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In order to reduce the risk of water shortage of Qinhe River Basin, this paper took Qinhe River Basin as the research object, estimated the blue and green water resources in Qinhe River Basin from 2010 to 2016 based on the output results of the SWAT model, calculated the blue and green water scarcity index through the blue and green water footprint and the blue and green water availability, and quantitatively evaluated the blue and green water shortage situation in Qinhe River Basin by dividing four risk levels of blue and green water shortage. The results show that: a) The average annual blue water resources in Qinhe River Basin are 910 million m³, accounting for 12.0% of the total water resources, and the average annual green water resources are 6.69 billion m³, accounting for 88.0% of the total water resources, and the main component of water resources in Qinhe River Basin is green water resources; b) Under the annual scale, the blue water shortage index of most molecular basins in Qinhe River is greater than 1.0, and the risk level of blue water shortage is relatively serious risk, especially in Jiaozuo City in the downstream area; c) Under the annual scale, the index of green water scarcity in each subbasin of Qinhe River shows some differences, the average annual green water shortage index in most sub-basins is in the range of 0.5-1.0, and the green water shortage faces moderate risk; On the whole, the risk level of green water shortage is lower than that of blue water shortage. Based on the analysis of water shortage indexes of blue water and green water, it put forward suggestions on reducing the water safety risk of Qinhe River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to expedite the transition of the Yellow River Simulator into the operational phase and quickly make use of its positive role in the difficulties of water resources shortage, economic imbalance and ecological fragility in the Yellow River Basin, an intelligent calculation method system for the Yellow River Simulator had been thoroughly sorted out and implemented. Drawing upon the concept of intelligent computing, the vital importance of the Yellow River Simulator’s intelligent computing was articulated from the perspectives of data storage and preprocessing, simulation computing power, and swift responsiveness, as well as its significance in ecological conservation and management, efficient water resources utilization and disaster evaluation and mitigation. Based on the architectural framework of the Yellow River Simulator, four branches of intelligent computing methods, namely biomimetic intelligent computing, machine learning, fuzzy computing and intelligent computation were summarized in detail. Envisioning the transformative potential of intelligent computation methodologies for the Yellow River Simulator, this paper explored its huge application prospects in development planning, disaster management and resources allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the key and difficult issues faced by the Yellow River Basin, such as water resources shortage, unbalanced economic development and fragile ecological environment, the research and development of the Yellow River Simulator has become the next important work goal of the protection and management of the Yellow River Basin in the new era. With reference to the expression of Yangtze River Simulator, this paper combined with the characteristics of the Yellow River Basin, proposed and interpreted the concept and cognition of Yellow River Simulator and planned the top-level design of the construction of the Yellow River Simulator. From three aspects of perception system, simulation system and service system, the construction framework of Yellow River Simulator was designed. On this basis, the development layout of Yellow River Simulator 1.0 to 4.0 was further proposed, and the construction blueprint for the next 50 or even 100 years was looked forward. The construction of the Yellow River Simulator can provide simulation and decision-making support for disaster prevention and control, resources supply, public management, cultural inheritance and other fields, to promote the systematic protection and governance of the Yellow River Basin, and promote the implementation of the major national strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the comprehensiveness and accuracy of ecosystem management in the Yellow River Basin, the ecological zoning of the Yellow River Basin was carried out by ArcGIS layer overlay, segmentation and other methods, and a comprehensive evaluation index system of ecosystem health in the Yellow River Basin was built on the basis of the “Pressure-State-Response” relationship. The SMI-P method was used to calculate and evaluate the Ecosystem Health Composite Index（EHCI） of 63 municipalities（autonomous prefectures） and 192 ecozones. The results show that: a) Water resources, water area and wetland area are important factors for the ecosystem of the Yellow River Basin. b) In the Yellow River Basin as a whole, the ecosystem in the southwest is relatively healthy, the central and eastern regions are not so healthy, and the ecosystem in the northern region is in a critical state. c) The areas under greater pressure, its condition is poor, and the area under less stress is in better condition; areas with significant response effects tend to be in poorer condition. d) Within the same prefecture-level administrative area, different ecological areas have different conditions, and healthy areas and disease areas coexist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National security is the basic premise for the survival and development of country, and the most fundamental