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این طرح به منظور بررسی اثرات افزودنی میکروبی تجاری با نام لالسیل‌فرش5 (حاوی لاکتوباسیلوس بوکنری) و افزودنی پری‌بیوتیکی (پودر آب پنیر) روی ترکیب شیمیایی، pH، پایداری هوازی و قابلیت هضم آزمایشگاهی سیلاژ ذرت انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی به‌ترتیب شامل 1) سیلاژ ذرت شاهد (بدون افزودنی)، 2) سیلاژ ذرت تیمار شده با پودر آب پنیر، 3) سیلاژ ذرت تیمار شده با افزودنی باکتریایی با نام تجاری لالسیل-فرش و 4) سیلاژ ذرت تیمار شده با پودر آب پنیر به همراه افزودنی باکتریایی لالسیل بودند. در پایان 90 روز دوره آزمایشی، تیمار پودر آب پنیر و افزودنی باکتریایی سبب کاهش تولید پساب و افزایش در ماده خشک سیلاژ نسبت به گروه شاهد شدند. کمترین مقاومت در برابر فساد هوازی مربوط به تیمار پودر آب پنیر و بیشترین میزان مربوط به تیمار لالسیل بود (به ترتیب 70 ساعت و 144 ساعت). تیمارهای مکمل شده با افزودنی باکتریایی و آب پنیر افزایش در حجم گاز تولیدی را نسبت به گروه شاهد در ساعات مختلف انکوباسیون نشان دادند. نتایج نشان داد که افزودن پودر آب پنیر با کاهش نرخ تولید پساب، افزایش غلظت پروتئین خام، کاهش غلظت الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی و الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی و افزایش درصد قابلیت هضم سیلاژ ذرت می‌تواند باعث بهبود ارزش غذایی سیلاژ گردد. همچنین افزودنی باکتریایی لالسیل با کاهش سریع pH و افزایش پایداری هوازی سیلاژ ذرت می‌تواند موجب رسیدن سریع سیلاژ و بهبود پایداری سیلاژ حاصله در برابر فساد هوازی گردد.

Introduction: During the transition period, defined in dairy cows and ewes as the three-week period before and three-week weeks after parturition, animals are more susceptible to metabolic disease. Negative energy balance in pregnant ewes during last of gestation could result in fatal pregnancy toxemia and affects ewe and lamb health (Reynolds et al. 2006). Fat supplementation of the diet is an efficient mean to increase energy concentration of diet and modify body weight, body condition score, milk yield, fat content and fatty acid composition in lactating ruminants (Chilliard et al. 2003). The number of studies on sheep milk as responded to added fat is rather limited compared to studies on cows and goats. Supplementing fat in dairy rations to increase energy density has been extensively evaluated in numerous studies over the last a few decades. However, it was evident that production responses to the supplemental fat varied considerably. Many factors might contribute to the various responses, with one of them being the different fat sources (Reynolds et al. 2006, Hervas et al. 2008). Rumen protected fat production is mainly in order to deal with negative effect of fat on fiber digestion, prohibiting biohydrogenation and increasing long chained fatty acids to small intestine. This method was provided some years ago and the major advantage of it is the neutral fatty calcium soap consumed in rumen and improves the level of essential fatty acids (Hess et al. 2008). In some studies, supplementing dairy ewes with a ruminally protected source of trans-10, cis-12 CLA has been associated with increases in milk and milk protein yields (Lock et al. 2006; Husveth et al. 2010; Sinclair et al. 2010). Much of the research attempted to obtain milk fat with healthier properties by increasing milk concentration of specific human health promoting fatty acids. Although mechanisms of action are unclear and its use in humans is controversial, CLA is still of particular interest because of its speculated role in preventing human health problems and increasing the nutritive and therapeutic value of milk (Sinclair et al. 2010). So, this study has also tried to investigate effects of different fat sources and CLA during late-pregnancy and early lactation on performance of Afshari ewes. Material and methods: Fifty Afshari ewes were assigned randomly to one of the five experimental diets with ten replicates in a completely randomized design. Treatments include: 1- control (without fat supplement), 2- 3% Protected fat powder of saturated fatty acids (palm oil), 3- 3% Ca salt of omega-6 fatty acids (soybean oil), 4- 3% Ca salt of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil), 5- 2% Protected fat powder of saturated fatty acids (palm oil) and 1% CLA. Animals were in experiment 14 days before to 45 days after the parturition and keep individually. Ewes were fed ad libitum and had free access to fresh water. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) recorded and ewes were weighed and BCS was measured weekly. Milk yield were measured weekly. Blood samples were taken from the ewes on d -14, 1 (lambing) and 14. Results and discussion: There was no difference on ewe Initial weight, body weight changes in lambing, body weight after lambing, body weight 35 days post lambing and body weight changes during 35 days post lambing between ewes supplemented with different fat sources. There were no differences between diets for body condition score and body condition score changes. DMI before parturition significantly decreased by feeding Ca salt of different fat sources (P<0.01), but DMI after parturition increase in ewes fed Ca salt of fatty acids (P<0.01). Supplementation with Ca salt of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) and CLA increased milk yield (P<0.01). Protected fat powder of saturated fatty acids increased fat content of milk (P<0.05), but unsaturated fatty acids not affected milk fat concentration. Other composition of the milk and colostrum were not affected by the treatments. One week before lambing, plasma concentration of cholesterol was greater for Ca salt of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) ewes as compared with the control ewes (P<0.05). Plasma concentrations of glucose, protein, albumin and globulin not affected by treatments. Plasma concentration of cholesterol, 24 h after lambing, increased in Ca salt of omega-6 fatty acids diet and decreased in Ca salt of omega-3 fatty acids diet (P<0.05). The concentrations of cholesterol, glucose, protein, albumin, and globulin in blood plasma were not affected by feeding