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Different fatty acids have distinct effects on the survival of breast cancer cells, which could be mediated by fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs), a family of lipid chaperones. Due to the diverse structures of the members of FABP family, each FABP demonstrates distinct binding affinities to different fatty acids. Of note, FABP7 is predominantly expressed in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer. Yet, the role of FABP7 in modulating the effects of fatty acids on TNBC survival was unclear. In contrast to the high expression of FABP7 in human TNBC tumours, FABP7 protein was undetectable in TNBC cell lines. Hence, a FABP7 overexpression model was used for this study, in which the transduced TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T) were treated with various mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid (OA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) inhibited TNBC cell growth at high concentrations, with no differences resulted from FABP7 overexpression. Interestingly, overexpression of FABP7 augmented linoleic acid-induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells. The increased cell death may be explained by a decrease in 13-HODE, a pro-tumorigenic oxidation product of linoleic acid. The phenotype was, however, attenuated with a rescue treatment using 25 nM 13-HODE. The decrease in 13-HODE was potentially due to fatty acid partitioning modulated by FABP7, as demonstrated by a 3-fold increase in fatty acid oxidation. Our findings suggest that linoleic acid could be a potential therapeutic strategy for FABP7-overexpressing TNBC patients. Image 1 • FABP7 overexpression augmented MDA-MB-231 cell death when treated with linoleic acid. • Downregulation of 13-HODE level contributed to linoleic acid-induced cell death. • Increased fatty acid oxidation suggests a new role of FABP7 in fatty acid partitioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine are lipids regulating many physiological processes, notably inflammation. Endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitors are now being investigated as potential anti-inflammatory agents. In addition to 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine, the endocannabinoidome also includes other monoacylglycerols and N-acyl-ethanolamines such as 1-linoleoyl-glycerol (1-LG) and N-linoleoyl-ethanolamine (LEA). By increasing monoacylglycerols and/or N-acyl-ethanolamine levels, endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitors will likely increase the levels of their metabolites. Herein, we investigated whether 1-LG and LEA were substrates for the 15-lipoxygenase pathway, given that both possess a 1Z,4Z-pentadiene motif, near their omega end. We thus assessed how human eosinophils and neutrophils biosynthesized the 15-lipoxygenase metabolites of 1-LG and LEA. Linoleic acid (LA), a well-documented substrate of 15-lipoxygenases, was used as positive control. N-13-hydroxy-octodecadienoyl-ethanolamine (13-HODE-EA) and 13-hydroxy-octodecadienoyl-glycerol (13-HODE-G), the 15-lipoxygenase metabolites of LEA and 1-LG, were synthesized using Novozym 435 and soybean lipoxygenase. Eosinophils, which express the 15-lipoxygenase-1, metabolized LA, 1-LG, and LEA into their 13-hydroxy derivatives. This was almost complete after five minutes. Substrate preference of eosinophils was LA > LEA > 1-LG in presence of 13-HODE-G hydrolysis inhibition with methyl-arachidonoyl-fluorophosphonate. Human neutrophils also metabolized LA, 1-LG, and LEA into their 13-hydroxy derivatives. This was maximal after 15–30 s. Substrate preference was LA ≫ 1-LG > LEA. Importantly, 13-HODE-G was found in humans and mouse tissue samples. In conclusion, our data show that human eosinophils and neutrophils metabolize 1-LG and LEA into the novel endogenous 15-lipoxygenase metabolites 13-HODE-G and 13-HODE-EA. The full biological importance of 13-HODE-G and 13-HODE-EA remains to be explored.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a major public health problem worldwide. The study aimed to evaluate the concentration of eicosanoids in serum and liver tissue during steatosis progression and to assess whether eicosanoid change scores may predict liver tissue remodeling. Thirty six eight-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were enrolled and sacrificed at different stages of NAFLD. Eicosanoid concentrations, namely lipoxin A4, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE), hydroxyloctadecadienoic acids (HODE), protectin DX, Maresine1, leucotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, and resolvin D1 measurement in serum and liver tissue with Agilent Technologies 1260 liquid chromatography were evaluated. For the liver and serum concentrations of 9-HODE and 13-HODE, the correlations were found to be strong and positive (r > 0.7, p < 0.05). Along with NAFLD progression, HODE concentration significantly increased, and change scores were more abundant in the liver. The moderate positive correlation between liver and serum (r = 0.52, p < 0.05) was also observed for resolvin E1. The eicosanoid concentration decreased during NAFLD progression, but mostly in serum. There were significant correlations between HETE concentrations in liver and serum, but their associations were relatively low and changes the most in liver tissue. Eicosanoids profile, predominantly 9-HODE and 13-HODE, may serve as a potential biomarker for NAFLD development.

