 37 weather stations from the Pakistan Meteorological Department with records from 1952 to 2009. Statistical tests including Sen's slope and Mann‐Kendall were applied to each of the 37 stations in order to determine the sign and slopes of trends and their statistical significance. The study reveals that the temperature has generally increased in Pakistan at all time scales analysed over the past few decades. March and the pre‐monsoon season were the periods with the highest number of weather stations showing statistical significance, and also with the highest magnitudes of trends. Mean annual temperature increased around 0.36 °C/decade. This rise in temperature is slightly higher than other results found for Pakistan. The association between temperatures and certain teleconnection patterns, as well as the influence of the urban effect, might be among the causes of the trends found in this study. The largest number of correlations between mean temperatures and teleconnection patterns was found in March, April and May with NAO, ENSO and NCP, respectively. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) may also have an influence on the temperatures of certain months in the monsoon season and particularly in August. At a seasonal resolution, NAO and NCP may control temperatures in the pre‐monsoon season. The lowest number of sites exhibiting correlations was found in winter and in the post‐monsoon seasons., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

This study analyzes the mean maximum and minimum temperature trends on a monthly, seasonal, and annual timescale by applying various statistical tools to data from 476 Spanish weather stations during the period between 1961 and 2006. The magnitude of the trends was derived from the slopes of the regression lines using the least squares method, and the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test was used to determine the statistical significance of the trends. Temperature significantly increased in over 60% of the country in March, June, spring, and summer in the case of maximum temperatures and in March, May, June, August, spring, and summer for minimum temperatures. At the annual resolution, temperatures significantly increased in over 90% of Spain with a rise of around 0.3°C/decade. The maximum temperature increased at a higher rate than the minimum temperature from midsummer to early winter as well as in winter, spring, and summer and also on an annual basis., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

