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BACKGROUND: Inflammation affects the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells, and the osteogenic ability and autophagy level of periodontal ligament stem cells are closely related. However, there are no relevant reports on whether inflammation affects the osteogenic ability and autophagy level of periodontal ligament stem cells at different stages of osteogenic differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To explore alkaline phosphatase expression and autophagy periodontal ligament stem cells levels in periodontitis and normal conditions. METHODS: Periodontal ligament stem cells from normal and periodontitis patients were isolated and cultured, and underwent Vimentin, pan-CK, and Stro1 fluorescence staining. At 3, 7, and 14 days of osteogenic differentiation, western blot assay was used to detect the protein expression levels of alkaline phosphatase, LC3B, Beclin1, and ATG5 in normal and inflammatory periodontal ligament stem cells. The mRNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, Runx2, LC3B, Beclin1, and ATG5 were detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Stro-1 was positive, Vimentin was positive, and pan CK was negative in periodontal ligament stem cells. (2) At 3, 7, and 14 days after osteogenic differentiation, compared with normal periodontal ligament stem cells, the mineralization nodules formed by periodontal ligament stem cells from inflammatory sources were significantly reduced (P < 0.01); the expression of alkaline phosphatase protein and mRNA was significantly lower (P < 0.05); the mRNA expression levels of bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and Runx2 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). (3) At 7 and 14 days after osteogenic differentiation, compared with normal periodontal ligament stem cells, the expression levels of ATG5, LC3B, and Beclin1 proteins and mRNA of periodontal ligament stem cells were downregulated (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that inflammation reduces the activity of periodontal ligament stem cells in mineralizing nodule formation and the expression of alkaline phosphatase and weakens the autophagy potential of periodontal ligament stem cells at 7 and 14 days after osteogenic differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Geoscientica Sinica is the property of Acta Geoscientica Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Technology & Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Technology & Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] To investigate the response of yield, quality and nitrogen fertilizer utilization of silage maize to different nitrogen application rate in the cool zone of Xing’an League. [Method] Using silage maize “Jinling 17” as the test material, different amounts of nitrogen application (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg / hm²) were set. The silage maize was harvested during the period of milky maturity. The indicators of plant height, yield and quality were determined, and nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate were calculated. [Result] With increasing nitrogen application, the plant height, yield and crude protein content of silage maize increased and nitrogen partial factor productivity gradually decreased. The above indexes were 334. 40 cm, 23 522. 36 kg / hm², 6. 51% and 117. 61 when nitrogen rate was 200 kg / hm², and the above indexes were 341. 80 cm, 24 908. 68 kg / hm², 7. 81% and 83. 03 when nitrogen rate was 300 kg / hm², respectively. [Conclusion] Considering the yield, quality and nitrogen use efficiency of silage maize, the recommended nitrogen application rate was 200 kg / hm² . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Resources Development & Market is the property of Sichuan Resource Development & Market Magazine Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Electric Power Automation Equipment / Dianli Zidonghua Shebei is the property of Electric Power Automation Equipment Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To explore the mechanism of EPO on activating receptors of NK cells in rats with diabetic nephropathy based on HMGB1/Beclin-1 signaling pathway. Methods: Forty SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group （A）， model group （B）， metformin group （C） and EPO group （D）， with 10 rats in each group. Diabetic nephropathy modeling was performed on groups B， C and D using high-fat diet and streptozotocin. After successful modeling， group C was given metformin 100 mg/kg by intra-gastric administration， and group D was intraperitoneal injection of EPO 100 U/kg. Group A and B were given normal saline at the same volume by intragastric administration simultaneously. After successful modeling， the remaining 20 rats were randomly divided into group E and group F. Group E was given 30 mg/kg HMGB1 inhibitor by intragastric administration， group F was given 30 mg/kg HMGB1 inhibitor by intragastric administration and 100 U/kg EPO by intraperitoneal injection. HK-2 cells were taken and divided into high glucose+HK-2 cells （HH） group， EPO+high glucose+HK-2 cells （EH） group， glycyrrhizin L+high glucose+HK-2 cells （LH） group， and