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This paper builds upon histories of Berwick Bridge, setting out a new interdisciplinary appraisal of its conception, design choices, and construction to account for its unique arch profile. Berwick Bridge is a sandstone bridge of 15 arches that spans the Tweed, a river that delimits much of the English-Scottish border on the east coast of Great Britain. Constructed between 1611 and 1624, after the Union of the Crowns in 1603, Berwick Bridge is a rare example of a state-funded building project during peacetime, and it represents an embryonic form of national infrastructure that would not re-emerge until the 19th century. However, the economic importance of Berwick-upon-Tweed belies the sufferance of the unreliable crossings that had previously served the town until the stone bridge was finished, and an explanation of the bridge's geometry is absent from current literature. By pairing a history of the town's experience of construction embodied in wooden iterations of the bridge and the fortifications, the technical confidence of the principal designers is affirmed in the shifting arch shapes as reflexive to material and monetary availability—as well as the site's challenging physical geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early quantification of the catchment water balance in the 17th century has been well documented. But there is one book, called L'Hydrographe or La Science des Eaux, that was published by a Jesuit priest, Père Jean François, in Rennes in 1653 (20 years before the publication of Pierre Perrault's De l'Origine des Fontaines) that has been largely overlooked. The book is split into four parts that deal with the formation, movement and mixing of waters and the origin of springs. Further parts were published with La Science des Eaux that deal with the arts of surveying and drawing of maps, and the construction of canals and fountains, with a final part on doing arithmetic with integers and real numbers "with pen and counters." François was convinced, much more than Perrault, that the waters of springs were the result of rainfall and snowmelt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mavi Atlas is the property of Mavi Atlas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2012, a well-preserved wooden sailing vessel was found near Tallinn, Estonia. Initial research suggested it to be a fluit, a merchant vessel from the first half of the 17th century. New and more thorough research was carried out in 2022 and this article summarises the results of the later fieldwork. New finds and measurements suggest a later dating than the initial one – construction in the second half of 17th century and sinking somewhere during the last quarter of the century. The vessel has a lot of similarities with other well-preserved fluit wrecks that are used here as a comparison. The origin of the vessel is yet unknown, but clay analysis of the brick used in the galley suggests a location somewhere around Lübeck – a well-known trading partner of Tallinn (then called Reval). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissemination of specimen data in scientific collections is a crucial step in making them available to the scientific community. However, even today, especially in some countries, little or nothing is known about the contents of the naturalistic collections of some museums. This is regrettable, especially in cases where the collections include historic specimens and endangered species. The Museum of Comparative Anatomy “Giovanni Battista Grassi”, situated in Rome, Italy, houses historical anatomical and didactic collections, with specimens gathered from 1600s and almost worldwide. The collection holds 444 specimens of medium and large-sized terrestrial mammals, comprising 25 fossils, 40 skins, 186 skulls, 70 skeletons and 123 anatomical pieces, representing 63% of recent mammal orders, mainly from localities of Africa and Europe. A list of this material, indexed by the orders and families, is provided, as well as comments on the conservation status of the species. Remarkable data are summarised, including new data on a hippopotamus specimen from an extinct population and the record of three rhinoceros species from 1600s. Besides comparative anatomical studies, the Museum of Comparative Anatomy of Sapienza University emerges as a source of important material for biodiversity genomics.