different fat sources during the two weeks after lambing. Conclusion: Supplementing Ca salts of fatty acids to the peripartum diets increased DMI after parturition and Ca salts of omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) and CLA increased milk yield and improved Afshari ewes performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will argue against certain criticisms of Kripke's Wittgenstein's sceptical argument and sceptical solution, made especially by Baker and Hacker, McGinn, and McDowell. I will show that their interpretation of Kripke's Wittgenstein's view is misplaced. According to Kripke's Wittgenstein's sceptical argument, there is no fact as to what someone means by her words. For Kripke, this conclusion, combined with Classical Realist view of meaning, leads to the Wittgensteinian paradox, according to which there is no such thing as meaning anything by any word. Wittgenstein presents this paradox in paragraph 201 of the Philosophical Investigations. As Kripke reads Wittgenstein, Wittgenstein is in agreement with his sceptic on the sceptical conclusion of the sceptical argument, that is, that there is no fact about meaning, and builds his sceptical solution on an endorsement of that. McDowell, McGinn, and others have objected that Kripke has failed to properly understand Wittgenstein's main remarks in 201, that is, that the paradox is the result of a misunderstanding of the ordinary notion of meaning. Wittgenstein does not accept such a sceptical conclusion. I will use the distinction George Wilson draws between two different conclusions of the sceptical argument and show that Kripke has respected all of the remarks that Wittgenstein has put in section 201. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kripke in his famous book on Wittgenstein’s later philosophy argues, on behalf of Wittgenstein, that there can be no fact of the matter as to what a speaker means by her words, that is, no fact that can meet the Constitution Demand and the Normativity Demand. He particularly argues against the dispositional view, according to which meaning facts are constituted by facts about the speaker’s dispositions to respond in a certain way on certain occasions. He argues that facts about dispositions are finite and are incapable of constituting facts about what speakers mean by their words; they are also essentially descriptive, not prescriptive and, thus, cannot meet the Normativity Demand. Hannah Ginsborg has recently attempted to resist Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s arguments against dispositionalism by defending a new sort of reductive dispositionalism which can meet both demands at the same time. In this paper, I will argue that she would not be successful in her project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An animal's ability to survive in the breeding season is called its survival trait. One of the most important features of survival analysis are unfinished (censored) observations. In other words, the event under study does not necessarily occur at the time the observations were recorded. As such, survival observations and data are generally incomplete, and some people experience events while others have no observations for that event. In general, nonparametric regression methods (Kaplan-Meier estimator, Cox hazard ratio model) and parametric methods are more commonly used than other methods for this type of analysis. Survival and longevity analysis are performed using linear function, threshold function, and hazard ratio function methods. Linear models are easier to use, but due to the non-linearity of the survival trait, they are biased and heritability estimates using this method are low, close to zero. Threshold models are more accurate and provide higher genetic estimates. When analyzing the hazard ratio method, the accuracy is higher than previous models due to the use of more information (use of censored data), but it is more time-consuming and has a higher computational burden. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the genetic parameters and the effect of fixed factors on the survival of Makuie lambs up to one and two years of age using the proportional hazards function under the Weibull distribution. Material and methods: This study used 2332 records of Makuie lambs collected at the Makuie Sheep Center between 1986 and 2010. In the first step, fixed factors were identified that influence longevity (gender, birth type, year of birth, month of birth, birth weight, weaning weight, weaning age). and maternal) were identified. Age) were analyzed using the LIFEREG method of the SAS statistical software version 9.4 under Weibull distribution. Subsequently, significant effects were used in the survival analysis using the proportional hazard model. Survival to 1 and 2 years of age was analyzed using the Weibull hazard model of SURVIVAL KIT software version 6.12. The SURVIVAL KIT software is able to provide components of genetic variance and estimate breeding values for animals using mixed models. Post-weaning survival up to one year (for analysis up to one year of age) and two years (for analysis up to two years of age) was assessed daily. Results and discussions: In the analysis of survival from weaning to one year of age, 38.12% of observations and in the study of survival to two years of age 13.68% of observations were censored. According to the study, year of birth had a significant impact on lamb survival. The year of birth influences the amount of precipitation and ultimately the availability of food resources by affecting grazing and thus changing the quality and quantity of food. Lambs born in 2004 and turning two years old in 1994 had the lowest risk of loss. Lambs born in 2010 had the highest risk of shedding. When examining the effect of month of birth on lamb survival, it was found that lambs born in April had a higher risk of being discarded considering they had reached one year of life. However, lambs born in May and reaching two years of age