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The clinical application of biochemical indicators of bone metabolism provides molecular biological basis for the diagnosis， differential diagnosis， prediction of fracture risk and evaluation of therapeutic effect of anti-osteoporosis treatment of osteoporosis， and has important significance in the epidemiological study of osteoporosis， pathogenesis， and development and research of osteoporosis drugs. Because of the high specificity and sensitivity of bone metabolism biochemical indicators， its application is increasingly widespread. This paper has searched a large number of Chinese and foreign literatures， compiled and reviewed the Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Bone Metabolism Biochemical Indicators （2023 Revision）， and discussed the classification of bone metabolism biochemical indicators， the methodology and biological significance of bone metabolism biochemical indicators， and the detection and variation of bone metabolism indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food quality is usually evaluated by food freshness. In this study?a colorimetric la¬bel material for indicating the freshness of short-term prepackaged food was developed， which can show the freshness of food by the color change of the label. The label can be pasted at the designated location of prepackaged foods for monitoring food freshness, and it make the judgment and mastery of food dynamic quality easier for consumers by contrast with the freshness color bar. In this paper? the color change label material system was based on the conventional starch-iodine color reaction. This study includes the preparation process and Food quality is usually evaluated by food freshness. In this study?a colorimetric la¬bel material for indicating the freshness of short-term prepackaged food was developed， which can show the freshness of food by the color change of the label. The label can be pasted at the designated location of prepackaged foods for monitoring food freshness, and it make the judgment and mastery of food dynamic quality easier for consumers by contrast with the freshness color bar. In this paper? the color change label material system was based on the conventional starch-iodine color reaction. This study includes the preparation process and conditions of colorimetric label material,the relationship between color and time of label ma¬terial, the effect of different storage time and temperature on label material,the correlation of reaction rate of label materials under different storage conditions and the significance of low temperature storage. The color of label materials changed from light cyan to brownish red throughout the reflection stage. The results show that the food freshness ndicator label is a time variable label, its color-change value shows logarithmic trend under different tempera¬ture, the relationship between color and time-temperature can be clearly expressed by the as¬sociated equations. In particular, it displayed a clearly color change to reflect the dynamic quality of food tn normal temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor ( VDＲ) gene BsmⅠand FokⅠin Han females aged 35- 85 years in Changchun city and to analyze their relationship with bone mineral density． Methods Polymorphisms of Bsm Ⅰand Fok Ⅰwere analyzed by PCＲ-ＲFLP，and lumbar spine ( L1-4) BMD were measured using Hologic Discovery-WA-type bone densitometer． 230 objects were grouped into postmenopausal group and premenopausal group，then we observed the distribution characteristics of each genotype． SPSS 19. 0 software was used to analyze the experimental result ． Ｒesults In the present study， the genotype distributions of BsmⅠwere bb ( 83. 9%) ，Bb ( 12. 6%) and BB ( 3. 5%) ． The b allele frequency was as high as 90. 2% and the B allele frequency was 9. 8%． The genotype distributions of FokⅠwere ff ( 18. 3%) ，Ff ( 43. 9%) and FF ( 37. 8%) ． The frequency of f allele was 40. 2% and the frequency of F allele was 59. 8%． The distribution of genotypes of both sites were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg law ( χ2 = 1. 283，P = 0. 125; χ2 = 0. 96，P = 0. 342) ． There was no significant difference in the genotype distribution between the premenopausal group and the postmenopausal group ( P ＞ 0. 05 ) ． In both premenopausal group and postmenopausal group，BMD for each genotype of BsmⅠwas not significantly different ( P ＞ 0. 05) ． BMD of FokⅠff type was lower than that of FF type and Ff type; BMD of these three genotypes was not significantly different in the premenopausal group ( P ＞ 0. 05) ，but BMD of ff type was lower than that of FF type in postmenopausal group ( P ＜ 0. 05) ． Conclusion In this study in 230 Han women aged 35 to 85 years，the distribution of BsmⅠgenotype was mainly bb，the b allele frequency was as high as 90. 2%，and there was no significant difference in BMD between each genotype; FokⅠff type had lower BMD，but there was no significant difference in the premenopausal group，and in postmenopausal women ff type was associated with lower BMD． [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the associations of serum levels Type I collagen carboxy-terminal peptide (CTX-1), Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), Bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and Osteocalcin (OC) with lumbar spine BMD in 30 to 79 year-old healthy individuals stratified by age and gender. Methods lumbar spine BMD (L1-4) was measured by Hologic Discovery WA bone mineral densitometer, and enzyme immunoassay analyzer was used to measure the levels of bone remodelling markers (CTX-1,TRACP,BALP and OC) in the serum. The 1228 participants were grouped according to gender and age (per 10 years). SPSS 19. 