The objective of this article is to shed light on the history of the Reformation in 17th-century Geneva. The lens through which this study is conducted is that of religious publishing activity, which was significantly managed by the Company of Pastors and Professors. The role of the Company in religious publishing is inextricably linked to the unique status of the Church of Geneva within the broader context of the Reformation. The Company's institutional archives offer insight into the issues at stake in the printed book matters. This article focuses on the role of the Company in local censorship, which diminished over the period under study. The Company's censorship function enabled it to exert concrete influence on the global scale of Reformed publishing. This influence was the consequence of the Company's ecclesiastical and theological authority. This authority derived from the status of the Church of Geneva as the principal church and birthplace of the Reformation in the 16th century. An analysis of the metaphors signifying and symbolizing this role in the printed books themselves underlines the pre-eminence of the Church of Geneva in 17th-century Reformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies (OMAD) / Osmanlı Mirası Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper attempts to verify the hierarchy of towns in Lower Silesia on the basis of population data from the second decade of the 17th century, assuming that a statistically described distribution law applies. The analysis of the city size distribution was based on Gibrat's law and Zipf's rank‐size rule. This made it possible to verify the assumptions made at the outset and to estimate the population of towns of unknown size and designated rank. The research carried out suggests a revision of the estimates, especially for the largest cities in the region, which tend to be underestimated. Studies have also shown that the method can be extremely useful for verifying uncertain and incomplete historical demographic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The links between the Hospitaller Order and the American continent witnessed, in the transition from the 17th and 18th Centuries, a period of successes and failures. After the sale of its Caribbean colonies to France in 1665, its Knights of the Langue of Castile rendered notable services to the Habsburg Monarchy in the New World, while at the same time the chronistic memory and cultural “bon goût” continued to have the Western Indies as a central space of their projection. Likewise, its members in Bourbon Spain did not cease to promote a return to America through the establishment of commanderies in frontier areas to fight the “infidels”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correspondence of the Count of Gondomar represents a collection with multiple possibilities of study for new perspectives on corruption and its connections with perceptions of failure. Based on the richness of this epistolary corpus, the article analyses the impact that corruption, or the mechanisms against it, had on the failure of the trajectories of agents and vassals of the Iberian Monarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a corpus of ten preserved Dubrovnik comedies from the 17th century, the so-called smješnice. The study of these smješnice draws on interpretation and classification of the comedy routine of the lazzi. The authors of these comedies adopted and adapted them under the direct or indirect influence of performance and the written traces of the commedia dell'arte performances. The physical features of the lazzi, especially the acrobatic, mime and mimetic elements, necessitate a thorough investigation of the performance features of these comedies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally known that during the Reformation, there was no good relationship between the Protestant denominations, and rather discord and intolerance characterized the relationship between the Lutheran and Calvinist churches in particular. The same applied to the rejectionist and sometimes-persecutory attitude of the two leading Protestant doctrines towards radical tendencies. This was manifested on several levels and for different reasons. First and foremost, it was caused by theological differences, i.e. each Reformation doctrine was convinced of the sole truth of its own doctrine. These disagreements were manifested in the first joint Protestant synods and later in disputes between individual theologians, in polemical writings, but also in the denial of any unification of religions. Another important factor that influenced the bad relationship was, of course, the loss of believers. Especially the Evangelical Church, which had been established in the mid-16th century, feared that the later spreading Swiss Reformation doctrines would cause a loss of believers. However, there have been individual, local examples where different Protestant religions have been able to cooperate and ally with each other very well and profitably when mutual benefit or even existential motivation was at stake. The paper would like to outline some examples of this: the union between the Protestants and the Reformed in Zemplín County existing throughout six decades in the 17th century, the union between the Reformed Church and the Bohemian brethren concluded in 1647, and the union in the form of smooth coexistence between the Protestants and the Reformed in Košice in the first half of the 17th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the