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Objective To explore the relationship between fibrinogen to albumin ratio (FAR) and the early neurological deterioration (END) after intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (IS). Methods A total of 156 patients with IS who received rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis were included. According to the occurrence of END, patients were divided into the END group (n=36) and the non-END group (n= 120). The baseline data were collected. Pearson test was used to analyze the correlation between the FAR of IS patients and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score before thrombolysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the value of relevant indicators to predict END after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis in IS patients. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of END after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis in IS patients. Results The incidence of END after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis was 23.08% in patients with acute IS. The NIHSS score, blood sugar, white blood cell count, serum fibrinogen (FIB) level and FAR were significantly higher before thrombolysis in the END group than those of the non-END group, and the serum albumin (ALB) level was significantly lower in the END group than that of non-END group (P＜0.05). The FAR of IS patients was positively correlated with NIHSS score before thrombolysis (P＜0.05). The area under curve of FAR predicting END after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis in IS patients was 0.806 (0.710-0.902), which was significantly higher than that of ALB［0.609(0.494-0.724)］and FIB［0.639 (0.524-0.754)］; but it was lower than the AUC of NIHSS score［0.963(0.931-0.994)］before thrombolysis (P＜0.05). The increased FAR and NIHSS score before thrombolysis were independent risk factors for END after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis in IS patients (P＜0.05). Conclusion The increase of FAR is related to END after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis, which can be used as a basis for predicting the occurrence of END after rt-PA intravenous thrombolysis in IS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have the effect of promoting angiogenesis, and have shown a good therapeutic effect in the study of ischemic stroke. Traditional Chinese medicine for replenishing qi and activating blood also has a significant effect in promoting angiogenesis.OBJECTIVE: To summarize the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine for replenishing qi and activating blood combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in promoting angiogenesis in ischemic stroke, so as to provide reference for the research and treatment of ischemic stroke.METHODS: “Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, angiogenesis, ischemic stroke, traditional Chinese medicine” were used as the English and Chinese key words. We searched the literatures regarding the related mechanism of angiogenesis and the literature related to angiogenesis promoted by traditional Chinese medicine combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang databases from 2009 to 2020. The literatures with weak correlation and repetition were excluded, and 145 literatures were summarized and analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The definition of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and angiogenesis and the mechanism of promoting angiogenesis were combed. (2) The related factors and signal pathways of replenishing qi and activating blood traditional Chinese medicine combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to promote angiogenesis were summarized, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, angiopoietin, integrin αvβ3, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and Wnt signal pathway, Notch signal pathway, PI3K/Akt signal pathway and SDF-1/CXCR4 signal axis. (3) It is found that the combination of traditional Chinese medicine for replenishing qi and activating blood and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can promote angiogenesis and improve the therapeutic effect on ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Aging has an important relationship with the occurrence and development of ischemic stroke. Mesenchymal stem cells have the functions of self-renewal, differentiation and secretion, and may play a certain role in the treatment of ischemic stroke.OBJECTIVE: To review the relationship between aging and ischemic stroke and the mechanism of action of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of agingrelated ischemic stroke. METHODS: The articles on the relationship between aging and ischemic stroke and mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of ischemic stroke published from 2006 to 2021 were searched in Wanfang, CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science. The key words were “aging, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), ischemic stroke” in Chinese and English. A total of 58 articles were included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate and secrete nutritional factors and vesicles and can be used for the treatment of aging-related ischemic stroke. (2) The pathological process of aging includes the accumulation of senescent cells to activate the secretion of inflammatory factors related to aging, which deteriorates the microenvironment of cell survival. The inflammatory response makes neurovascular unit damage after aging even worse. Oxidative stress causes the destruction of intracellular mitochondrial structure and dysfunction. The shortening of grains and changes in genetic material are closely related to aging and affect the stability of atherosclerosis, and are closely related to the occurrence and development of ischemic stroke. (3) The action mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of aging-related ischemic stroke mainly include: removing senescent cells and blocking the damage of inflammatory mediator pathways, inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, reducing inflammation, neurogenesis, promoting nerve function repair, increasing cerebral blood flow, promoting angiogenesis, secreting exosomes and having