cultured with glucose for cell experiment. Blood glucose was detected by glucose analyzer， biochemical indexes were de-tected by automatic biochemical analyzer， and renal pathological morphology of rats was detected by PAS staining. Expression of HMGB1/Beclin-1 protein was detected by Western blot， and expressions of NK cell activated receptors were detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results: Compared with group A， blood glucose， 24 h urine volume， blood glucose curve， BUN， Scr， UAlb contents in blood and urine， mRNA and protein expressions of NKp30， NKp44， NKp46 in group B were significantly increased （P< 0.05）， while body weight was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with group B， blood glucose， 24 h urine volume， blood glucose curve， BUN， Scr， UAlb contents in blood and urine， mRNA and protein expression of NKp30， NKp44 and NKp46 in group C and group D were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， while body weight was significantly increased （P<0.05）， renal pathology was also significantly improved， the changes of group D was significantly higher than that of group C （P<0.05）. Compared with group A， expression of HMGB1/Beclin-1 protein in renal tissues of rats in group B was significantly increased （P<0.05）， and expression of HMGB1/Beclin-1 protein in renal tissues of rats in groups C， D， E and F was significantly decreased （P<0.05）， expression of HMGB1/Beclin-1 protein in group D was significantly decreased compared with group C （P<0.05）， there was no significant difference between group E and group D， and expression of HMGB1/Beclin-1 protein in group F was significantly decreased compared with group E. HMGB1/Beclin-1 protein expression was positively correlated with NKp30， NKp44 and NKp46 mRNA （P<0.05）. Compared with HH group， proliferation rates of EH and LH groups were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while apoptosis rate and HMGB1/Beclin-1 protein expression were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， there was no significant difference between LH group and EH group （P> 0.05）. Conclusion: EPO can effectively reduce expressions of NK cell activated receptors and inhibit HMGB1/Beclin-1 signaling path-way in diabetic nephropathy rats， suggesting that EPO may exert its effect by regulating NK cell activated receptors and HMGB1/Beclin-1 signaling pathway. NK cell activation receptors expressions are positively correlated with HMGB1/Beclin-1 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the risk factors for prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay after complete correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in infants and young children and to construct a nomogram that predicts the risk of postoperative ICU stay. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 157 children with TOF who underwent complete correction surgery at the Fuwai Central Cardiovascular Hospital Children's Heart Center from January 2021 to March 2024. The patients were divided into two groups based on whether they experienced prolonged ICU stay postoperatively: the prolonged stay group (n=40) and the non-prolonged stay group (n=117). Clinical data of the patients were collected, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify independent predictors of prolonged ICU stay. A nomogram was then constructed based on these predictors, and its predictive value was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative low body weight (OR=0.607,95% CI:0.391~0.890, P=0.015), high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (OR=2.499,95% CI:1.483~4.680, P<0.001), longer cardiopulmonary bypass time during surgery (OR=1.037,95% CI: 1.006~1.078, P=0.034), longer duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation (OR=1.094,95% CI: 1.057~1. 149, P<0.001), and occurrence of complications (OR = 14.632,95% CI: 3.074~94.866, P=0.002) were independent predictors of prolonged ICU stay. In internal validation, the ROC curve showed that the nomogram had a good predictive performance for the risk of prolonged ICU stay after complete correction of TOF in infants and young children, with an area under the curve of 0. 981 (95% CI: 0. 965~0.998). Conclusions The nomogram based on body weight, preoperative NLR, cardiopulmonary bypass time, postoperative mechanical ventilation duration, and occurrence of complications has a high predictive value for the risk of prolonged ICU stay after complete correction of TOF in infants and young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific evaluation and optimization of neighborhood walkability play a pivotal role in enhancing urban vitality and fostering green development. A model was initially constructed for evaluating urban neighborhoods walkability, which encompassed five dimensions and eighteen indicators based on Maslow's demand theory and Kano model. Subsequently, a combination of multi-source data and the improved CRITIC-entropy method was employed to assess the neighborhood walkability of Hefei City. Then the hotspot analysis was conducted to identify the spatial clusters of high and low values in each dimension, and the reasons for the creation of these clusters were analyzed. Finally, the concept of neighborhood