A severe hailstorm that occurred in Spain on 30 August 2022, caused material and human damage, including one fatality due to giant hailstones up to 12 cm in diameter. By applying a pseudo‐global warming approach, here we evaluate how a simultaneous marine heatwave (and anthropogenic climate change) affected a unique environment conductive to such giant hailstones. The main results show that the supercell development was influenced by an unprecedented amount of convective available energy, with significant contributions from thermodynamic factors. Numerical simulations where the marine heatwave is not present show a notable reduction in the hail‐favorable environments, related mainly to modifications in thermodynamic environment. Our simulations also indicate that the environment in a preindustrial‐like climate would be less favorable for convective hazards and thus the hailstorm event would likely not have been as severe as the observed one, being possible to perform a novel attribution of such kind., Polish National Science Centre, Instituto de Matemática Interdisciplinar (UCM), ECMWF Special Project SPESMART, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Referencias bibliográficas: • Abbas F. Analysis of a historical (1981-2010) temperature record of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Earth Interact. 2013, 17:1-21. (Paper No. 15). • Afzal M., Haroon M.A., Rana A.S., Imran A. Influence of North Atlantic Oscillations and Southern Oscillations on winter precipitation of Northern Pakistan. Pak. J. Meteorol. 2013, 9(18):1-8. • Ahmad W., Fatima A., Awan U.K., Anwar A. Analysis of long term meteorological trends in the middle and lower Indus basin of Pakistan-a non-parametric statistical approach. Glob. Planet. Change 2014, 122:282-291. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.09.007. • Almazroui M., Dambul R., Islam M.N., Jones P.D. Atmospheric circulation patterns in the Arab region and its relationships with Saudi Arabian surface climate: a preliminary assessment. Atmos. Res. 2015, 161-162:36-51. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.03.014. • Bapuji Rao B., Santhibhushan Chowdary P., Sandeep V.M., Rao V.U.M., Venkateswarlu B. Rising minimum temperature trends over India in recent decades""": implications for agricultural production. Glob. Planet. Change 2014, 117:1-8. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.03.001. • Bartholomew H., Jin M. ENSO effects on land skin temperature variations: a global study from satellite remote sensing and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Climate 2013, 1:53-73. 10.3390/cli1020053. • Bhutiyani M.R., Kale V., Pawar N.J. Long-term trends in maximum, minimum and mean annual air temperatures across the Northwestern Himalaya during the twentieth century. Clim. Chang. 2007, 85(1-2):159-177. 10.1007/s10584-006-9196-1. • Bocchiola D., Diolaiuti G. Recent (1980-2009) evidence of climate change in the upper Karakoram, Pakistan. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2013, 113(3-4):611-641. 10.1007/s00704-012-0803-y. • Braganza K., Karoly D.J., Arblaster J.M. Diurnal temperature range as an index of global climate change during the twentieth century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L13217. 10.1029/2004GL019998. • Brunetti M., Kutiel H. The relevance of the North-Sea Caspian P, Data from 37 weather stations with records of maximum and minimum temperatures (Tmax and Tmin hereafter) were used to analyse trends in both variables at a monthly, seasonal and annual resolution. Sen's slope and Mann–Kendall statistical tests were applied to calculate the sign and slopes of trends and their statistical significance. A correlation analysis was also performed to study possible relationships between temperatures and certain teleconnection patterns with an influence on Northern Hemisphere temperatures: the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and North Sea Caspian Pattern (NCP). The study reveals that Tmax has significantly increased (in over 30% of sites) in the pre-monsoon season and yearly. The sharpest increases were observed in March. Tmin clearly showed positive trends in the pre-monsoon season and at the annual scale. It is also worth noting a cooling trend in the northern areas during the study period. Tmax increased faster than Tmin in the northern areas in all the seasons studied and at annual resolution, while the opposite occurred in the rest of the country (except in the pre-monsoon season). The highest correlation coefficients between patterns and Tmax and Tmin were seen in the months of the pre-monsoon season: with NAO from January to March; with ENSO in May and with NCP in the late pre-monsoon season (May). AO was the pattern with the lowest relationships with temperatures. These results could have a significant influence on agriculture and water resources in Pakistan if these trends are maintained in the future., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Understanding how the interactions between solar UV radiation and climate will affect leaf litter decomposition is fundamental to predict how soil and ecosystem biogeochemical cycles will respond to ongoing climate change. We carried out a manipulative experiment to investigate how UV radiation and its interaction with increased temperature (3 C on average) and a ~35% reduction in precipitation affect the decomposition of “standing” and “on the ground” litter of Stipa tenacissima, a dominant species in semiarid Mediterranean grasslands. UV radiation was manipulated using specially designed screens that either passed or blocked 90% of the UV radiation. All climate change manipulation treatments decreased litter decomposition compared to the control treatment. In particular, litter decay rates were reduced by a 34%, 43% and 62% in the rainfall reduction (RE), warming (W), and the combination of warming and rainfall reduction (WRE) treatments, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Across climate manipulation treatments, higher decay rates were observed in litter exposed to UV radiation than in litter non-exposed to UV radiation, and in litter placed on the ground than in standing litter. However, significant interactions were found between climate manipulation and UV exposure or position treatments. In the control and RE treatments, litter on the ground decomposed 25% faster than standing litter. In theWand WRE treatments, litter decomposition rates increased by 29% when exposed to UV radiation despite lower overall decay rates were observed in these treatments. Overall, lignin losses were parallelled by increases in soluble cell materials, particularly when litter was exposed to UV radiation. Our results indicate that predicted climate change scenarios will likely reduce leaf litter decomposition rates, while enhancing the relative contribution of photodegradation to overall litter decomposition in dry perennial Mediterranean grasslands., Consejo Europeo de Investigación. 7º Programa Marco de Investigación, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

