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Copyright of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods is the property of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] Traditional methods for detecting mold are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and vulnerable to environmental influences, highlighting the need for a swift, precise, and dependable detection approach. Researchers have utilized visible-near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the non-destructive, rapid assessment of wheat moisture content, crude protein content, concealed pests, starch content, dry matter, weight, hardness, origin, and other attributes. However, most of these studies rely on research-grade Visible-NIR spectrometers typically found in laboratories. While these spectrometers offer superior detection accuracy and stability, their bulky size, lack of portability, and high cost hinder their widespread use and adoption across various agricultural product distribution channels. [Methods] A low-resolution Visible-NIR spectrometer (VNIAPD, with a resolution of 1.6 nm) was utilized to gather wheat data. The aim was to enhance the accuracy of moldy wheat detection by identifying suitable spectral data preprocessing methods using corre‐ sponding algorithms. A high-resolution Visible-NIR spectrometer (SINO2040, with a resolution of 0.19 nm) served as a control to validate the instrument and method's effectiveness. The Zhoumai (No. 22) wheat variety was adopted, with a total of 100 samples pre‐ pared. The spectra of fresh wheat were scanned and then placed in a constant temperature chamber at 35°C to replicate the appropriate conditions for mold growth, thereby accelerating the reproduction of naturally occurring mold in the wheat. The degree of mold was categorized based on the cultivation time in the constant temperature chamber, with wheat classified as mildly, moderately, or se‐ verely moldy after 3, 6, and 9 days of cultivation, respectively. A total of 400 wheat spectral data points were collected, including 100 samples each of fresh wheat, wheat cultured for 3 days, wheat cultured for 6 days, and wheat cultured for 9 days. Preprocessing methods such as standard deviation normalization (SDN), standard normal variation (SNV), mean centrality (MC), first-order derivatives (1ST), Savitzky-Golay smoothing (SG), and multiple scattering correction (MSC) were applied to the spectral data. Outliers were iden‐ tified and eliminated using the local outlier factor (LOF) method. Following this, the sequential projection algorithm (SPA) and Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) were used to extract characteristic wavelengths from the preprocessed spectra. Subsequently, six algorithms, including k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machines (SVM), random forests (RF), NaïveBayes, back propagation neural networks (BPNN), and deep neural networks (DNN), were employed to model and analyze the feature wavelength spectra, differentiating moldy wheat and classifying the degree of mold. Evaluation criteria encompassed accuracy, modeling time, and model size to aid in selecting the most suitable model for specific application scenarios. [Results and discussions] Regarding accuracy, even when utilizing the computationally slower and more memory-demanding neural net‐ work models BPNN and DNN, both the VNIAPD and SINO2040 achieved a perfect 100% accuracy in the binary classification task of distinguishing between fresh and moldy wheat. They also maintained a faultless 100% accuracy in the ternary classification task that differentiates three varying levels of mold growth. Adopting faster and more memory-efficient shallow models such as KNN, SVM, RF, and Naïve-Bayes, the VNIAPD yielded a top test set accuracy of 97.72% when combined with RF for binary classification. Conversely, SINO2040 achieved 100% accuracy using Naïve-Bayes. In the ternary classification scenario, the VNIAPD hit the mark at 100% accuracy with both KNN and RF, while SINO2040 demonstrated 97.72% accuracy with KNN and SVM. Regarding modeling speed, the shallow machine learning algorithms, including KNN, SVM, RF, and Naïve-Bayes, exhibited quicker training times, with Naïve-Bayes being the swiftest at just 3 ms. In contrast, the neural network algorithms BPNN and DNN required more time for train‐ ing, taking 3 293 and 18 614 ms, respectively. Regarding memory footprint, BPNN had the largest model size, occupying 4 028 kb, whereas SVM was the most memory-efficient, with a size of only 4 kb. Overall, the VNIAPD matched the SINO2040 in detection ac‐ curacy despite having lower optical parameters: A slightly lesser optical resolution of 1.6 nm compared to the SINO2040's 0.19 nm— and a lower cost, highlighting its efficiency and cost-effectiveness in the given context. [Conclusions] In this study, by comparing different preprocessing methods for spectral data, the optimal data optimization choices for corresponding algorithms were identified. As a result, the low-resolution spectrometer VNIAPD was able to achieve performance on par with the high-resolution spectrometer SINO2040 in detecting moldy wheat, providing a new option for low-cost, non-destructive detection of wheat mold and the degree of moldiness based on Visible-NIR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the