vitality was introduced to explore the spatial matching relationship between the walkability and vitality using the bivariate Moran's index, and the methods for optimizing walkability were proposed. The results indicate that walkability can be evaluated based on Maslow's demand theory and Kano model from five dimensions: accessibility, convenience, safety, richness and comfortableness. What is more, significant spatial heterogeneity and autocorrelation of walkability are observed within the study area, along with disparities between walkability and neighborhood vitality. Building upon these findings, an optimization strategy of neighborhood walkability is proposed, which can provide a reference for the future design and renovation of walking space in Hefei City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to screen out the varieties suitable for planting and promotion in the Xing'an League, five different varieties of Sorghum×Sudan grass were planted in the Xing'an League, their production performance and nutritional quality were compared and analyzed, and the gray correlation theory was used to comprehensively consider and evaluate the five varieties of Sorghum×Sudan grass. The results showed that the hay yield and fresh grass yield of Standard Fishing Grass were better than those of other varieties, and the crude protein content was significantly higher than that of other varieties (P<0.05). Compared with the other four varieties, Standard Fishing Grass had better palatability and was easier to be eaten and digested by livestock. The five different varieties of Sorghum×Sudan grass planted in the Xing'an League were ranked as Standard Fishing Grass> Haidi>Jie Bao>Black Bay> Super Sugar King. The results showed that Standard Fishing Grass was more suitable for planting and promotion in the Xing'an League. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Engineering Management / Gongcheng Guanli Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Sedimentologica Sinica is the property of Acta Sedimentologica Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

nscription factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and its effect on renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats. Methods: A rat DN model was established, and the renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) were cultured with high sugar to simulate an in vitro DN model, qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of miR-203, Western blot was used to detect the expressions of PEG3 and NF-κB proteins. Dual luciferase reporter gene technology was used to detect the targeting relationship between miR-203 and PEG3. The miR-203 mimic (miR-203 mimic) and negative control (mimic NC), PEG3 high expression recombinant vector (pcDNA-PEG3) and negative control (pcDNA-NC) were constructed, and injected and transfected into DN rats and DN model cells respectively to set the control group, model group, miR-203 mimic group, mimic NC group, miR-203 mimic+pcDNA-PEG3 group, and miR-203 mimic+pcDNA-NC group. The 24 h urine protein, blood sugar, serum creatinine (SCr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) in rats were detected, electron microscopy and Masson staining were used to detect renal tissue lesions and fibrosis changes; ELISA was used to detect the contents of IL-6, IL-1β, Collagen Ⅰand TGF-β1 in cells； Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of IL-6, IL-1β, Collagen Ⅰ，α-SMA and TGF-β1 in kidney tissue. Results: The expressions of miR-203 in kidney tissue and renal tubular epithelial cells of DN rats were decreased (P<0.05), the expression of PEG3/NF-κB was increased in kidney tissue and renal tubular epithelial cells of DN rats (P<0.05). There was a targeted binding site between miR-203 and PEG3. Up-regulating the expression of miR-203 could inhibit the activation of PEG3/NF-κB in DN rats and cell models, reduce the expression of inflammation-fibrosis related factors, and alleviate the pathological symptoms of DN such as renal tissue structural damage and decreased renal function in rats (P<0.05). pcDNA-PEG3 could partially reverse the above effects of miR-203(P<0.05). Conclusion: miR-203 can target to negatively regulate the PEG3/NF-κB pathway and up-regulate the expression of miR-203, which can target to inhibit the activation of the PEG3/NF-κB pathway and play the role of anti-inflammatory-fibrosis in the kidney of DN rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology / Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research / Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu is the property of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Technology & Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells can promote the wound healing of skin tissue. However, it has not been clearly reported whether it has a potential therapeutic effect on oral ulcers. OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic potential of gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells in traumatic oral ulcer. METHODS: The animal models of oral ulcer in 21 SD rats were established by mechanical combined with chemical method. They were randomly divided into two groups: ulcer group containing 11 rat, and gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cell group containing 10 rats. A total of 1×106 gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells were injected at ulcer center and surrounding area in every rat of gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cell group at 2 days after model establishment. The rats in ulcer group were injected with the same amount of PBS. Only one rat in ulcer group was executed one day after modeling to observe the formation of ulcer. The other rats were executed 3 and 7 days after modeling, 5 rats in each group at different time points. Ulcer healing was observed by gross observation and histology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured in vitro showed spindle-like structure, similar to fibroblasts, presenting full cell body with osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential. (2) The model of oral ulcer could be successfully established by mechanical combined with chemical method. During natural healing of ulcer group, the inflammatory reaction of the ulcer reached its most severe on day 3. On day 7, the ulcer showed a healing trend, but had not achieved completely healing. (3) On day 3 after modeling, the inflammatory response of the ulcer group was stronger than that of the gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cell group. On day 7, the ulcer wound in the gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cell group had achieved basically healing. (4) The hematoxylin-eosin staining showed the formation of thin epithelium at the ulcer in the gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cell group on day 7. Masson staining results showed that the collagen formation in the gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cell group was thicker and more regular than that in the ulcer group on day 7 after modeling. (5) These results suggest that gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells can reduce the inflammatory response in the early stage of traumatic oral ulcer in rats and promote the healing process of oral ulcer. The formation time of the oral epithelium is earlier, and the collagen formation is thicker and the arrangement is more regular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The experiment was to study the production performance and nutritional quality of 20 alfalfa cultivars planted in salinized grassland soil in northern Horqin Sandy Land. 20 alfalfa varieties were randomly arranged, and four replicates for each variety. When alfalfa reached the initial flowering stage. 10 plants were randomly selected from each pot to measure the production performance and nutritional quality of alfalfa, and comprehensive evaluation was conducted by using grey correlation analysis method. The result showed that Tumu No.2 alfalfa has the highest plant height and single plant weight, which were 73 cm and 3.35 g, respectively. WL 298HQ alfalfa had the highest crude protein content (23.94%). Zhaodong alfalfa had the lowest content of neutral detergent fiber (28.77%) and acid detergent fiber (21.15%), and the highest relative feeding value (234.81). The comprehensive analysis of grey correlation degree showed that Adrendin and Zhongmu No. 1 alfalfa had good comprehensive performance in production performance and nutritional quality. The study indicates that Adrendin and Zhongmu No. 1 have high popularization and utilization value in saline alkali grassland on the northern edge of Horqin Sandy Land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Selecting Sanhekoudam foundation rock as the research object for Hanjiang to Weihe River Valley Water Diversion Project, this paper adopted ultrasonic testing and electromagnetic wave CT detection. The characteristics of ultrasonic velocity and electromagnetic wave CT of dam foundation rock borehole were analyzed. The effect of blasting excavation on rock mass was studied. The results show that when the elevation of dam foundation rock borehole is larger than certain range (504.5-511.5 m), ultrasonic velocity is decreased significantly. Ultrasonic velocity of lower borehole is high and stable, especially below the elevation of 504.5 meters, the integrality degree of corresponding rock mass is better. Ultrasonic velocity of partial rock mass is below 4,000 m/ s, which is due to weak completeness caused by faults and cracks nearby. Overall, the electromagnetic wave attenuation coefficient of dam foundation rock is smaller, just one of the local area is high, which elevation distribution is between 498.5 m and 501.0 m. The integrality degree of upper boundary rock is better than that of downstream bound? ary rock in valley dam section. The integrality degree of the rock near left and right bank is better than that of the rock in the middle of dam section. Under the blasting effect, the affected depth of dam foundation rock is mainly within the range of 2.0 m. When the elevation of dam foundation is 504.0 m and 504.5 m, the area of rock mass where ultrasonic velocity is above 3,400 m/ s covers more than 80% of the rock mass surface. So the rock mass basically meets the design requirement of dam foundation by means of consolidation grouting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)