guarantee for safeguarding national interests. Water security is a vital part of national security, which not only ensures sustainable economic and social development, but also supports food security, energy security and ecological security. Water safety has always been a major issue of national security and stability, it is of great significance to study national water security issues. Based on the analysis of national security needs and research results on water security, this paper proposes the idea of establishing a second-level discipline (or branch discipline) of “national water security discipline” under the framework of the first-level discipline of “national security discipline”, and defines the concept and orientation of national water security discipline. Then, the discipline system framework of national water security discipline is proposed, including its research object, theoretical system, methodology and application practice. Finally, considering the needs of discipline development, we put forward the development prospects of national water security discipline, which can provide reference for the further improvement and development of national water security discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the significant components of water modernization construction in the new age is the modernization of irrigation areas. In or-der to promote agricultural modernization and realize the rural vitalization strategy, we must persist in the modernization of irrigation area. Harmonious coexistence between nature and human is an advanced idea to deal with the symbiotic relationship, which is the important strategic guidance of the modernization construction in irrigation areas. After exploring the modernization of irrigation areas and harmonious coexistence between nature and human, the construction framework of the harmonious symbiosis between man and nature in irrigation areas was constructed, including six basic principles, four construction objectives, five system constructions and eight main contents. And it was carried on the preliminary exploration of modernization construction practice in the Guangli irrigation area of Henan Province, the construction target and main content of water conservancy modernization in irrigation area were clarified further, which provided the theoretical basis for the modernization construction of irrigation areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow River is China' s economic lifeline, energy base, and ecological harrier, where thousands of human beings and animals are nutured. Throughout history, dams and river diversions have played an imporant role: in preventing floods and fostering long-term peace mid stability in the Yellow River Basin. However, the Yellow River still encounters the challenges mid events of silting, breaching, mid channel change, due to large sediment deposition, the high suspended channels and poor management of embankment s, posing threats to life safety and economic production. China has along history of harnessing the Yellow River from the Pre-Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, providing valuable experiences mid implications for modern management regarding the implementations of dam renovation, river dredging, mid water resources allocation. This study reviewed important ancient water- culture events, including the flood control encirclement, river reform mid dredge in the Pre-Qin Dynasty, construction mid rehabilitation of canals in the Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties, the development of new canals in the Ming Dynasty, and the establishment of laws mid regulations in the Qing Dyansty and the cultural and historical experiences learned through the review of representative events, this paper could provide valuable references and implications for modern Yellow-River harnessing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving a healthy regional water balance is an important content and challenge of China′s water conservancy work, which is of great significance to ensure national water security and the sustainable and stable development of the national economy and society. This study defined the concept of a regional water balance based on a summarization of the fundamental understanding of a water balance, then its connotation was interpreted from four aspects: ① water budget balance; ② water supply- demand balance of economic society; ③ water use balance between the economy and ecology; ④ harmonious balance of human-water relationship, and three dimensions of time, space, system. This study proposed the basic principles of a regional water balance, including water balance principle, supply and demand balance principle, synergistic balance principle and harmonious balance principle. The important scientific challenges for realizing a regional water balance supported by basic principles were analyzed. The theoretical system of regional water balance was discussed in terms of two aspects of theoretical basis and basic theory. The theoretical basis includes hydrology, science of water resources, ecology, economics, sociology and other theories. The basic theory includes the spatiotemporal equilibrium theory of water resources budget, the optimal allocation theory of water resources supply and demand, the synergy theory of water use between the economy and ecology, and the human-water harmony theory. This study also discussed the prospect of applying the basic theory. The results of this study can act as a reference for future studies of the regional water balance and can provide a research framework for management of the regional water balance in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resource-ecology-economic (REE) system is a