Oxidized lipids present in atherogenic lipoproteins are derived, in part, from the diet. To address the effects of an oxidized lipid on intestinal lipoprotein assembly and secretion, CaCo-2 cells were incubated with 13-HODE or its native fatty acid, linoleic acid, and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein synthesis and secretion were investigated. 13-HODE was readily taken up by cells and esterified to lipids. Although both fatty acids were largely esterified to neutral lipids, in comparison to neutral lipids containing linoleic acid, a greater proportion of cellular neutral lipids containing 13-HODE and/or its metabolites was secreted. Compared to linoleic acid, however, 13-HODE caused less triacylglycerol, derived from de novo synthesis, and less triacylglycerol mass to be secreted. Cells incubated with both linoleic acid and 13-HODE together secreted less triacylglycerol mass than did cells incubated with linoleic acid alone. Less newly synthesized apoB and apoB mass were secreted by cells incubated with 13-HODE without altering the abundance of apoB mRNA. The fraction of newly synthesized apoB translocated into the secretory pathway of cells exposed to 13-HODE was significantly less than that observed in cells incubated with linolenic acid, suggesting that 13-HODE interfered with the assembly and secretion of triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein particles.—Murthy, S., E. Born, S. Mathur, and F. J. Field. 13-Hydroxy octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) inhibits triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein secretion by CaCo-2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 1998. 39: 1254–1262.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is thought to exert anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory and weight loss effects. The impact on eicosanoid biosynthesis may be one of the mechanisms of its action. The aim of this study was to establish whether CLA mixture supplemented daily after administration of carcinogen (7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, DMBA) influenced the concentration of linoleic and arachidonic acid metabolites: 13- or 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (13-, 9-HODE) and 15-, 12- or 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (15-, 12- or 5-HETE) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) in rat serum and DMBA-induced tumours. The correlations between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and HETE and HODE contents in serum were also investigated. Female Sprague–Dawley rats divided into three groups according to the diet (1% Bio-C.L.A., 2% Bio-C.L.A. and plant oil in the control group) were used in the study. On the 50th day of life some of the animals in every dietary group were administered DMBA to induce tumours. Since that day, the rats were fed one of the above-mentioned diets. After 15 weeks the animals were sacrificed and blood and tumours were collected. HETE and HODE were extracted using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method on C18 columns and analysed with LC-MS/MS. The results of our study showed that CLA daily supplementation after carcinogen administration influence LA and AA metabolite levels in serum and tumours. However, the ratios of eicosanoids having opposite effects (e.g. 12-HETE/15-HETE), not concentrations of particular compounds, appear to be better indicators of pathological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The oxidation of linoleic acid produces several products with biological activity including the hydroperoxy fatty acid 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE), the hydroxy fatty acid 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), and the 2,4-dienone 13-oxooctadecadienoic acid (13-OXO). In the present work, the peroxidase activity of glutathione transferases (GST) A1-1, M1-1, M2-2, and P1-1(Val 105) toward 13-HPODE has been examined. The alpha class enzyme is the most efficient peroxidase while the two enzymes from the mu class exhibit weak peroxidase activity toward 13-HPODE. It was also determined that the conjugated diene 13-HODE is not a substrate for GST from the alpha and mu classes but that 13-HODE does inhibit the GST-catalyzed conjugation of CDNB by enzymes from the alpha, mu, and pi classes. Finally, both 13-HODE and 13-OXO were shown to be inducers of GST activity in HT-29 and HCT-116 colon tumor cells. These data help to clarify the role of GST in the metabolic disposition of linoleic acid oxidation products. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A major bioactive metabolite of linoleic acid formed by the action of 15-lipoxygenase-1 is 13(S)-hydroxy-cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE). 