0 was used for statistical analysis. Results In females, the levels of CTX-1, TRACP, BALP and OC had no significant correlation with lumbar spine BMD in the 30-49 age groups; CTX-1 and TRACP increased significantly and had negatively correlation with lumbar spine BMD after the age of 50; levels of BALP and OC increased significantly and had negatively correlation with BMD in the 50- 59 age group, then began to decline and were positively correlated with BMD after the age of 60. In males, the levels of CTX-1, TRACP and BALP had no significant correlation with lumbar spine BMD in the 30-59 age groups, but CTX-1, TRACP, BALP increased significantly and were negatively correlated with BMD after the age of 60. The level of OC declined gradually with age, but had no significant correlation with BMD in all age groups in male. The measure values of TRACP,CTX-1, BALP and OC were not significantly different between males and females in the 30-49 age groups, but different significantly between males and females in the same age group after the age of 50 (P < 0. 05), with the measures values in females higher than those of males. Conclusion TRACP, CTX-1, BALP, OC are important markers for monitoring changes in bone metabolism,in particular, they have high sensitivity and specificity for osteoporosis in female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective To observe the changing level of immune regulating factor transforming growth factor-β ( TGF-β), interleukin 17 ( IL-17), tumor necrosis factor-α( TNF-α) and bone mineral density ( BMD), study the correlation between immune regulatory factors and bone mineral density. Methods 88 PMOP patients visited in our hospital from May 2019 to June 2020 were selected to collect general information, including age, height, weight and menopausal age. All patients were measured the levels of BMD, TGF-β, 1L-17, and TNF-α before and after treatment. Results After one year of treatment, BMD of lumbar vertebrae and the neck of femur were all increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0. 05), while BMD of total hip elevated slightly and had no statistic significance ( P>0. 05). The levels of IL-17and TNF-α were decreased, and there were statistically significant difference( P< 0. 05). The level of TGF-β1 was higher than that before treatment ( P< 0. 05). IL-17 and TNF-α were negatively correlated with BMD( r= -0.608, r= -0.494 respectively), and TGF-β1 was positivelycorrelated with BMD( r= 0.474) . There are all statistically significant (P< O. 05). Conclusion The result of this study show that there was a correlation between immune regulatory factors and BMD, suggesting that the clinical application of immune regulatory factors and BMD could be considered to observe the therapeutic effect of PMOP patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the therapeutic effect of vitamin K combined with calcitriol and Caltrate plus D on male osteoporosis and the effect on bone metabolism. Methods Using the Discovery WA model dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (Hologic，USA) to detect lumbar spine LM bone density and femoral neck bone density. Male osteoporosis patients were treated with Gulikang combined with calcitriol and calcium carbonate plus vitamin D3 for one year. Thermo Scientific ’ s fully automated enzyme-labeled immunoassay analyzer was used to detect patients ’ bone metabolism indicators including BGP，CTX-1，cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 levels in serum. Results After 6 months of treatment，lumbar vertebrae (LM) BMD and femoral neck BMD began to increase. After 12 months of treatment，lumbar vertebrae (LM) BMD and femoral neck BMD increased significantly compared with before treatment. After treatment，serum bone formation index BGP and cytokine IL-10 levels increased，and serum bone resorption index CTX-1 and cytokine IL-6 levels decreased. Conclusion Vitamin K could increase the bone density of lumbar spine and femoral neck and increase serum bone formation markers BGP and cytokine IL-10 levels，while decrease serum bone resorption index CTX-1 and cytokine IL-6 levels. The effect of vitamin K treatment on male osteoporosis was significant，and it could be an important strategy for the treatment of osteoporosis clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate bone mineral density (BMD) of the total lumbar spine L1-L4 of 4613 25-79-year-old females in Changchun，Jilin，to analyze the incidence of osteoporosis，and to study the correlation among lumbar spine bone BMD， age，menopausal year，and body mass index (BMI) ． Methods BMD of the total lumbar spine L1-L4 was detected using a detector (Discovery-WA，Hologic，USA) ． The BMD results of 4613 cases were grouped according to a 5-year age division． Data were statistically analyzed using a SPSS 19. 0 software． Ｒesults Lumbar spine BMD decreased along with age after 30 years old， and the incidence of osteoporosis increased． The age was negatively correlated with lumbar spine BMD，and positively correlated with the incidence of osteoporosis． With the prolong of menopausal years，BMD decreased，and the incidence of osteoporosis increased． The menopausal year was negatively correlated with lumbar spine BMD and positively correlated with the incidence of osteoporosis． In the low BMI group，the lumbar spine BMD was the lowest，and the incidence of osteoporosis was the highest． With the increase of BMI，the lumbar spine BMD increased，and the incidence of osteoporosis reduced． BMI was positively correlated with the lumbar spine BMD and was negatively correlated with incidence of osteoporosis． Conclusion Age，menopausal year，and BMI were important influential factors of BMD． Aging，delay of menopausal year，and lower BMI were the risk factors of osteoporosis． [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On September 8, 2015, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Construction