similar function of mesenchymal stem cells, which can provide relevant reference for mesenchymal stem cell treatment of ischemic stroke in the future. (4) Although mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can play a role in the treatment of ischemic stroke, it needs to be further resolved that the migration rate and distribution after transplantation, the types and distribution of differentiated cells, survival rate, proliferation, brain three-dimensional local injection or arteriovenous injection. Exploring more effective transplantation strategies is a key factor in order to prevent atherosclerosis and stroke by combination with anti-aging drugs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which often leads to the death of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is extremely complex, with high refractory rate and mortality rate. There are only two kinds of drugs for its treatment, so it is urgent to develop new treatment methods to improve the prognosis of patients. OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanism of Chinese medicine and mesenchymal stem cells regulating the immune response in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. METHODS: “Traditional Chinese medicine, medical stem cells, ALS, immune response” were Chinese and English search terms. Articles were retrieved from WanFang, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science and other databases from 2010 to 2023. Finally, 69 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The article summarizes in detail the five mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine regulating the immune response in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: mainly including the promotion of expression of closed zone protein-1 and closed protein-5 by traditional Chinese medicine such as borneol and astragaloside IV to rebuild the integrity of the blood central nervous system barrier. Fufangteng Mixture can regulate the receptor molecules on the surface of the natural killer cells to inhibit their autotoxicity. The complement system factors such as Scutellaria barbata and patchouli can inhibit their abnormal activation. Tripterygium wilfordii and Uncaria rhynchophylla inhibit the activation of microglia by mediating the production of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 attenuated inducible nitric oxide synthase. Zuogui Pill and Trichosanthes kirilowii Root promote the expression of interleukin-10 and regulate T cells to improve the immune environment. (2) Through existing research, five mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells regulating the immune response in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have been summarized, mainly including reducing the expression of aquaporin 4 and reducing endothelial nitric oxide synthase signal transduction to repair the integrity of the immune barrier; releasing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, prostaglandin E2 and other factors to resist natural killer cell toxicity; secretion factor H interferes with the activity of invertase and inhibits abnormal activation of the complement system; regulating the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 system axis or secreting transforming growth factors β, which can change the phenotype of microglia and inhibit its activity by other ways; increasing the expression of interleukin-10 or activating the STATS phosphorylation pathway to restore T cell function. (3) At present, there are few studies on the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Relevant research reports have shown that Jiweiling Injection can promote stem cell proliferation and differentiation and that Buyang Huanwu decoction combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can significantly improve the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. In the future, further exploration is needed to explore the synergistic treatment effect of both on refractory amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have been widely used to treat neurological diseases. However, due to limitations of the blood-brain barrier, low survival rate and differentiation rate of stem cells at damaged sites, the therapeutic effect is limited. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Shexiang Huangqi compound dripping pills on proliferation, migration and astrocyte differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: Male SD rats were treated with Shexiang Huangqi compound dripping pills for 5 days after continuous gavage. Blood was collected from the abdominal aorta and serum was separated for later use. The effect of 5%, 10% and 20% drug-containing serum on the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was detected by CCK-8 assay. The effect of 10% drug-containing serum on lateral migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was observed by scratch test. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in Transwell cells. The effects of 10% drug-containing serum on longitudinal migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were observed by crystal violet staining and DAPI nuclear staining. Differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into astrocytes was observed by inducing solution with 10% drug-containing serum or co-culture with astrocytes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) 10% and 20% drug-containing serum promoted cell proliferation more significantly on days 2 and 3, and there was no statistical difference between the two concentrations. (2) At 30 and 48 hours, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell migration in 10% drug-containing serum group was significantly higher than that in the control group. (3) The number of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells filtered through Transwell cells in 10% drug-containing serum group was higher than that in the control group. (4) 10% drug-containing serum might promote the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to astrocytes, but the differentiation effect was weak, and astrocytes might further promote the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into astrocytes induced by drug-containing serum. (5) The results exhibited that the 10% drug-containing serum could promote the proliferation and migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Co-culture with astrocytes may promote the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells towards astrocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The aging of mesenchymal stem cells is one of the main causes of aging-related diseases, and seriously affects its clinical application. Traditional Chinese medicine has a good anti-aging effect, and it can inhibit the aging of mesenchymal stem cells to promote its application in tissue engineering and prevent and treat aging-related diseases. OBJECTIVE: To review the effect and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine on inhibiting the aging of mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: We searched CNKI and PubMed for the literature on inhibiting mesenchymal stem cell aging with traditional Chinese medicine from 2012 to 2022. The keywords were “traditional Chinese medicine, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), aging” in Chinese and English, respectively. Finally, 92 articles were included for further review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) We summarized five main mechanisms of the aging of mesenchymal stem cells: DNA damage, telomere shortening, oxidative stress, autophagy disorder and mitochondrial dysfunction. (2) This paper reviewed the phenotypic characteristics of senescent mesenchymal stem cells, including increases in cell volume, decreases in proliferation and multi-directional differentiation, increases in β-galactosidase activity, and activation of p21 and p16 pathways, and so on. (3) We summarized the main mechanisms of Chinese medicine inhibiting the senescence of mesenchymal stem cells at present, including inhibiting the activation of the Wnt pathway, inhibiting the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, promoting the silencing of information regulator factor 2 homolog 1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 pathway activation, and promoting the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase. (4) At present, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are the most widely studied in the research of traditional Chinese medicine to inhibit the aging of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and the effect is better. (5) Zuogui Wan, Bushen Tiaogan Formula, resveratrol, Astragalus membranaceus and other traditional Chinese medicines can prevent and treat osteoporosis by promoting the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of aging mesenchymal stem cells. However, the mechanism of Chinese medicine in improving the paracrine function of mesenchymal stem cells and preventing other aging-related diseases by inhibiting the aging of mesenchymal stem cells needs to be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Endogenous neurogenesis and exogenous stem cell transplantation in the brain show great therapeutic potential for neurological diseases including ischemic stroke, repairing and replacing lost neurons, promoting synaptic remodeling, and inhibiting apoptosis. Traditional Chinese medicine and compound therapy for supplementing qi, activating blood circulation and inducing resuscitation for the treatment of neurological dysfunction after ischemia have certain advantages, targeting nerve repair through a variety of ways, including promoting endogenous neurogenesis and exogenous stem cell survival, proliferation, homing, and inducing neuronal differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine and compound for supplementing qi, activating blood circulation and inducing resuscitation to promote nerve repair in the acute phase of ischemic stroke, in order to provide a reference for the research and treatment of new drugs in ischemic stroke. METHODS: The articles from CNKI and PubMed databases about traditional Chinese medicine and compound for supplementing qi, activating blood circulation and inducing resuscitation in promotion of nerve repair in the acute phase of ischemic stroke from 2010 to 2022 were searched, with “supplementing qi and activating blood circulation; inducing resuscitation; traditional Chinese medicine (TCM); compounds; ischemic stroke; nerve repair; stem cells” as Chinese and English search terms. After excluding old and duplicate views, the retrieved literature was analyzed and collated, and a total of 124 articles were included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The definition of stem cells, ischemic stroke and the nerve repair pathway in the acute phase of ischemic stroke were sorted out. (2) The mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine and compound for supplementing qi, activating blood circulation and inducing resuscitation to promote nerve repair in the acute phase of ischemic stroke was summarized, mainly including promoting stem cell proliferation, improving stem cell viability and survival rate, promoting nerve cell homing, inducing stem cell differentiation to neurons, inhibiting apoptosis of nerve cells, promoting axon regeneration, regulating angiogenesis and remodeling, improving the level of neurotrophic factors and repairing the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. (3) Through the existing research, the relevant factors and signaling pathways of traditional Chinese medicines and compounds for supplementing qi, activating blood circulation and inducing resuscitation to promote nerve repair in the acute phase of ischemic stroke were summarized, such as Nestin protein expression, DCX protein expression, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, PI3k/ Akt signaling pathway, BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway and ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. It provides a relevant reference for future research on ischemic strokespecific drugs and new clinical treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of death and long-term disability, and the incidence is still rising year by year, seriously affecting the quality of life. Blood-brain barrier injury is an important pathological process that leads to a poor prognosis of cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. However, due to the limited treatment methods and limitations of multiple factors, it is urgent to find new treatment methods to repair blood-brain