Search

去中心化物理基础设施网络是未来数字社会不可或缺的基石，它将传统依赖于集中式控制和管理的物理设施转变为由社区驱动且自主治理的新型基础设施网络，而区块链与人工智能（artificial intelligence，AI）技术的深度融合在其中起到了关键的赋能作用。为此，首先强调有机结合“AI赋能区块链”与“区块链赋能AI”，形成协同增效的双向闭环回路，以构建真正意义上的智能区块链，从而实现区块链智能新范式。其次，提出智能区块链的新型技术架构：一方面，将智能性内嵌至传统区块链架构的每一层，以培育从基础智能到基础设施智能再到应用智能的区块链智能生态；另一方面，为实际智能区块链构建与之对应的人工的智能区块链，并通过二者的虚实反馈与平行执行，形成从静态规则导向到动态适应演进的区块链智能生态。然后，从智慧合约、去中心化身份、知识管理、自主治理等角度辨析区块链智能的核心智能属性。最后，概述区块链智能的典型应用场景及面临的关键挑战。积极推进智能区块链与区块链智能技术的研究与发展，有助于构筑未来数字时代的核心基础设施。

为了从根源上解决组织管理面临的数据、信任和时效不对称问题，提出面向Web 3.0的新型组织管理模式——加密管理。它以区块链为底层技术，以联邦数据为运行基础，以去中心化自治组织为组织形态，以智能合约为实现手段，以非同质化通证为激励机制，核心目标是在数据安全与隐私保护的前提下，实现可信、可靠与可用的实时管理决策。构建了加密管理的基本框架，讨论了其核心构成与实现模式，并以面向任务的人员绩效实时管理为例，介绍了其运作流程，最后探讨了该领域潜在的研究方向。

基于区块链的非同质化通证（NFT）是一种记录在区块链上的数字资产所有权，具有唯一性、不可替代性、不可分割性等特征。作为智能经济中的核心要求，NFT目前已被广泛应用于收藏品、加密艺术品和游戏中。首先介绍NFT的相关概念、特征和发展历程，分析NFT的核心要素和典型应用领域，并指出目前NFT在产权、价值、技术、监管等方面面临的问题与风险；然后介绍NFT的研究现状，并在此基础上提出NFT在价值评估、交易模式与定价机制方面的研究问题；最后对NFT驱动的数字资产化趋势进行展望。

分布式自治并非一个新的概念，自然界中的自组织现象、互联网上的动态网民群体组织以及分布式人工智能等均可视作其早期表现形式。近年来，区块链技术的快速发展催生了去中心化自治组织（DAO），它是一种将组织的管理和运营规则以智能合约的形式编码在区块链上，从而在没有集中控制或第三方干预的情况下自主运行的组织形式。因此，DAO有望成为应对不确定、多样、复杂环境的一种新型有效组织。然而，DAO正处于起步阶段，理论研究尚处于空白，且难以实现大规模应用。本文首先对 DAO 的概念及特征做出清晰界定；接着首次系统地提出DAO五层分析框架，并以此为基础对典型的DAO应用案例——Aragon做了详尽分析；之后讨论DAO目前所面临的问题和下一步可能的研究方向，以期为未来研究提供有益的参考与借鉴。

大语言模型和视觉语言模型在各领域的应用中展示出巨大潜力，成为研究热点。然而，幻觉、知识迁移、与人类意图对齐等问题仍然影响着大模型的性能。首先，探讨了提示工程与对齐技术基本原理，提出基于提示优化、专家反馈机制及实时调整机制的引导概念，提升了大语言模型在跨领域应用中的性能；其次，深入分析提示工程的核心技术，如多步推理处理复杂任务的原理；然后，针对各领域的实际应用，讨论提示工程的发展现状；最后，总结提示工程面临的挑战并展望其未来发展方向。提示工程在理论与应用方面的发展，为提升大模型在实际应用中的性能提供了全面的解决方案。

旅游作为一种满足人们对不同生活体验和知识需求的活动，对经济、文化等领域都产生了深远影响。随着物联网、多模态大语言模型等技术的迅速发展，传统的旅游业难以满足人们智能化以及个性化的旅游需求。为此，以平行智能为理念，基于ACP方法与多模态大语言模型提出了虚实交互的个性化旅游服务系统，通过构建旅游大模型，并结合检索增强生成方法和多智能体协作系统，打造个性化旅游服务的新范式。此外，探讨了平行旅游的应用生态，从“行”“住”“食”“衣”4个方面对整个旅游生态进行拓展，分析了其他行业与个性化旅游服务的融合。平行旅游将为旅游行服务业的发展带来全新可能。