complex mutual feedback system. The safety and coordinated development of the system are related to the sustainable development and stability of an area. This paper took the 14 prefecture-level cities involved in the Yellow River water supply area in Henan Province as a research area, and adopted entropy method and coupling coordination degree model to evaluate the REE security level of each city and the coupling and coordination relationships between systems from 2011 to 2018. The results show that: a) the security level of the REE of various cities in the Yellow River water supply area in Henan Province is generally not high, and all safety evaluation indexes are below 0.70; b) unemployment rate, proportion of urban and rural living environment water consumption, and per capita water consumption are key indicators that affect the security of REE; c) the unbalanced spatial development of resources, e cology, and economic systems is the fundamental reason that restricts the security of REE; d) there are strong interactions within REE, but the level of coupled and coordinated development still needs to be further improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modernization of water conservancy is the key to realize socialist modernization in an all-round way. How to clarify the construction system and implementation route of water conservancy modernization in which man and nature coexist harmoniously is an urgent issue to be solved at present. Based on the in-depth analysis of the concept of the harmonious co-existence between human and nature, this paper analyzed the need to adhere to the concept of the harmonious co-existence between human and nature in the building of water conservancy modernization, put forward the system framework of the harmonious co-existence between human and nature in the construction of water conservancy modernization and introduced its main building contents from eight aspects, such as theory, technology, engineering and service. The modernization of water conservancy was divided into three stages, namely preparation stage, rapid development stage and continuous improvement stage, and the road map of the modernization of water conservancy was drawn. It provides reference for realizing the modernization goal of harmonious coexistence between human and nature and constructing the modernization of water conservancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of rivers into Happy Rivers is a new goal for river management in China in the new era, which is of great significance for sustainable development of river health and the society. The present study further evaluated the concept of a Happy River and proposed a Happy River evaluation system. The evaluation system is based on the framework of the" Four Major Judgment Criteria", namely, safe operation, continuous supply, ecolog ical health, and harmonious development, and included 16 and 34 basic and alternative indicators, respectively, according to the three levels of" goal-criteria-indicator". By referencing the large number of normative and stand ard documents along with the research results, five levels of Happy River grading standards were proposed for each in dicator. The "Happy River Index" was introduced for quantitative evaluation of river status, and the "single index quantification-multiple indices synthesis-poly-criteria integration" method was used to calculate the index ; Final ly, the evaluation system was applied to the Yellow River, China for 2017, including the Yellow River segment, nine provinces, and the Weihe River tributary. The present study verified that the proposed evaluation system accu rately represented the Happy River status of the Yell ow River, and the evaluation system is therefore reliable and ap plicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River (Abbreviation: YRB Conservation and Development) put forward higher requirements for water conservancy development. The preparation of special water conservancy plans is a prerequisite for the smooth implementation of this strategy. According to Xi Jinping's speech at the Symposium on YRB Conservation and Development, this paper systematically analyzed the background and key contents of this strategy, summarized its demand for water conservancy development and answered the question of why special water conservancy planning should be carried out. This paper focused on the water conservancy special planning ideas and objectives for YRB Conservation and Development, and answered how to carry out special water conservancy planning. Finally, this paper put forward the content framework system including the structure hierarchy, the main content, and answered what is the content of special water conservancy planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the intensification of human activities, the role of human beings on rivers has been enhanced and the demand is also increasing, which not only affects the health of the river, but people also hope that the river will become a happy river for the welfare of the mankind. In fact, this is a very complicated issue that urgently needs to be answered. What is a happy river? How to judge whether it is a happy river? The concept of a happy river was put forward by sorting out and analyzing the related researches on the river management process in China and the concept of happiness, combining with the proposed background of a happy river, the connotation and characteristics of a happy river were interpreted and summarized. The judgment criteria of a happy river were proposed based on the understanding of a happy river, including safe operation, sustainable supply, ecological health and human-water harmony. Overall, the research on the conception, connotation and