13(S)-HODE is an important intracellular signal agent and is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in various biological systems. Separation and quantification of 13(S)-HODE from biological materials has previously been achieved only by using radiolabeled linoleic acid as the substrate and two serially connected or two separate HPLC columns to achieve separation of 13(S)-HODE. In the current method, separation and quantification of 13(S)-HODE was achieved by use of a normal-phase HPLC and a solvent system containing hexane/isopropanol/acetonitrile/acetic acid (800/8/30/1, v/v) using isocratic elution with detection at 235 nm. With the currently described method, good separation from unreacted interfering compounds and quantification for 13(S)-HODE were achieved within 35 min with a minimum detection limit of 0.5 ng per injection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine are lipids regulating many physiological processes, notably inflammation. Endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitors are now being investigated as potential anti-inflammatory agents. In addition to 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine, the endocannabinoidome also includes other monoacylglycerols and N-acyl-ethanolamines such as 1-linoleoyl-glycerol (1-LG) and N-linoleoyl-ethanolamine (LEA). By increasing monoacylglycerols and/or N-acyl-ethanolamine levels, endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitors will likely increase the levels of their metabolites. Herein, we investigated whether 1-LG and LEA were substrates for the 15-lipoxygenase pathway, given that both possess a 1Z,4Z-pentadiene motif, near their omega end. We thus assessed how human eosinophils and neutrophils biosynthesized the 15-lipoxygenase metabolites of 1-LG and LEA. Linoleic acid (LA), a well-documented substrate of 15-lipoxygenases, was used as positive control. N-13-hydroxy-octodecadienoyl-ethanolamine (13-HODE-EA) and 13-hydroxy-octodecadienoyl-glycerol (13-HODE-G), the 15-lipoxygenase metabolites of LEA and 1-LG, were synthesized using Novozym 435 and soybean lipoxygenase. Eosinophils, which express the 15-lipoxygenase-1, metabolized LA, 1-LG, and LEA into their 13-hydroxy derivatives. This was almost complete after five minutes. Substrate preference of eosinophils was LA > LEA > 1-LG in presence of 13-HODE-G hydrolysis inhibition with methyl-arachidonoyl-fluorophosphonate. Human neutrophils also metabolized LA, 1-LG, and LEA into their 13-hydroxy derivatives. This was maximal after 15–30 s. Substrate preference was LA ≫ 1-LG > LEA. Importantly, 13-HODE-G was found in humans and mouse tissue samples. In conclusion, our data show that human eosinophils and neutrophils metabolize 1-LG and LEA into the novel endogenous 15-lipoxygenase metabolites 13-HODE-G and 13-HODE-EA. The full biological importance of 13-HODE-G and 13-HODE-EA remains to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between glioblastoma (GBM) and fatty acid metabolism could be the key to elucidate more effective therapeutic targets. 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX), a linolenic acid and arachidonic acid metabolizing enzyme, induces both pro- and antitumorigenic effects in different cancer types. Its role in glioma activity has not yet been clearly described. The objective of this study was to identify the influence of 15-LOX and its metabolites on glioblastoma cell activity. Methods: GBM cell lines were examined using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to identify 15-LOX metabolites. GBM cells treated with 15-LOX metabolites, 13-hydroxyoctadecadeinoic acid (HODE) and 9-HODE, and two 15-LOX inhibitors (luteolin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid) were also examined. Dose response/viability curves, RT-PCRs, flow cytometry, migration assays, and zymograms were performed to analyze GBM growth, migration, and invasion. Results: Higher quantities of 13-HODE were observed in five GBM cell lines compared to other lipids analyzed. Both 13-HODE and 9-HODE increased cell count in U87MG. 15-LOX inhibition decreased migration and increased cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Conclusion: 15-LOX and its linoleic acid (LA)-derived metabolites exercise a protumorigenic influence on GBM cells in vitro. Elevated endogenous levels of 13-HODE called attention to the relationship between linoleic acid metabolism and GBM cell activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

APC mutation activation of Wnt/β-catenin drives initiation of colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC). Additional factors potentiate β-catenin activation to promote CRC. Western diets are enriched in linoleic acid (LA); LA-enriched diets promote chemically induced CRC in rodents. 15-Lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1), the main LA-metabolizing enzyme, is transcriptionally silenced during CRC. Whether LA and 15-LOX-1 affect Wnt/β-catenin signaling is unclear. We report that high dietary LA promotes CRC in mice treated with azoxymethane or with an intestinally targeted Apc mutation (Apc Δ580 ) by upregulating Wnt receptor LRP5 protein expression and β-catenin activation. 