adversities and significant obstacles encountered by Korean potters during the 17th century and their endeavors to surmount these challenges by enhancing the government kiln system and refining pottery production techniques, drawing insights from an analysis of historical records and artifacts. Furthermore, it investigates the adaptation and resettlement experiences of Korean potters who were abducted to Japan. As part of the restructuring of the government kiln system aimed to improve the conditions of artisans, initiatives were undertaken to secure cloth taxes. Additionally, the system of mandatory labor shifted from mandatory labor assignments to artisans choosing their employment in the government kilns. Measures were taken to broaden access to high-quality clay by expanding raw material sources. Challenges related to kiln mobility, which encumbered artisans, prompted the proposal of fixed kiln establishments. Regarding production techniques, artisans exerted significant efforts to master the adept application of iron-red pigment, known as seokganju, as a substitute for cobalt blue. This endeavor resulted in the emergence of simple yet naturally bold designs evident in the patterns of porcelain crafted in local kilns using underglaze iron. Kiln construction techniques advanced with the introduction of more sophisticated kilns, featuring inner walls and pillars to enhance firing processes. Moreover, a kiln design characterized by a widened base ascending toward the chimney in a ladderlike formation, initially developed in local kilns, served as the prototype for government-operated kilns. Meanwhile, artisans who were abducted or forcibly relocated to Japan acclimated to various local environments across Kyushu. Leveraging their advanced skills compared to Japanese artisans, they focused on crafting ceramics and tea bowl ware in the Joseon style. Notably, artisans such as Yi Sampyeong played a pivotal role in Japan's inaugural porcelain production by discovering new clay deposits. Families like the Satsuma-based Sim Sugwan clan persisted in the ceramic production across generations, establishing themselves as prominent figures in the Japanese ceramic industry. Although the 17th century presented formidable obstacles to Korean potters, they met these challenges with remarkable diligence and ingenuity, pioneering new styles and technological advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On yedinci yüzyıldan itibaren Avrupa'nın en yakınındaki “öteki” olan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na duyduğu merak ve bu ülkeyle gelişen ilişkileri, Avrupalı elçileri, temsilcileri, tüccarları ve gezginleri bu toprakları ziyaret etmeye teşvik etti. Doğu'ya yapılan yolculuklar ve bu yolculuklara dair anlatıların yayınlanması, Doğu'ya dair bir bilgi birikimi ve temsillerin temellerini attı. Akdeniz'de gelişen bir ticaret merkezi olarak İzmir, Avrupalı seyyahların Doğu'ya yaptıkları yolculuklarda güzergahlarına dahil ettikleri bir yer haline geldi. Seyahatnamelerde İzmir'in kentsel yaşamı, günlük rutini, demografisi ve sosyal yapısının yanı sıra fiziksel çevresi, coğrafi özellikleri ve mimari manzarası da betimlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, on yedinci yüzyıla ait bu anlatıları, özellikle de İngiliz ve Fransız seyyahların anlatılarını, ortak yönlerinin yanı sıra bireysel ve özgün bakış açıları açısından ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Buna ek olarak, çalışmada, on yedinci yüzyıldaki Doğu'ya bakışın - İzmir'in bu seyahatnamelerdeki metinsel ve görsel temsillerinin kanıtladığı üzere - on sekizinci ve on dokuzuncu yüzyıl Oryantalizminin bir başlangıcı olarak görülüp görülemeyeceği sorgulanmaktadır.

Copyright of Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine is the property of Societe d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper studies on multilingual administrative writing in Sweden during the early modern era of emerging national language ideology within the domain of court writing. The source material for this study consists of lower-court records from Finnish-speaking areas of the Swedish realm c. 1620–1700. The court system in Sweden was reformed in 1614 with the establishment of appellate courts that scrutinized the sentences passed by lower courts. Court records were written in Swedish, the official language of administrative writing of the period, but certain segments, notably represented speech, could be rendered in Finnish. This required textual mediation between the prescribed Swedish language of the court protocol, and the non-standard spoken Finnish in the courtrooms. The aim is to examine the embedding strategies, retention patterns, and textual mediation in the multilingual writing of 17th-century Finnish court scribes. The results show that Finnish is retained for especially pertinent or untranslatable witness statements. At the end of the 17th century, the use of parallel Swedish translations and clarifications to Finnish items increased. It is argued that this increase is due to the imposition of autocracy in 1680 and a concomitant push towards monolingual Swedish uniformity within the entire realm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uniqueness and detail in the depiction of Croatian regions gives Glavač's map exceptional importance as part of the Croatian cultural heritage. Since Glavač left behind as written evidence of map creation only its title and an exhaustive dedication, other information about the map remains unknown. The appearance of the cartographic