This paper assesses whether moving summer holidays to the warmest period of the year in Spain could be a useful climate change adaptation strategy. While the most popular period for Spanish summer holidays has traditionally been August, we illustrate that the second half of July is the hottest period of the year and when the negative effects of high temperatures are most pronounced. If the holiday period in the second fortnight of August was moved to the second fortnight of July, some of the associated impacts would be mitigated due to the reduced anthropogenic activity during non-working days. In particular, we find a significant reduction in the annual peak of labour productivity loss (~25 %) and, to a lesser extent, of electricity demand and near-surface ozone concentrations (~3–4 %). Finally, we also show that global warming could lead to enhanced differences between both fortnights (even with no change in the seasonal cycle of temperature) because of the non-linear relationships between temperature and its impacts. Therefore, the positive effect of shifting holidays would be even larger in the coming future., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Comisión Europea, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

This work was partially supported by the project RTA2011-00111-C03 funded by the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). J.P.-P. was supported by a postdoctoral grant Margarita Salas from the European Union – NextGenerationEU through the Complutense University of Madrid. Storch Schweiz funded the ringing and sampling of stork chicks in Malpartida de Cáceres, by grant CGL2012-32544 from the MINECO, and by grant 511/2012 of the Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales., Landfills have played a significant role in the recovery of white storks (Ciconia ciconia) populations across various European countries. While there is ample information about the populational-level effects, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the individual effects of using this food resource for feeding nestlings. This study aims to assess the nutritional status and oxidative stress balance of nestlings with varying degrees of exposure to landfill-provided food This study aims to assess the nutritional status and oxidative stress balance of nestlings with different use of landfill-provided food. Nestlings fed with food foraged by breeding pairs from landfills exhibited better nutritional status compared to individuals located farther from landfills. This can be attributed to a higher ingestion rate, resulting in increased plasmatic values of cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL in plasma. However, the oxidative stress balance varied across different years, with individuals raised in 2014 showing higher values of Vitamin E and lower values of LDH compared to those raised in 2013. Furthermore, the impact of landfills on certain oxidative stress parameters also depended on the year of study. In 2013, the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) of plasma showed a positive correlation with the distance to landfills, while the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of lipid peroxidation, exhibited a negative correlation. These findings suggest that the use of landfills as a food resource has a consistently positive effect on the nutritional status of white stork nestling. However, the relationship with oxidative stress is highly dependent on the climatic conditions of each year, emphasizing the importance of considering these factors when evaluating the use of landfills as a food resource., Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Producción Científica, Temperature, as one of the most important factors in meteorological data analysis, is a variable parameter with severe changes in different periods. The trend of temperature changes over time is also particularly important to investigating climate change. In this research, using the data from the TRY Project, which includes meteorological data with an accuracy of 1 km grid and a time accuracy of 1 hour, the temperature parameter of the city of Berlin is selected and the average temperature of the urban area of Berlin was calculated at different temporal scales. In addition to finding the linear regression trend of average annual temperature increase, Fourier transforms analysis and the least squared error fitting method was used to investigate harmonic temperature fluctuations to find the main sinusoidal period. Further, with the statistical analysis of data in daily averages and 1 h intervals by considering medians of data as the benchmark for classification, months from April to October were determined as the hot months of the year, and hours from 9 to 19 were determined as daytime. Based on the mentioned classification, it was found that while the median difference between hot and cold months is more than 12 °C, the median difference between days and nights for the hot and cold months’ data is 5.2 °C and 2.1 °C, respectively. With this classification, the probability distribution of temperature was studied for each group, and the degree of similarity of this distribution with probability distribution functions such as normal, beta, gamma, and cosine, were investigated. The separate analysis of the data categorized by this method had the highest degree of similarity with beta and normal functions.