15-LOX-1 transgenic expression in mouse intestinal epithelial cells suppresses LRP5 protein expression, β-catenin activation, and CRC. 15-LOX-1 peroxidation of LA in phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphates (PI3P_LA) leads to PI3P_13-HODE formation, which decreases PI3P binding to SNX17 and LRP5 and inhibits LRP5 recycling from endosomes to the plasma membrane, thereby increasing LRP5 lysosomal degradation. This regulatory mechanism of LRP5/Wnt/β-catenin signaling could be therapeutically targeted to suppress CRC. • Colonic 15-LOX-1 expression inhibits colon cancer promotion by linoleic acid in mice • Dietary linoleic acid upregulates LRP5 to enhance colonic Wnt/β-catenin activation • 15-LOX-1 peroxidation of linoleic acid in PI3P promotes PI3P_13-HODE formation • Low affinity of PI3P_13-HODE for SNX17 inhibits LRP5 recycling Whether Western diet enrichment with linoleic acid promotes colorectal carcinogenesis is poorly understood. Liu et al. identify a mechanism by which 15-lipoxygenase-1 peroxidation of linoleic acid in phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P_LA), to induce PI3P_13-HODE formation, attenuates PI3P binding to the SNX17-LRP5 complex. This inhibits LRP5 recycling, Wnt/β-catenin activation, and colorectal carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a major public health problem worldwide. The study aimed to evaluate the concentration of eicosanoids in serum and liver tissue during steatosis progression and to assess whether eicosanoid change scores may predict liver tissue remodeling. Thirty six eight-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were enrolled and sacrificed at different stages of NAFLD. Eicosanoid concentrations, namely lipoxin A4, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE), hydroxyloctadecadienoic acids (HODE), protectin DX, Maresine1, leucotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, and resolvin D1 measurement in serum and liver tissue with Agilent Technologies 1260 liquid chromatography were evaluated. For the liver and serum concentrations of 9-HODE and 13-HODE, the correlations were found to be strong and positive (r > 0.7, p < 0.05). Along with NAFLD progression, HODE concentration significantly increased, and change scores were more abundant in the liver. The moderate positive correlation between liver and serum (r = 0.52, p < 0.05) was also observed for resolvin E1. The eicosanoid concentration decreased during NAFLD progression, but mostly in serum. There were significant correlations between HETE concentrations in liver and serum, but their associations were relatively low and changes the most in liver tissue. Eicosanoids profile, predominantly 9-HODE and 13-HODE, may serve as a potential biomarker for NAFLD development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Syntheses of both enantiomers of 13-DHAHLA was achieved. • A recent and convenient protocol for making vinylic iodides was used. • Z-selective alkyne reduction was achieved by the use of activated zinc (Cu/Ag). • The Corey-Fuchs and the Ohira-Bestmann reactions were used to generate alkynes. Recently, several different classes of endogenous lipids have been reported that display antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Due to their minute presence in human samples, access to synthetic material of each enantiomer becomes necessary for exact structural elucidation and extensive biological evaluation. Herein we report the multi-milligram synthesis of both enantiomers of the docosahexaenoic acid ester of 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-DHAHLA) from commercially available starting materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiologic studies have linked the use of aspirin to a decline in chronic inflammation that underlies many human diseases, including some cancers. Aspirin reduces the levels of cyclooxygenase-mediated pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, promotes the production of pro-resolution molecules, and triggers the production of anti-inflammatory electrophilic mono-oxygenated (EFOX) lipid mediators. We investigated the effects of aspirin in fruit fly models of chronic inflammation. Ectopic Toll/NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling in mutant D. melanogaster results in overproliferation of hematopoietic blood progenitors resulting in the formation of granuloma-like tumors. Ectopic JAK-STAT signaling also leads to metabolic inflammation. We report that aspirin-treated mutant flies experience reduction in metabolic inflammation, mitosis, ectopic immune signaling, and macrophage infiltration. Moreover, these flies synthesize 13-HODE, and aspirin triggers 13-oxoODE (13-EFOX-L 2 ) production. Providing the precursor of 13-HODE, linoleic acid, or performing targeted knockdown of the transcription factor STAT in inflammatory blood cells, boosts 13-EFOX-L 2 levels while decreasing metabolic inflammation. Thus, hematopoietic cells regulate metabolic inflammation in flies, and their effects can be reversed by pharmaceutical or dietary intervention, suggesting deep phylogenetic conservation in the ability of animals to resolve inflammation and repair tissue damage. These findings can help identify novel treatment targets in humans., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2019. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)