judgment criteria of happy river had laid a foundation for the further construction of the evaluation index system and the evaluation of happy river, which was of great significance for harnessing river in the new era, supporting the construction of ecological civilization and promoting the ecological health of rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of the strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin involves multi-disciplinary. The urgent needs for the implementation of the strategy in the Yellow River basin at present are the development of the theoretical basis and the solution of the major scientific and technical issues. Firstly, combined with the problems and the actual development demands of the Yellow River basin, the background and target orientation of this strategy were elaborated, and the guiding ideology and main focus of the strategy implementation were summarized through the analysis of this major national strategy; secondly, based on the demand of strategic implementation, the research framework of the implementation of the strategy was put forward, including 5 aspects of theoretical basis and 7 aspects of major scientific and technical issues; finally, research work needed for the implementation of the strategy in the future was analyzed from 5 aspects, and a development route chart was drawn for this basin in the next 15 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the increasingly prominent problem and the contradiction of water resources spatial imbalance, promoting and implementing the spatial balance of water resources has become an important content of current water conservancy work. However, what is the spatial equilibrium of water resources and what is its theoretical method are the problems that need to be solved urgently at present. This paper put forward the concept of spatial equilibrium of water resources and its theory through sorting out and understanding the existing research on spatial equilibrium and combining with the formation background of the idea of spatial equilibrium development of water resources. Based on the understanding of the spatial equilibrium principle of water resources, the theoretical system framework of spatial equilibrium of water resources were put forward and its main research contents were expounded. Finally, the next step of water resources spatial equilibrium research was prospected from three aspects: theory, method and application. In general, the research of spatial equilibrium theory of water resources plays an important guiding role in solving the spatial imbalance in China’s modern water control practices, supporting the demonstration and planning of national water conservancy construction, promoting the spatial equilibrium development of water resources-economy society and ecological environment. It can lay a foundation for the future development of water resources spatial balance control and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In orderto effectively optimize the allocation of water resources and maximize the overall benefits of the Zhaokou Yellow River Irrigation Area Phase II, this paper established a bi-level multi-objective model for water resources optimization allocation and scheduling modelling. This model employed genetic algorithms to optimize canal water scheduling schemes and the allocation volumes for six water users, including residential livestock, agriculture, secondary industry, tertiary industry, environmental sanitation and greening, as well as river and lake ecosystems under designed frequencies of 50%, 75%,95% in the planning year of 2030. Findings reveal that, at different designed frequencies, the optimal water allocation scheme successfully satisfies the fundamental needs of the diverse water users within the irrigation area. It also ensures adequate water supply for residential livestock, secondary and tertiary industries. Additionally, the agricultural sector maintains a supply-demand ratio exceeding 0.76. Under the different designed frequencies, the proportion of water diverted from the Yellow River by each canal in the irrigation area is 46.61%, 42.28%, and 48.58%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on die analysis of research issues about interconnected river system network (IRSN) , harmony theory was introduced into interconnected river system network to interpret it’s harmonious problems. From the perspective of harmony, the paper explored new approaches of IRSN by using methods of harmony theory, and proposed research framework that harmony theory was applied in IRSN. What’s more, taking the assessment of rivers health in Zhengzhou City as an example, the paper described the application of harmony theory in the study of IRSN. It is concluded that the problems of IRSN are complicated, there are a lot of harmony problems that need to be studied, and harmony theory has important application prospect in IRSN research. The application examples in Zhengzhou City show that the evaluation results of river and lake health status are objective and intuitive, which help to grasp the overall situation of IRSN and guide the improvement of river and lake health status. It provides theoretical and technical support for solving many difficult problems in IRSN research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henan Province, as a traditional agricultural province is the core region of grain production in China, where the situation of water resources is complex. The study of matching characteristics of water and soil resources has positive influence on ensuring the agricultural food production. In this paper, considering the portfolio analysis of regional cultivated soil and water resources, the matching coefficients of water and soil