barrier injury. OBJECTIVE: To review the relevant mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in regulating the blood-brain barrier after cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, to further explore new ways to protect the blood-brain barrier and provide assistance for clinical treatment. METHODS: The keywords were “traditional Chinese medicine, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, blood-brain barrier, cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury” in Chinese and English. WanFang, CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases from 2012 to 2022 were retrieved for articles regarding the related mechanism of the blood-brain barrier damage and the related mechanism of Chinese medicine combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in regulating the blood-brain barrier. The obsolete and unqualified articles were excluded and 97 articles were included for analysis and summary. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The physiological structure of the blood-brain barrier and the pathological changes of the blood-brain barrier structure after cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury were combed. (2) This paper summarized the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in regulating the blood-brain barrier after cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, including regulating the expression of tight junction protein, inhibiting the activity of aquaporin-4 and matrix metalloproteinase-9, promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators, and regulating exosomes. (3) It is concluded that traditional Chinese medicine combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can improve the permeability of the damaged blood-brain barrier and provide assistance for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In the process of repair, extracellular matrix components first fill up the damaged lung tissue. However, excessive deposition of extracellular matrixes can develop pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Feibi prescription on extracellular matrix transformation in mice with pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. METHODS: Sixty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into blank control group, model group, pirfenidone group, and three Feibi prescription groups (low-, middle-, and high-dose groups). There were 10 mice in each group. Except for the blank control group, the other five groups were intraperitoneally injected with bleomycin (7.5 mg/kg per day) for 10 continuous days to establish the model of pulmonary fibrosis. On day 1 after modeling, the mice in corresponding drug groups were intragastrically administered with pirfenidone (51.43 mg/kg per day) and Feibi prescription (6.43, 12.86, 25.72 mg/kg per day). Drug administration lasted for 28 days. Then, morphological changes of lung tissue in mice were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining. The contents of transforming growth factor-β1 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the serum were detected by ELISA, and the expression of a-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I and collagen type III in the lung tissue was detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The serum levels of transforming growth factor-β1 were significantly increased in the other groups compared with the blank control group (P < 0.01), but the levels were significantly lower in the pirfenidone, middle-dose and high-dose Feibi prescription groups than in the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and the most decline was in the high-dose Feibi prescription group. Compared with the model group, the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly reduced in the four drug groups (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the drug groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the blank control group, the expression of α-smooth muscle actin was increased in the other groups to varying degrees (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The expression of α-smooth muscle actin was significantly lower in the high-dose Feibi prescription group than the low- and middle-dose Feibi prescription groups (P < 0.05). The expression of collagen type I was significantly higher in the model and low-dose Feibi prescription groups than in the control group, whereas it was significantly lower in the middle- and high-dose Feibi prescription groups than in the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the blank control group, the expression of collagen type III was increased to different extents in the other groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the low-dose Feibi prescription group, the expression of collagen type III was significantly decreased in the middle-dose Feibi prescription group, high-dose Feibi prescription group and bleomycin group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). To conclude, Feibi prescription can alleviate pulmonary fibrosis and inhibit the extracellular matrix transformation in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice. The mechanism may be related to down-regulating the levels of transforming growth factor-β1 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and inhibiting the expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I and collagen type III in the lung tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Rehmannia glutinosa has the effects of inhibiting oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis, inhibiting nerve inflammation, promoting angiogenesis and anti-aging, and has unique advantages in the treatment of ischemic stroke. The combination of Rehmannia glutinosa with mesenchymal stem cells as a carrier can play a better role in the treatment of ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of Rehmannia glutinosa combined with mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke. METHODS: We searched CNKI and PubMed for the literature on the treatment of senile ischemic stroke with Rehmannia glutinosa combined with mesenchymal stem cells from 2012 to 2022. The keywords were “Rehmannia, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), ischemic stroke” in Chinese and English, respectively. Finally, 86 articles were included