随着数字化转型的加速，数据已成为驱动科技创新与经济增长的核心要素。然而，广泛存在的数据孤岛现象严重阻碍了跨领域、跨组织间的数据流通与合作，使得数据供应难以满足多样化的用户需求，数据的供需匹配面临严峻挑战。作为联邦生态的核心环节和对外赋能的重要窗口，联邦服务基于分布式数据共治原则，促进了跨领域、跨组织的数据流通与协同，为智能的供需匹配提供了一种有效的技术框架。首先，探讨联邦服务在联邦生态中的重要地位以及与联邦生态各环节的关系。其次，提出联邦服务的5层基本框架，并探讨其核心优势。在此基础上，提出联邦服务的关键支撑技术，主要包括区块链和去中心化自治组织与运营、大语言模型和场景工程、分布式计算和边缘计算、加密技术和隐私计算。最后，以数据与场景的供需匹配为应用案例，介绍联邦服务如何实现智能的供需匹配。提出的联邦服务理论与技术对于构建基于分布式数据共治的智能服务范式具有重要意义。

Copyright of Cancer Research on Prevention & Treatment is the property of Cancer Research on Prevention & Treatment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Intelligent Science & Technology is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Intelligent Science & Technology is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Intelligent Science & Technology is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Underarm opening sleeves and pendent sleeves have a common wearing characteristic, namely both of them hang behind the shoulders, but they have differences in terms of shape and structure. Underarm opening sleeves and pendent sleeves, with strong identification and vitality, prevailed and were widely transmitted across ancient Eurasia. They have attracted close attention from scholars and can both be traced back to Kandys of ancient Persia, a kind of cloak with two pendent sleeves. This paper aims to explore the transmission paths and features of underarm opening sleeves and pendent sleeves in ancient Eurasia, costume culture of clothes with underarm opening sleeves and pendent sleeves during the process of transmission, and the formation cause of the shape of underarm opening sleeves. From the holistic view this paper summarized the past findings and sorted out the historical photographs, literature, and heritages to explore the evolution of Kandys and clothes with underarm opening sleeves. The research shows that in ancient Persia, Kandys had important functions of religion, politics and culture. On one hand, it was used as ritual clothing for sacrifice; on the other hand, it was used as honor clothing to indicate the noble status and identity. As an important cultural sign, the pendent sleeves of Kandys which appeared on the figures of empire king, priest and Anahita and were used to be the saint clothing in the scenery of divine right of kings, were inherited and developed in the Persian Empire system. With the population migration and trade activities in ancient time, as a signal, the clothes with two pendent sleeves were transmitted to East along the Silk Road and ritual and honor were still the dominating factors of costume culture to be transmitted during the process. Sogdians and nomadic people were the prime transmission medias. In the process, the cultural characteristics of pendent sleeves were gradually endowed with multiple characteristics of nationality, Xianbeilization and Nomadizing. Clothes with pendent sleeves were practical for nomadic people, and were further transmitted by them. Clothes with underarm opening sleeves appearing around the 7th century A.D. resulted from the colliding and merging of two mainstream culture Byzantine costume culture and Sassanid Persia costume culture at that context along with the rise of Islamic civilization. The underarm opening sleeves with the joint image features of Byzantine costumes and Persia costumes became the Byzantine military uniform style and were very popular across Eurasia. In the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), the clothes with underarm opening sleeves called “Hai Qing Yi” were worn by Mongolian. The popular style of clothes with underarm opening sleeves was mainly transmitted through the two medias of European Crusaders and nomadic people, who jointly promoted bidirectionally dynamic transmission between East and West. During the long process, underarm opening sleeves were gradually endowed with decorative characteristics. The long-term evolution process fully manifests the blinding of Eastern and Western costume culture and multicultural characteristics of clothing shape. The continuous evolution of pendent sleeves and underarm opening sleeves consists of a series of “conjunctures” and “events” resulting from cross-era and cross-regional collision and exchange of civilization and culture. Meanwhile, the long term, conjunctures and events jointly promoted the evolution of clothing shape and exchange and transmission of costume culture between East and West. The paper systematically collected, combed and analyzed the evolution process of the shape of pendent sleeves and underarm opening sleeves, expanded the time and region and explored the transmission paths and features from the perspectives of trade activities along the Silk Road and migration of nomadic people, thereby enabling the process of development and change of clothing shape and blending phenomenon of Eastern and Western costume culture to be more clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pathophysiology is the property of Jinan University, School of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Intelligent Science & Technology is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Basic Sciences Journal of Textile Universities / Fangzhi Gaoxiao Jichu Kexue Xuebao is the property of Basic Sciences Journal of Textile Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is of theoretical and practical significance to study the impact of mixed-ownership reform, the core measure of stateowned enterprise (SOE) reform, on the green innovation of SOEs. Using the data of SOEs listed in the China A-share stock market from 2010 to 2019, this study empirically tested the impact, mechanisms, and heterogeneous impact of mixed-ownership reform on the green innovation of SOEs through a Propensity Score Matching+Difference-in-Differences (PSM-DID) model based on the shareholding ratio of non-state-owned shareholders among the top ten shareholders of state-owned enterprises. On this basis, this paper further explored the spillover effect of mixed-ownership reform on the green innovation of SOEs. The results showed that: ① Mixed-ownership reform could effectively promote the green innovation of SOEs. After using the placebo test and instrumental variable method to alleviate the endogenous problem and replacing the matching basis for the robustness test, the conclusion was still valid. ② The mechanism test showed that the improvement of corporate governance level and the knowledge spillover effect were important channels for mixed ownership reform to promote the green innovation of SOEs. The profit-seeking nature of non-state-owned shareholders might have a dampening effect on the green innovation of SOEs in mixed-ownership reform. ③ The heterogeneity analysis of industry characteristics showed that in competitive industries and environmental protection industries, mixed-ownership reform had a more obvious impact on promoting the green innovation of SOEs. ④ Although the mixed-ownership reform promoted the green innovation of SOEs, it was not the higher the better in terms of the proportion of non-state-owned shareholders. When non-state-owned shareholders accounted for 15% to 30%, the promotion effect on the green innovation of SOEs was most obvious. ⑤ The mixed-ownership reform had a spillover effect on the green innovation of unreformed SOEs, effectively promoting the substantive green innovation of these SOEs in the same industry. Therefore, the study proposes that the important role of mixed-ownership reform in green development should be fully recognized and the mixed-ownership reform of SOEs should be further promoted. We should promote the formation of a mutually balanced equity structure and rationally allocate the proportion of non-state-owned capital. At the same time, we should avoid the ‘one-size-fits-all’ mixed-ownership reform and adhere to the classification and stratification of orderly progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Engineering Science Research & Application is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Intelligent Science & Technology is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Edition) / Jiangsu Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To assess the nutritional status of vitamin A among adults of ethnic minority groups native to Yunnan Province, and provide scientific evidence for healthy eating promotions. Methods Between 2016 and 2020, 841 adults were randomly sampled from seven ethnic minority groups according to the sex and age composition in the 6thnational census. The serum retinol level was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HLCP), and judged by the WHO criteria. Vitamin A intake was calculated through a dietary survey and judged by reference to the dietary guidelines. Results The median serum vitamin A concentration was 0.55 mg/L (ranging from 0.44 to 0.68 mg/L) and significant differences were found in sex, race, education and income levels (all P < 0.05). The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and marginal deficiencies were 0.7% and 3.7%, respectively. The median of dietary vitamin A intake was 406.0 µg retinol equivalents (RE) and 67.0% of the subjects consumed less vitamin A than the Chinese Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). The major food sources of vitamin A were dark vegetables, eggs, light vegetables and meat, accounting for 86.6% of total vitamin A intake. Conclusion The serum vitamin A concentration is relatively good in the population, whereas inadequate vitamin A intake remains a problem, especially for certain ethnic groups, older and poor adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Department of Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Intelligent Science & Technology is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Water Conservancy & Electric Power Technology & Application is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Architecture is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Architecture is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Remote Sensing & Science Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Kunming Medical University / Kunming Yike Daxue Xuebao is the property of Kunming Medical Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Yellow River is the property of Editorial Board of Yellow River and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To solve the problem that the traditional mechanical seed metering device was difficult to replace during working, the structural parameters of the key components of the seed metering device were determined by theoretical analysis method to design a combined seed metering device. EDEM discrete element software was used to complete the universal orthogonal rotation combination test with the rotation speed of seed metering, the diameter of hole and the depth of hole as influence factors. The design data were analyzed by Design Expert 8.0.6 software, and the influence factors were obtained. The regression model among the performance indicators was ranked, and the target parameters were optimized based on the regression model to determine the optimal combination parameters. The results show that when the rotation speed of the seeding wheel is 40.38 r·min-1 with the hole diameter of 9.94 mm and the hole depth of 8.47 mm, the predicted yield is 96.24%. Based on the results, the bench test can be carried out and can verify the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning is the property of Editorial Board of the Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)