resources was calculated firstly based on the data from 2000 to 2014 of 18 cities in Henan Province. Moreover the Lorenz curve was mapped. Therefore the Gini coefficient was calculated to reflect the unbalanced degree of the matching of water and soil resources. Finally, the changing characteristics of the water and soil resources were comparatively analyzed from the spatial and temporal distribution view of Henan Province by considering the parameters of agricultural water and using proportion, water and soil matching coefficient and Gini coefficient. The results show that the degree of the matching of water and soil resources is undesirability and the quantity of water resources is relatively deficient in Henan Province. Therefore, some useful suggestions which contribute to optimization of the matching degree of water and soil resources were put forward to ensure the benign development of the future agriculture in Henan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the characteristics of the ordinary evaluation methods and the application of harmony degree equation (HDE), this paper puts forward a new evaluation method called HDE; According to the two common types of the current evaluation methods (classification-grade evaluation method and comprehensive degree evaluation method), the evaluation steps and calculation process of HDE are described respectively. For the classification-grade evaluation method, it can not only be used to the single-factor evaluation, but also used to multifactor comprehensive evaluation by setting the value of HD(y0). For the comprehensive degree evaluation, parameters in the HDE equation can be determined based on specific issues to calculate the HD and then to estimate the evaluation results of comprehensive degree. The application results show that the HDE evaluation method has similar evaluation steps with ordinary evaluation methods, but it has its distinctive advantages. HDE evaluation method can better present the evaluation results and has good universality and flexibility. Obviously, HDE evaluation method can be promoted and applied to the general problem evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide reference for solving the difficult issue of unbalanced and uncoordinated development of the Yellow River Basin, this paper built a high-quality development evaluation index system of the Yellow River Basin from five dimensions of innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development and shared development. The paper used the weighted TOPSIS model to measure the high-quality development level of provinces（regions） in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2019. The results show that in 2010-2019, the high-quality development level of the Yellow River Basin is generally low, and there are obvious differences among provinces（regions） in space, showing a continuous upward trend in time, and the inter provincial gap is gradually narrowing. From all dimensions, the levels of innovative development and shared development shows a steady upward trend. The levels of open development and coordinated development both experience a slight decline from 2012 to 2015 and begin to rise significantly in 2016. The level of green development also shows an upward trend but fluctuates greatly. The coordination level of economic, social and ecological environment coupling in the Yellow River Basin is low, and it has been in a state of imbalance for a long time. After 2016, it has changed from a moderate imbalance to a mild imbalance and a near imbalance. Government capacity, the degree of opening to the outside world, the level of education and the degree of medical security have a positive impact on the degree of coupling and coordination. The level of technology and ecological conditions have different effects on the degree of coupling and coordination of the Yellow River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to systematically analyze and accurately quantify the matching characteristics of water resources and economic and social development in prefecture-level cities, typical factors such as total water resources, water consumption, population, GDP and cultivated area were selected in this paper, and a new quantitative research idea that simultaneously applying the calculation methods of matching degree based on Gini coefficient and data sequence was proposed. Taking 10 prefecture-level cities along the Shaying River as examples, this paper quantitatively analyzed the spatial-temporal matching relationship between water resources and economic and social development from 2009 to2018. The results show that the application of the above two methods can comprehensively study the matching issue of the two systems elements from the perspective of the whole time/space and the single city/time. There are some differences in the temporal Gini coefficient among prefecture-level cities, but the matching degree of different elements is basically consistent and the results are all good. Except that the temporal matching degrees of total water resources and GDP, water consumption and GDP present a low-high-low evolution trend, the results of other elements present a fluctuation trend over time. The spatial Gini coefficient varies little on the time scale, while there are significant differences among different matching elements. The spatial matching degree is basically consistent in time and the results of some prefecture level cities are poor, especially in Zhengzhou, Nanyang and Zhumadian cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scientifically reasonable water resources allocation plan is an important foundation for achieving high-quality development in water-deficient areas in northern China. Based on a systematic