for further review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke were reviewed, including the promotion of cell migration and differentiation, immunomodulation, and inhibition of apoptosis. (2) The mechanisms of Rehmannia glutinosa in treating ischemic stroke were summarized, including inhibition of oxidative stress, inhibition of nerve inflammation, inhibition of apoptosis, promotion of neuroangiogenesis, and anti-aging. (3) Rehmannia glutinosa could stimulate the vitality of mesenchymal stem cells, promote the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells, induce the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells, and improve the survival rate of mesenchymal stem cells in vivo, so as to achieve the goal of synergistic treatment of ischemic stroke. (4) The mechanism of Rehmannia glutinosa combined with mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke was summarized, including inhibition of oxidative stress, inhibition of apoptosis, anti-aging, promotion of angiogenesis and nerve remodeling, thereby providing theoretical reference for the new treatment of ischemic stroke in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In acute cerebral ischemia, the tight junction between endothelial cells is damaged, and variation in the transcription or expression of tight junction proteins increases the blood-brain barrier permeability eventually triggering the formation of brain edema. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect mechanism by which Buyang Huanwu Decoction combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) transplantation treats a cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rat model via the blood brain barrier. METHODS: Eighty rats provided by the Animal Experimental Central of Shandong Province, China, were randomized into sham operation group (n=16), model group (n=16), transplantation group (n=16), Buyang Huanwu Decoction group (n=16), and Buyang Huanwu Decoction+transplantation group (combination group, n=16). Ischemia-reperfusion rat model was established via middle cerebral artery occlusion using improved Zea Longa’s suture-occlusion method. In the Buyang Huanwu Decoction group and combination group, the rats were gavaged with 15 ml/kg Buyang Huanwu Decoction 3 days before modeling, while in the sham operation group, model group and transplantation group, the rats were gavaged with the equal volume of normal saline. The transplantation group and combination group were injected with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell suspension (1x106 mL, 1 mL) 1 day after modeling, and the other groups were gavaged with the equal volume of normal saline. The expression of Occludin, Claudin-5, Jam-A, and ZO-1 in ischemic brain tissues was detected by western blot assay at 3 and 5 days after modeling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the sham operation group, the protein expression of Occludin, Claudin-5, Jam-A, and ZO-1 in the ischemic brain tissue of rats in the model group decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the protein expression levels of Occludin, Claudin-5, Jam-A, and ZO-1 in the rat ischemic brain tissue in the Buyang Huanwu Decoction group, transplantation group and combination group were up-regulated significantly (P < 0.05), with the most significant increase in the combination group (P < 0.01). Buyang Huanwu Decoction combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation exerts a synergistic effect in blood-brain barrier repair, and keeps the tight junction with the blood-brain barrier through the upregulation of ischemic brain tissue Occludin, Claudin-5, Jam-A and ZO-1protein expression, to achieve the brain protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxytocin (OT) regulates parturition and breast milk secretion and holds bone directly by peripheral OT and oxytocin receptor (OTR) rather than central. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts (OB), osteoclasts (OC), osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes all expressed OT and OTR. OB synthesizes OT under the stimulation of estrogen and becomes a paracrine-autocrine regulator of bone formation. Under the mediation of estrogen, OT/OTR and OB form a feedforward loop. The Osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) signal pathway is the critical pathway for OT and OTR to exert anti-Osteoporosis (OP) action. OT down-regulates the bone resorption markers by up-regulating bone morphogenetic protein, thus improving the activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and promoting them to differentiate into OB rather than adipocytes. OT induces OB mineralization by promoting OTR translocation to the nucleus of OB. OT regulates the proportion of OPG/RANKL in OB by triggering the release of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and the synthesis of nitric oxide and has a bidirectional regulatory effect on osteoclasts. In addition, OT can also increase the activity of osteocytes and chondrocytes and plays a vital role in increasing bone mass and improving bone microstructure. Based on the fact that OT and OTR have sound anti-OP effects, this article reviews the research on the regulation of bone metabolism by OT and OTR in recent years, in order to provide reference for their clinical application and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Neural stem cells have the effect of repairing, replacing damaged nerve cells, stimulating neurogenesis, rebuilding cell circuits, inhibiting apoptosis, and have shown a good therapeutic effect in the study of Alzheimer’s disease. Traditional Chinese medicine also has significant efficacy on regulating the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and improving nerve cell viability and cell survival. OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine regulating neural stem cells in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, so as to provide a reference for the research and treatment of new drugs for Alzheimer’s disease. METHODS: The articles on Wanfang, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science and other databases about neural stem cell regulated by traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease from 2010 to 2022 were searched, with “neural stem cells, traditional Chinese