Producción Científica, Aerosol optical depth (AOD) at night-time has become a hot topic in recent years due to the development of new instruments recording accurate ground-based lunar irradiance measurements, and the development of calibration methods and extraterrestrial irradiance models adapted to lunar photometry. This study uses all daytime and night-time AOD data available at Valladolid (Spain) from October 2016 to March 2022 in order to analyze its behavior and the added contribution of night data. The annual, monthly and daily AOD evolution is studied comparing daytime and night-time values and checking the correlation between them. For this purpose, the daily averages are computed, showing an annual pattern, with low AOD values throughout the year (mean value of AOD at 440 nm: 0.122), where winter months have the lower and summer the higher values, as observed in previous studies. All these AOD values are modulated by frequent desert dust events over the Iberian Peninsula, with a strong influence on daily and monthly mean values in February and March, where the strongest desert outbreaks occurred. The added new data confirm these results and the good correlation between daytime and night-time data. Also, a complete daily evolution is shown, observing that AOD and Ångström exponent (AE) mean values vary by only ±0.02 in 24 h, with a maximum value at 06:00 UTC and minimum at 18:00 UTC for both parameters., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación - (grant PID2021-127588OB-I00), Junta de Castilla y León - (grant VA227P20), Programa Europeo de Metrología para la Innovación y la Investigación (EMPIR) - (project 19ENV04 MAPP), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)/10.13039/501100011033 y Unión Europea NextGenerationEU/PRTR - (project TED2021-131211B-I00)

Producción Científica, This paper presents a warning that there is a need for better consideration of microclimatology in urban planning, particularly when addressing microclimate-related human comfort in designing outdoor public spaces. This paper develops a protocol for microclimate-related street assessment, considering simultaneous dynamic environmental components data gathering and better understanding of microclimatic conditions when commuting by bicycle. The development of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) has the potential for overcoming the gap between microclimatology and urban planning, since ICT tools can produce a variety of soft data related to environmental quality and microclimate conditions in outdoor spaces. Further, the interpretation of data in terms of their applicability values for urban planning needs to be well addressed. Accordingly, this paper tests one particular ICT tool, a prototype developed for microclimate data collection along cycling paths. Data collection was performed in two European cities: Bilbao (Spain) and Ljubljana (Slovenia), where the main objective was the development of a protocol for microclimate-related street assessment and exploration of the potential of the collected data for urban planning. The results suggest that the collected data enabled sufficient interpretation of detailed environmental data and led to a better consideration of microclimatology and the urban planning of cycling lanes. The paper contributes to urban planning by presenting a protocol and providing fine-grained localised data with precise spatial and temporal resolutions. The data collected are interpreted through human comfort parameters and can be linked with rates/levels of comfort. As the collected data are geopositioned, they can be presented on a map and provide links between environmental conditions within a spatial context., European Union’s Horizon 2020 and Innovation Program Marie Skłodowska-Curie - (Grant 847624), Agencia Eslovena de Investigación - (grant P5-0100), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación - (project PID2019-105470RB-C31)

Producción Científica, Climate change is impacting the ecological, social and technological aspects of urban gardens. Gardens experience threats (e.g., water scarcity) but are also responding through adaptation strategies (e.g., selecting drought-resilient plants). A synthetic overview of how urban gardens are affected by climate change and responding to climate change is unclear. Here, we systematically reviewed articles and book chapters published in the last two decades (2000–2022) to illustrate the relationship between climate change and urban gardening. From 72 documents analyzed with Nvivo Software, we found that there has been an increase in academic publications. Universities from the US (14) and Germany (9) universities are the dominant producers. Evidence shows that climate change can have negative impacts on cities, people and urban food. Suggestions on how to build the adaptation capacity of urban gardens include collecting rainwater, changing plant selection, changing planting times, applying vegetative cover on the soil and other practices. For cities, community and allotment gardens are helpful for adaptation, mitigation and resilience. This includes the capacity to regulate the microclimate, to reduce urban heat island effects and to buffer urban floods, the power to capture carbon, the ability to create social networks and other socio-environmental benefits for urban climate planning., Union Europea - (FUSILLI project H2020-FNR-2020-1/CE-FNR-07-2020)