needs of environmental monitoring and regulation in rabbit houses, a real-time environmental monitoring system for rabbit houses was proposed based on narrow band Internet of Things (NB-IoT). The system overcomes the limitations of traditional wired networks, reduces network costs, circuit components, and expenses is low. An Arduino development board and the Quectel BC260Y-NB-IoT network module were used, along with the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol for remote telemetry transmission, which enables network connectivity and communication with an IoT cloud platform. Multiple sensors, including SGP30, MQ137, and 5516 photoresistors, were integrated into the system to achieve real-time monitoring of various environmental parameters within the rabbit house, such as sound decibels, light intensity, humidity, temperature, and gas concentrations. The collected data was stored for further analysis and could be used to inform environmental regulation and monitoring in rabbit houses, both locally and in the cloud. Signal alerts based on circuit principles were triggered when thresholds were exceeded, creating an optimal living environment for the rabbits. The advantages of NB-IoT networks and other networks, such as Wi-Fi and LoRa were compared. The technology and process of building a system based on the three-layer architecture of the Internet of Things was introduced. The prices of circuit components were analyzed, and the total cost of the entire system was less than 400 RMB. The system underwent network and energy consumption tests, and the transmission stability, reliability, and energy consumption were reasonable and consistent across different time periods, locations, and network connection methods. An average of 0.57 transactions per second (TPS) was processed by the NB-IoT network using the MQTT communication protocol, and 34.2 messages per minute were sent and received with a fluctuation of 1 message. The monitored device was found to have an average voltage of approximately 12.5 V, a current of approximately 0.42 A, and an average power of 5.3 W after continuous monitoring using an electricity meter. No additional power consumption was observed during communication. The performance of various sensors was tested through a 24-hour indoor test, during which temperature and lighting conditions showed different variations corresponding to day and night cycles. The readings were stably and accurately captured by the environmental sensors, demonstrating their suitability for long-term monitoring purposes. This system is can provide equipment cost and network selection reference values for remote or large-scale livestock monitoring devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous increase of import and export of various countries, people have put forward higher requirements on the efficiency and accuracy of meat and meat products safety indicators detection. Since electronic nose technology is simple to operate and allows rapid and nondestructive testing, it can meet today's need for efficient test of meat and meat products. In this paper, the detection principle of electronic nose technology was introduced firstly, and its development process was described from two aspects of hardware and software system. Then, the application research progress of electronic nose technology in meat and meat products detection in recent years from the aspects of freshness, adulteration, flavor evaluation and microbial contamination of meat and meat products was analyzed. Different electronic nose instruments and equipment or different pattern recognition algorithms result in different analysis results. Therefore, it highlighting the feasibility and advancement of electronic nose technology application in various aspects of meat and meat products detection. At the same time, in view of the application research results of electronic nose technology in the detection of meat and meat products, the paper pointed out the shortcomings of electronic nose technology, for example: The analysis effect of electronic nose technology was uneven, the price of electronic nose equipment was relatively expensive, and the application range of large electronic nose equipment was limited. Therefore, there were still some difficulties and problems of electronic nose technology in the aspects of universality and popularization. Finally, in view of the shortcomings of the current electronic nose technology, the development and application prospects of the electronic nose technology in the future were prospected. In terms of hardware system, with the research and development continuously of new gas sensitive materials, the durability and sensitivity to smell recognition of the electronic nose by improving the performance of the electrode film material of the electronic nose sensor array was enhanced. In terms of software system, with the upgrading continuously of computer systems, a supporting platform for the emerging and complex pattern recognition algorithms was provided. New pattern recognition algorithms in the pattern recognition system of electronic nose technology were explored and introduced, so that electronic nose technology can achieve faster and more accurate recognition and analysis of odors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)