of a Hierarchical Diagnosis and Treatment System". Opinions were put forward in four aspects, including improving the guarantee mechanism for hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, and organizing and implementing them. Hierarchical diagnosis and treatment refers to grading according to the severity, severity, slowness and urgency of the disease, as well as the difficulty of treatment. Medical institutions at different levels undertake standardized treatment respectively. Realize the first diagnosis and two-way referral at the grassroots level. The hierarchical diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis needs to construct a new conceptual unit, proposition and theoretical system. Its structural entities include: individuals, departments, primary hospitals, the secondary hospitals, tertiary hospitals, integrated service systems and other multi-layer organizational frameworks. The hierarchical diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis is the whole process of management of osteoporosis patients, early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment. The people who are managed throughout the whole process can be divided into four groups: normal bone density, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and severe osteoporosis. For each group of people, a corresponding prevention and treatment plan is formulated, smooth referral, continuous treatment, upper and lower linkage, and closed-loop management. The purpose of this consensus is to promote the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biochemical indicators of bone metabolism include calcium and phosphorus metabolism regulation indicators, bone formation markers, bone resorption markers, hormones and cytokines. The bone formation markers and bone resorption markers are collectively called bone turnover markers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescence immunoassay, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, immunoradioassay, high performance liquid chromatography and other method are currently used in clinical practice to detect the level of biochemical indicators of bone metabolism in blood and urine to understand the metabolism of bone tissue condition. Biochemical indicators of bone metabolism are used to evaluate the bone metabolism status, diagnostic classification of osteoporosis, predict fracture risk, evaluate the therapeutic effect of osteoporosis, and differential diagnosis of metabolic bone disease. This article reviewed the Chinese and English literature in recent years, summarized the detection method and principles of bone metabolism biochemical indicators, and proposed a recommended plan for bone metabolism biochemical indicators. It is expected to play an active role in the promotion and research of biochemical indicators of bone metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethics refers to the principles and principles that should be followed when dealing with the relationship between people and society. Medical ethics of osteoporosis research refers to the ethical principles of humanitarianism, self-respect, benefit, no harm and justice that must be followed in osteoporosis research, which is conducive to regulating, restricting, guiding and supervising medical behaviors, and protecting the rights and interests of patients. It involves the screening of research objects, the use and prohibition of drugs, the selection of evaluation indicators, the termination of the study, and the treatment of adverse events in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bone metabolism biochemical markers included calcium and phosphorus metabolism indicators, bone formation markers,bone resorption markers, hormone and cytokine. The bone metabolism biochemical markers were derived from the bone, cartilage, soft tissue, skin, liver, kidney, small intestine, blood, endocrine glands, and so on. They were enzymes and hormones secreted by osteoblasts or osteoclasts, and the product or non-collagen proteins of metabolic bone collagen matrix. The bone metabolism biochemical markers could reflect the state of bone turnover promptly, with high sensitivity and specificity, it had been used in osteoporosis diagnosis, prediction of fracture risk, curative effect observation of drug treatment, and the differential diagnosis of metabolic bone disease. And it had important clinical significance in epidemiology, pathogenesis and drug research of osteoporosis.In this paper, the "Expert consensus on clinical application of biochemical indicators of bone metabolism(2019)"was revised, A total of 41 amendments were made, the classic literature was retained, some contents were deleted, and the literature for the past three years was added. The experimental reference range of the bone metabolism index were collected and sorted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bone metabolism biochemical markers included calcium and phosphorus metabolism indicators, bone formation markers, bone resorption markers, hormone and cytokine. The bone metabolism biochemical markers were derived from the bone, cartilage, soft tissue, skin, liver, kidney, small intestine, blood, endocrine glands, and so on. They were enzymes and hormones secreted by osteoblasts or osteoclasts, and the product or non-collagen proteins of metabolic bone collagen matrix. The bone metabolism biochemical markers could reflect the state of bone turnover promptly, with high sensitivity and specificity, it had been used in osteoporosis diagnosis, prediction of fracture risk, curative effect observation of drug treatment, and the differential diagnosis of metabolic bone disease. And it had important clinical significance in epidemiology, pathogenesis and drug research of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]