network indicates that it is a normal aspect of cylindrical projection. From the relationship between the coordinates from the map, we concluded that Glavač used the equidistant cylindrical projection with the equator as a standard parallel. After that we have calculated that the ratio of the radius of the Earth's sphere to the scale of the map is 2292.7. The numerical scale of the map can be determined from a graphical scale and from the calculated ratio of the radius to the map scale. Since there were several attempts to determine the Earth's dimensions at the time of Glavač's map, there are several possible radii of the Earth's sphere. At the end of the paper, calculating the interval of the numerical scale of the map enabled us to refute and/or accept the theses of other authors who cited different scales of Glavač's map in their works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies (OMAD) / Osmanlı Mirası Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of PLANARCH - Design & Planning Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the early 17th century, Dutch agents carried out commercial activities along the rivers of the Portuguese Amazon, which did not align with the geopolitical interests of the Spanish and Portuguese authorities in the region. In Portuguese documentation, the Dutch were portrayed as “pirates,” “smugglers,” and “heretics.” However, many of those who traveled to the farthest reaches of the rainforest were respected merchants in Europe who saw an opportunity for profit in the peripheral regions of the Hispanic Empire. The trading post system was not only used to bring Amazonian products to world markets but also connected the Indians of Maranhão and Grão-Pará with the financial circuits of Dutch cities. The objective of this text is to examine the exchanges between Amazon Indians and northern European commercial networks during the Iberian union, a period often referred to as “Dutch Brazil.”

The Letters of Angélique Arnauld to the Queen of Poland Louise-Marie de Gonzague make up a good example of the rhetorical place that divine Providence can hold. Seeing as it is a matter of linking the earthly event to its superior causality, in order to lead the recipient of the letter to a renewed understanding of the world, Providence plays indeed the part of a rhetorical driving force: it becomes the principle making the world decipherable, and the horizon governing the implementation of emotions. Expanded to the dimension of eternity, the human event thus becomes a tragedy that can be requalified by a textual dynamic concerned both with commenting on it and with leaving it to its own mystery.

The present article primarily deals with the personality of Sophia of Hanover and her claims to the succession to the English throne. Sophia and her descendants (specifically George I) were appointed by the Act of Settlement as heirs to the throne upon the death of Anne Stuart. The life of Sophia, as well as her relations with the English monarchs and the Stuart family as such, will be outlined through the memoirs not only of Sophia herself but also of her family members, as well as through the correspondence of Sophie herself, including the English monarchs of the period under review.

This article uses historical and climatological methods to recontextualise the first decade of Dutch settlement at the Cape, 1652–62. It draws on weather data contained in the Journal of Jan van Riebeeck, natural proxies in the region, climate reanalysis and the global context of a particularly severe period during the Little Ice Age to reconstruct climatic conditions at monthly and seasonal scales for the decade under review. This reconstruction shows that the Dutch settled at a time of declining moisture at the Cape: relatively wet summers gave way to dry winters, while short-term droughts and deluges were regular occurrences. It then integrates this climatic context into an understanding of the history of this period. In so doing, it argues that adverse climatic conditions helped to undermine early Dutch designs on intensive agriculture, accelerated many free burghers' initial transition towards pastoralism, shaped the timing and volume of the cattle trade between settlers and indigenous populations and exacerbated tensions that led to the first Khoikhoi–Dutch war (1659–60). It may also have enhanced the transmission of and deaths from disease, though the evidence in this instance is less conclusive. In short, a climate-historical perspective shows that adverse climatic and environmental factors critically affected many of the core themes that are already associated with the history of early Dutch settlement at the Cape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Born in Szeklerland and educated in Marosvásárhely (Târgu Mureş) and Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca), Mátyás Váradi spent three years from 1665 at universities in the Low Countries, in Leiden, Utrecht and Franeker. During his studies, he prepared and arranged his work Burning Torch for the press, in which he argued, in a form reminiscent of school disputations, for the antiquity and truth of the Reformed theology, deriving Catholic teaching from the heresies of the early Christian era. A total of 306 references can be read on the pages of the work. By analyzing these, we can gain an insight into Váradi’s specific way of thinking and working method, on the one hand, and the other hand, we can get an idea of what basic works he relied on, and which of these can be assumed to