medicine, Alzheimer’s disease” as the key words in Chinese and English. The outdated and repetitive viewpoints were excluded, and the retrieved articles were analyzed and sorted out, and a total of 121 articles were included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The definition and pathogenesis of neural stem cells and Alzheimer’s disease were sorted out. (2) The mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating neural stem cells in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease was summarized, mainly including promoting the proliferation of neural stem cells, improving the microenvironment in the brain, inhibiting the apoptosis of nerve cells, inducing neural stem cell differentiation into neurons, improving neuroinflammation, and regulating vascular nerve units. (3) Through the existing research, the relevant factors and signaling pathways of traditional Chinese medicine to regulate neural stem cells in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease were summarized, such as Nestin protein, microtubuleassociated protein, cerebrogenic neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and Notch signal pathway, P13k/Akt signaling pathway, brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB signaling pathway, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. It may provide a relevant reference for the future research on new drugs for Alzheimer’s disease and new clinical treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Exosomes are nano-scale microvesicles that can freely penetrate the blood-brain barrier and are of great values in maintaining the stability of the internal environment, communicating between cells, and regulating immune responses. Mesenchymal stem cells, as the cells with the strongest ability to secrete exosomes, have the advantages of easy collection, low immune rejection, and weak ethical response, and mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes can help improve damaged nervous system functions. Inhibiting the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons is considered to be a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. OBJECTIVE: To review the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, as diagnostic biomarkers, drug delivery vehicles, and the research progress of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in the mechanism of Parkinson’s disease. METHODS: “Exosomes, mesenchymal stem cells, Parkinson disease” were used as the Chinese and English search terms. Relevant articles were searched in CNKI and PubMed from inception to May 2021. The search languages were Chinese and English. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 117 relevant articles were finally included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The definition, source, composition, and function of exosomes, the discovery, definition, mechanism and application of mesenchymal stem cells were summarized. (2) It is concluded that the aggregation of α-synuclein can cause pathological spread, and α-synuclein is found in exosomes, which may be a possible molecular mechanism of the spread of α-synuclein between cells. α-Synuclein can activate microglia in Parkinson’s disease, cause an inflammatory cascade, induce neuritis and dopamine neuron degeneration. Exosomal miRNA can induce changes in the genetic program of target cells. The above-mentioned pathogenesis promotes the progression of Parkinson’s disease. (3) The application of exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles is summarized. The role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in Parkinson’s disease was summarized, mainly in inhibiting inflammation, regulating gene expression, inhibiting dopamine neuron apoptosis, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect and increasing the release of dopamine. (4) It is found that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have broad prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease, and are worthy of further in-depth study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Exosome is a membranous vesicle structure, which can be secreted by many types of cells and widely exists in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk and other body fluids. It has the potential to mediate cell-to-cell communication and activate a variety of signal pathways. Studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exocrine bodies can not only directly affect the function of brain parenchyma cells, but also have indirect neural repair effect, as a drug loading system can improve the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress on the mechanism of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exocrine bodies regulated by traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of ischemic stroke. METHODS: The articles of Wanfang, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science and other databases about mesenchymal stem cell-derived exocrine bodies regulated by traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of ischemic stroke from 2009 to 2020 were searched, with “mesenchymal stem cells, exocrine, traditional Chinese medicine, ischemic stroke” as the key words in Chinese and English. The outdated and repetitive viewpoints were excluded, and the retrieved articles were analyzed and sorted out, and a total of 66 articles were included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The biological characteristics of exocrine derived from mesenchymal stem cells were combed. (2) Summarizing the mechanism of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exocrine in the treatment of ischemic stroke, including affecting blood-brain barrier permeability, angiogenesis, neurodifferentiation, nerve repair and immune inflammation. (3) Through the existing research, this paper summarizes the role of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating mesenchymal stem cell-derived exocrine in the treatment of ischemic stroke, including neuroprotection, angiogenesis, regulation of blood-brain barrier and so on. It may provide relevant reference for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine to regulate mesenchymal stem cell-derived exocrine in the treatment of ischemic stroke in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]