Producción Científica, Fungi are a diverse and fascinating group of organisms that play an important role in various ecosystems, e.g., in the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling. However, climate change poses a significant threat to these ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them. Fluctuations in temperature and humidity can cause shifts in the distribution of fungi and negatively impact the ecosystems they inhabit. Yet fungi have the potential to play a role in mitigating the effects of climate change. With the use of biotechnology, fungi can help meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and their properties make them useful organisms in addressing the urgent challenges that humanity faces. For example, industrial biotechnology using fungi can lead to the production of goods that are more biodegradable, use less energy and produce less waste. Fungi have long been used in the production of enzymes, alkaloids, detergents, acids, and biosurfactants on an industrial scale. Recent research in the field of white biotechnology has made significant progress, and further advances are expected in the near future, especially in agricultural and environmental biotechnology. With this in mind, it is crucial to explore the use of fungi in novel and environmentally conscious technologies, as well as in mitigating the effects of climate change., Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación - (project V4-1818), Junta de Castilla y León y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) - (projects CLU 2017-09, CL-EI-2021-07, UIC315, and VA266P20).), Agencia Eslovena de Investigación (ARRS) - (grants P4-0015 and P4-0430)

Producción Científica, This study focuses on the analysis of the distribution, both spatial and temporal, of the PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter of 10 µm or less) concentrations recorded in nine EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) background stations distributed throughout mainland Spain between 2001 and 2019. A study of hierarchical clusters was used to classify the stations into three main groups with similarities in yearly concentrations: GC (coastal location), GNC (north–central location), and GSE (southeastern location). The highest PM10 concentrations were registered in summer. Annual evolution showed statistically significant decreasing trends in PM10 concentration in all the stations covering a range from −0.21 to −0.50 µg m−3/year for Barcarrota and Víznar, respectively. Through the Lamb classification, the weather types were defined during the study period, and those associated with high levels of pollution were identified. Finally, the values exceeding the limits established by the legislation were analyzed for every station assessed in the study., Junta de Castilla y Leon y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) - (grant LE025P20), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades - (Grants PID2019-106164RBI00 and TED2021-132292B-I00)

Ante el desarrollo de la crisis socioecológica, los escenarios medioambientales mundiales han atraído la atención tanto del mundo académico como de la gobernanza medioambiental. Sin embargo, en la actualidad falta una perspectiva crítica del Sur Global sobre estos escenarios. En este trabajo, me baso en la teoría decolonial y en los estudios de los Conflictos Ecológico-Distributivos para analizar críticamente cinco escenarios medioambientales globales importantes, denominados SSP1-19, SSP5-19, SSP5-Baseline, NZE (Net Zero Emissions) y Adv E[R] (Advanced Energy [R]evolution). Demuestro que estos escenarios están sesgados en su argumento y sus cuantificaciones hacia el Norte Global, que tienen una comprensión abstracta y economicista del "desarrollo" y que implican un aumento significativo de los Conflictos Ecológico-Distributivos en el Sur Global causados por impactos ecológicos y sociales adversos ocultos en los escenarios. Estos resultados son relevantes para la práctica de la cooperación al desarrollo porque apuntan a la necesidad de tener en cuenta los cambios medioambientales adversos en la futura cooperación al desarrollo y porque vinculan las cuestiones de "desarrollo" con las desigualdades sistémicas globales, la destrucción ecológica y la necesidad de un cambio de paradigma., In the face of an unfolding socio-ecological crisis, global environmental scenarios have gained attention in academia and environmental governance alike. However, critical Global South perspectives on these scenarios are currently missing. In this work, I draw on decolonial theory and the studies of Ecological distribution conflicts in order to critically analyze five important global environmental scenarios called SSP1-19, SSP5-19, SSP5-Baseline, NZE (Net Zero Emissions), and Adv E[R] (Advanced Energy [R]evolution). I show that these scenarios are biased in their storyline, and their quantifications, toward the Global North, that they have an abstract and economistic understanding of ‘development’, and that they imply a significant increase of Environmental Distribution Conflicts in the Global South caused by adverse ecological and social impacts hidden in the scenarios. These results are of relevance for the practice of development cooperation because they stress the importance that future development cooperation takes into account adverse environmental change, and because they link questions of ‘development’ to global systemic inequalities, ecological destruction and the need of paradigm changes., Máster en Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo

Las características de la borrasca Filomena y su impacto en el arbolado del Madrid se han analizado mediante mapas sinópticos, datos centenarios de nevadas e imágenes de satélite a diferentes escalas (Terra MODIS, Landsat 8 y Sentinel 2). Esta nevada histórica se extendió en enero de 2021 sobre la mitad de la superficie de la Península Ibérica, aunque sus consecuencias se agravaron ante la persistencia de la situación anticiclónica posterior, que mantuvo temperaturas superficiales en Madrid entre -13 ºC y -2,5 ºC. El impacto en el arbolado, medido a través de imágenes de cambios en el NDVI, ha afectado al 11 % de la cobertura vegetal invernal del municipio, con daños muy notables en Pinus pinea, P. halepensis y Quercus Ilex, tanto del viario urbano, como de los múltiples parques, jardines y espacios forestales de la ciudad., BANCO SANTANDER—UCM, Depto. de Geografía, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

Achieving sustainable harvesting of natural populations depends on our ability to predict population responses to the combined effects of harvesting and environmental fluctuations while accounting for other internal and external factors that influence population dynamics in time and space. Here, we review recent research showing how spatial patterns and interspecific interactions can influence population responses to harvesting in fluctuating environments. We highlight several pathways through which harvesting can, often inadvertently, influence the dynamics and resilience to environmental fluctuations of both harvested and surrounding non-harvested populations and species. For instance, spatial models have shown that harvesting is expected to influence the spatial synchrony of population fluctuations, both of the harvested species and its competitors, predators and prey, with implications for population extinction risk. Dispersal and interspecific interactions can cause responses to harvesting in areas and species that are not themselves harvested. Harvesting that selectively targets certain groups of individuals, either intentionally or through for example spatially biased harvesting, can amplify environmentally induced population fluctuations by biasing the population structure towards individuals that are more sensitive to environmental variation. On the other hand, harvesting can in some cases buffer populations against the densitydependent effects of harsh climatic conditions, which are probably more common than previously acknowledged. Recent advances in modeling are providing new predictions that are highly relevant under global warming and now need to be tested empirically. We discuss how knowledge of these pathways can be used to increase the sustainability of harvesting., Research Council of Norway, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Depto. de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Climate change requires mitigation actions, mainly preventive, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions; however, carbon sequestration is a complementary measure. Although short-term carbon sequestration can be somewhat effective, it is really interesting when it is permanent. Sequestration calculates the carbon removed from the atmosphere over a period, while the stock expresses the cumulative carbon of a forest. Sequestration and stock are closely related, but ecosystem service valuation often focuses on the former, which can discourage forest maintenance. This study analyzes carbon sequestration and storage in four pine forests located in central Spain, comparing its valuation for different equivalence times, a period considered sufficient to compensate for the emission of one ton of CO2 into the atmosphere. Equilibrium equivalence times were calculated for each forest, defined as the period in which carbon sequestration and stock payments are equal; values ranged from 33 to 101 years, with significant correlations with commercial volume and carbon stock. Equivalence times of 30–50 years are reasonable in Mediterranean forest stands with moderate growth and density, while in dense mature stands this time should increase to 50–100 years. Valuing carbon stocks and paying for them in a sustained manner over time promotes sustainable forest management, while the sale of sequestration credits may generate a speculative “greenwashing” market. In addition, payments for stocks can be applied to any forest stand and not only to new plantations. Carbon stock valuation is a win–win strategy for climate change mitigation, sustainable forest management, and rural development., Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Producción Científica, In this article, the interpolation of daily data of global solar irradiation, and the maximum, average, and minimum temperatures were measured. These measurements were carried out in the agrometeorological stations belonging to the Agro-climatic Information System for Irrigation (SIAR, in Spanish) of the Region of Castilla and León, in Spain, through the concept of Virtual Weather Station (VWS), which is implemented with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This is serving to estimate data in every point of the territory, according to their geographic coordinates (i.e., longitude and latitude). The ANNs of the Multilayer Feed-Forward Perceptron (MLP) used are daily trained, along with data recorded in 53 agro-meteorological stations, and where the validation of the results is conducted in the station of Tordesillas (Valladolid). The ANN models for daily interpolation were tested with one, two, three, and four neurons in the hidden layer, over a period of 15 days (from 1 to 15 June 2020), with a root mean square error (RMSE, MJ/m2) of 1.23, 1.38, 1.31, and 1.04, respectively, regarding the daily global solar irradiation. The interpolation of ambient temperature also performed well when applying the VWS concept, with an RMSE (°C) of 0.68 for the maximum temperature with an ANN of four hidden neurons, 0.58 for the average temperature with three hidden neurons, and 0.83 for the minimum temperature with four hidden neurons.