have been acquired during his studies in the Low Countries. Based on the references that can be resolved with absolute certainty, a 108-item bibliography can be reconstructed. This, of course, only indirectly refers to Váradi’s reading literacy, since it was determined not so much by the actual readership of the author, but by the specific character and reasoning of the work. This explains why authors of the Antiquity were omitted and the classics of Humanism and Protestantism were neglected. The referencesto the Burning Torch follow the trends of Transylvanian culture. Váradi most often cited works that were available in Transylvania, even if they were not in common use. However, among the references, there are also three dozen works which, according to the surviving book lists, were not found in Transylvania and Hungary, or were extremely rare. During the peregrination in the Low Countries, therefore, Váradi greatly increased his readership in systematic and controversial theology, and to some extent in canon law and church history. Of course, this overall impression can be further refined and nuanced by involving other types of sources, by analyzing references from contemporary authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific production on the ecclesiastical chapters of the Philippines is, to this day, clearly insufficient, especially when compared with other parts of the Spanish empire. As collegiate bodies, the cabildos reflected the interest of the criollos and beneméritos of Manila to increase their influence through the promotion of their members in the ecclesiastical career. This article focuses on the first period of the government of Miguel de Poblete (1653-1663), eighth Archbishop of Manila (1649-1667), who stands out for his willingness to promote the diocesan --or secular-- clergy to the detriment of religious orders, which had traditionally exercised their hegemony in the archipelago. From a micro-political approach based on the study of primary sources and contemporary and subsequent historiography, this study shows the importance of personal ties of friendship, patronage, and kinship in the constitution of the political family of the Archbishop Poblete, especially through the granting of mass chaplaincies, curates, and prebends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the 17th century the interest in crime news was enhanced by the appearance of the Old Bailey Trial Proceedings as a specialised periodical publication recounting trial narratives in a condensed form. Despite their formulaic character, the Old Bailey Proceedings provided middle- and upper-class readers with an insight into the dynamics of the courtroom and were therefore important vehicles for the dissemination of specialised knowledge. In my study I adopt a corpus-assisted discourse approach in order to identify collocational patterns around key words and investigate their role in the construction of meaning and ideology in discourse. Findings show that while most of the accounts encode the reporter's alignment with the jury's decision, some occasionally go offscript by problematising the logical coherence between evidence and verdict through a skilful packaging of the information which ultimately challenges the myth of an infallible justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The great variety of lithological, stratigraphical and structural features (particularly in mountain areas), as well as volcanoes and sub–volcanic phenomena, attracted many travelling scientists to the Italian peninsula since the 17th century. The description of the Earth's strata became an important issue of the naturalistic research after the works by Niels Steensen (Steno). From the end of the 17th century until the end of the 18th century lithostratigraphical research developed in Italy within the studies and fieldwork of remarkable scientists, such as Antonio Vallisneri, Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, Giovanni Arduino and others. The emergence of stratigraphy, as a significant part of the new science of geology, was later supported by the work of several Italian scientists and geological institutions from the 19th to the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Res Historica is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Etnolingwistyka is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the specific, both sociologically and geographically determined Polish language of Kyiv, perceived by the author as a "territorial variation of the Polish literary language existing within the circle of Polish and Ruthenian intelligentsia in Kyiv in the 17th century around the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, represented by the prints of the typography of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra." The key was the application of linguistic criteria (phonetic, inflectional and syntactic ones) and answering the question of which variation of the borderland Polish we are dealing with: the northern or the southern one. However, a review of linguistic features shows that the Kyiv Polish language situates itself between the north and south borderlands. At every level of the language, features characteristic of both the southern and northern borderlands are noticeable, with the majority accounting for features common to both regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction. Disputes about the “uniqueness” of one’s era in comparison with the achievements of previous ones have always been a “cornerstone” in the