review of relevant research results, this article analyzed the characteristics of water resources and future allocation requirements in water-deficient areas in northern China, and proposed a model framework for optimal water resources allocation in water-deficient areas in northern China for high-quality development. This study systematically built the optimization of water resources allocation in water-deficient areas of northern China by considering target constraints, parameter settings and algorithm design. Improvements and effectiveness verification of the traditional particle swarm optimization algorithm were achieved by incorporating both inertial weights and learning factors. The proposed model and algorithm were applied to the case study of water resources allocation in Yangquan, a typical water-deficient city in northern China. The results show that there is significant potential for water conservation in industrial and domestic water use in Yangquan and Pingding County has the highest water consumption unit. The water demand satisfaction and water ecological environment carrying capacity in water-deficient areas are significantly improved by adopting the planning-level year water conservation scenarios. The proposed framework for optimizing water resources allocation, which incorporates high-quality development objectives and key constraints in northern China, is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to study and formulate a set of synergetic promotion criteria and quantitative methods to promote major national strategies for ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. The “four criteria” for synergetic promotion of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin was put forward in this paper, namely, healthy ecological environment, high-quality economic development, harmonious coexistence between human and water and the people live a happy life. Based on the “four criteria”, a quantitative index system for the synergetic promotion of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin was established. The method of “ single index quantification-multi index synthesis-multi criterion integration” was adopted to quantitatively evaluate the synergy degree between ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Then taking 9 provinces and autonomous regions in the Yellow River Basin as an example, the data from 2009 to 2018 were used for case verification. The results show that the synergy degree of the Yellow River Basin appears an upward trend from 2009 to 2018, but the overall synergy degree is not so high, the high-quality economic development subsystem and the people living a happy life subsystem have been increased rapidly, the development of the healthy ecological environment subsystem and the harmonious coexistence between human and water subsystem is relatively slower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the rapid urban development in the Yellow River Basin has brought great pressure to water environment, it is very important to coordinate the relationship between urban development and water quality to ensure the implementation of major national strategy for the Yellow River. In this paper, evaluation index systems were built to calculate the Urban Development Index（UDI） and Water Quality Index（WQI） of 11 cities in the basin from the year 2012 to 2019, and the evolution relationship of coupling coordination between urban development and water quality was demonstrated based on the coupling coordination model. The results show that a) the overall urban development level in the study area is increased year by year and UDI is higher in the “upper and lower reaches” and lower in the “middle reaches”; b) the overall water quality is stable in class Ⅱ and the pollutants are mainly nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients; c) the urban development and water quality are in good coordination. Finally, according to the city characteristics, measures are put forward to enhance the coupling coordination between water quality and urban development, such as strengthening water pollution discharge management and pollution control, driving urban development and environmental governance and protection by scientific and technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposal or implementation of major resource development and utilization project often receives widespread concerns from the whole society. How to correctly understand and scientifically evaluate various hot research topics about resources and environment is the key point of discussion. This paper argues that the development project of any major resources must follow natural laws, ecological laws, resource laws, and economic laws. We must carry out systematic and comprehensive pre-stage surveys based on the country’s strategic needs and geopolitical relations, evaluate the ecological safety and the resource engineering safety from the perspectives of multiple disciplinarians, and make correct judgments on the scientific value, social value and economic value of the project. Authors strongly suggest that: 1) the future construction of resource and environmental engineering projects should not make forward in great leaps; 2) for protecting the beautiful home of the earth, we need to recognize laws of natural resource systems through scientific study; 3) resource scientists should fulfill their social responsibilities; 4) academic contending should be advocated on the basis of scientific research and scientific attitudes; 5) scientific issues are better to be discussed by scientists; and 6) it should be very cautious to support researches on controversial scientific topics by public welfare funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]