Producción Científica, This study evaluates the predictive modeling of the daily ambient temperature (maximum, Tmax; average, Tave; and minimum, Tmin) and its hourly estimation (T0h, …, T23h) using artificial neural networks (ANNs) for agricultural applications. The data, 2004–2010, were used for training and 2011 for validation, recorded at the SIAR agrometeorological station of Mansilla Mayor (León). ANN models for daily prediction have three neurons in the output layer (Tmax(t + 1), Tave(t + 1), Tmin(t + 1)). Two models were evaluated: (1) with three entries (Tmax(t), Tave(t), Tmin(t)), and (2) adding the day of the year (J(t)). The inclusion of J(t) improves the predictions, with an RMSE for Tmax = 2.56, Tave = 1.65 and Tmin = 2.09 (°C), achieving better results than the classical statistical methods (typical year Tave = 3.64 °C; weighted moving mean Tmax = 2.76, Tave = 1.81 and Tmin = 2.52 (°C); linear regression Tave = 1.85 °C; and Fourier Tmax = 3.75, Tave = 2.67 and Tmin = 3.34 (°C)) for one year. The ANN models for hourly estimation have 24 neurons in the output layer (T0h(t), …, T23h(t)) corresponding to the mean hourly temperature. In this case, the inclusion of the day of the year (J(t)) does not significantly improve the estimations, with an RMSE = 1.25 °C, but it improves the results of the ASHRAE method, which obtains an RMSE = 2.36 °C for one week. The results obtained, with lower prediction errors than those achieved with the classical methods, confirm the interest in using the ANN models for predicting temperatures in agricultural applications., Unión Europea - (project H2020-FNR-2020-1/CE-FNR-07-2020)

El presente trabajo está estructurado a partir de la conexión de dos áreas concretas: la Educación Artística y la Educación Ambiental. Así, ambas disciplinas son abordadas e interrelacionados en una serie de actividades que parten del movimiento artístico del Land Art y del Climate Change Art, mediante los que se trabaja la conciencia ambiental y distintos elementos y términos propios de la crisis climática inherente a la realidad socioambiental del momento. A través de esta intervención llevaba a cabo en un contexto rural en Ghana, pretendemos que el alumnado conozca un nuevo lenguaje expresivo y adquiera una serie de herramientas y valores que le permitan comprender la problemática ambiental y ofrecer soluciones apropiadas desde una actitud de responsabilidad y cuidado ambiental., Grado en Educación Infantil

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido una aproximación al estudio del nivel de desarrollo de la competencia climática en los últimos cursos de la Educación Primaria. El trabajo ha sido una investigación mixta que ha empleado la metodología cualitativa para el análisis de los documentos de los centros y la cuantitativa para el análisis de los datos obtenidos a partir del cuestionario. Este se ha encontrado estructurado según dimensiones competenciales y ha sido elaborado para el proyecto nacional de “Educación para el Cambio Climática y la Sostenibilidad, un estudio longitudinal del aprendizaje intergeneracional”. Los datos obtenidos muestran que a pesar del gran desarrollo en el ámbito de los documentos por parte de uno de los centros, se observa un mayor nivel de adquisición de la competencia climática en la dimensión instrumental por parte del otro centro., Grado en Educación Primaria