perception of past concepts regarding the values of the achievements of predecessors. However, at one time, Confucius said his world-famous phrase that if you don’t look back, there is no way forward. But many people are not interested in their past. That is why the “Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes” in the form of a literary debate, centered on a comparison of the value of the contributions of ancient authors and French authors of the 17th century, and which was widespread at the time, is still relevant today. The purpose and objectives of the article. The purpose of the article is to highlight the perception of the values of previous eras in the paradigms of “non-contemporary” prominent philosophers and writers. The tasks of the article are to reveal the reasons for the primordial disputes about “ancient and new”, a natural return to ancient literature and ancient philosophy. Research methodology. The leading research methods were: content-comparative - to analyze the reliability of judgments of French writers of the 17th century; retrospective, which helps to investigate the phenomenon of the value of “the ancient in the new” in the century-old controversy, the method of personalization, which ensures the study and understanding of the works of S. Perrault and his contemporaries. The results. It’s no secret that the tasks of art in the Antiquity, Middle Ages and Modern times differed greatly. For Antiquity, every craftsman was an artist, while the activity of a painter and sculptor was a more complex craft. It is typical for that time that there was almost no idea about creativity and the creative act, but despite this, the ancient Greeks were able to create immortal examples of art. The art of the Middle Ages was supposed to embody a moralistic character and remind of the eternal, the art of romanticism saw godlike creativity as its goal. The art of the 20th century presented its ideal in the denial of everything that the previous era saw as its goal, periodically declaring the death of art. Based on the fact that today there are many different ideas about the goals and tasks of modern art, we cannot say with full confidence what is the common goal of the art of our days, and it is even more difficult for us to imagine how art will live, for example, through a hundred years. Conclusions. So, we can come to the conclusion that in the era of the early Enlightenment, the attitude to the ancient heritage, in particular in France and England, was not unambiguous even among the educated aristocracy or university professors who knew Greco-Roman works well enough. This is clearly evidenced by the century-old dispute “about ancient and new”, which caused a lot of auxiliary discussions. Undoubtedly, even today arguing and debating about the art of previous eras and our own has a place in philosophy and literature, and they continue to do this with success for more than one hundred years. But to prove the rightness of one of the sides of these disputes is a sufficiently dubious matter for science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The excavation of Warwick, an early 17th-century English ship wrecked in a hurricane, yielded more than 2,000 individual cultural objects, the largest and most significant being the articulated remains of the starboard section of the hull. This article details the objects salvaged and excavated from the site prior to 2008 and presents an overview of selected artefacts recovered during 2010-12 excavations by the authors. The objects included in this catalog are those that have been analyzed, already conserved, or are currently in various stages of conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work pretends to present nine previously unknown documents related to the preparation, execution, and reception of the first Mapuche-Spanishparliament in Quillín in 1641. These documents differ from those previously published because their authors were high ranking secular leaders. We hope that the addition of these documents will allow for the creation of new areas of study related to the Arauco Indian war and the political intentions of Chile's 17th-century Spanish governors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account the similarities expressed on the use given by Hispanics and Mapuche alike to the cross and the cinnamon tree during the peace parliamentary meetings and their armed encounters during the 17th Century, we state that the symbol of the cross was striped out by the mapuche of the free lands of the religious protective aura given by the missionaries, and dressed with a protective aura, meant not to defend them from those supernatural beings which populated the surrounding nature, but as a political symbol that stated the quality as Indian friend or allied to the Spaniard of all those who signed the peace treaties at the parliaments. In this sense, its use is seen as a performance act intended to represent themselves historically within the context of Hispanic-Mapuche relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Mediterranea - Ricerche Storiche is the property of Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Stavanger domkirke er utsmykket med en prekestol og fem epitafier skåret og malt i perioden 1658–1676. Det barokke inventaret er i kunsthistorien tilskrevet Anders Lauritsen Smith. Nye funn i primærkilder slik som regnskap, rettsprotokoller og brev, samt resultater fra undersøkelser av verktøyspor og visuelle trekk ved gjenstandene, trekker denne attribusjonen i tvil.