had the highest risk of shedding, and the risk was 1.96 in May compared to March. Lambs born in May reach autumn young and are in a period of rapid growth. As the herd studied is kept semi-dense, access to feed for these lambs is limited and they are removed from the herd due to their low weight and insufficient growth rate. Birth weight is one of the most important survival factors and has a direct impact on the elimination rate. Threshold weights have the highest elimination risk ratio and the weight of 3.54.7 kg has the lowest elimination risk ratio for survival at one to two years of age. There is a curved relationship between risk of excretion and birth weight, i. H. with increasing birth weight up to mean weight (3.54.5 kg), the risk ratio decreases and then increases. Low birthweight mortality is due to an inability to control body temperature and high birthweight mortality is due to infertility. Weaning weight is an important factor affecting post-weaning survival. Similar to birth weight, weaning weight also has a curved relationship with survival. With an increase in weaning weight from 10 kg to 19 kg, the risk of shedding for survival at one and two years of age decreases from 1.8 to 0.97 and 0.93, respectively, and with an increase in weaning weight the risk ratio increases then 2.53 and 2.38 respectively. Lack of growth-induced production favors the elimination of low-weight weaned lambs. Therefore, the elimination risk ratio is high at low weights. However, as weaning weight increases, the desire to maintain it for later periods increases and the pressure to wean decreases. The average weaning weight in the herd is 19.01 kg. The results also show that the lowest elimination risk ratio and hence the highest survival rate is at weaning weight at 18-20 kg. Therefore, to increase the survival rate and reduce the elimination risk ratio, management and correction programs to select the optimal weaning weight can be developed. For surviving to one to two years of age, the risk of shedding was higher in male lambs than in females. From weaning to one year of age, the elimination risk ratio for male lambs was 2.17 compared to female lambs and for survival to two years of age the elimination risk ratio was 2.61 for male lambs compared to female lambs. This difference in molting rate can be attributed to sex-related factors, possibly unrecognized sex characteristics, systemic diseases, different management practices in males and females, and a high molting rate in males due to overfeeding. There are three types of Makuie birth (single, twin, and triplets). Lambs born with twins and triplets have lower birth and weaning weights than single lambs. Due to the above issues, low birth weight and low weaning weight reduce survival and increase the risk of excretion. Another reason for the reduced survival rate in multiple births is reduced breast milk production, which may be due to poor maternal genetics or inadequate nutritional intake. The heritability of survival to one and two years of age for Makuie lambs was 0.062 and 0.079 according to censor rates of 38.12% and 13.68%, respectively. Conclusions: Because heritability is estimated to be at a low level, control of environmental factors and management will play an important role in improving Makuie lamb survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. Uncontrolled use of antibiotics has resulted in drug resistance. This study has been conducted to find a suitable alternative for these drugs. Materials and Methods: Primarily, standard and clinical isolates of C.albicans were collected. In order to indentify clinical isolates from lambs, the conventional mycological methods CHROM candida agar and germ tube production were used. The Antifungal effects of experimental treatments were evaluated against C.albicans by disk diffusion and measuring the growth inhibition zone in well diffusion method. Moreover, the MIC and MFC of experimental treatments were determined by microdilution method. Results: The results of the well and disk diffusion methods showed that in both tests, the highest growth inhibition zone of the "Nano selenium-loaded lactobacillus" treatment was 29/41 and 27.64 mm, respectively on the standard strain of C.albicans. The results of MIC and MFC determination showed that in all experimental periods, "Nano selenium-loaded lactobacillus" and "Nano selenium+Lactobacillus" treatments with 473.80 and 511.91 μg/ml for MIC and 807.66 and 845.28 μg/ml for MFC had the lowest amounts compared to other treatments (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results of microbial tests on C.albicans confirm the antifungal ability of "Nano selenium-loaded lactobacillus" treatment. Therefore, provided that this test is repeated in future studies and the accuracy of these results is ensured, manufacturing of this product or industrial supplements with this formulation may be advised for prevention or treatment of fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to study different methods of heat processing on nutritional value of vetch seed. Vetch seed was processed by steam flaking, roasting and microwaving. Dry matter degradability was determined using nylon bags at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 hours of ruminal incubation. Vetch seed processing, affected dry matter degradability so that steam flacked and roasted samples had the highest and lowest degradability percentage respectively (91.06 vs 70.49, P<0.05). The crude protein degradability showed the same pattern as well (91.64 vs 57.52 percent for steam flaked and roasted vetch respectively, P<0.05). Five different digestibility models were used to interpret degradability of dry matter and protein of raw and heat processed vetch seed. Ørskov and McDonald's model with lag time was the best fitted model for dry matter degradability of raw, steam flaked and roasted vetch seed and Franc model was the best fitted model for microwaved vetch. Considering the crude protein degradability, the best fitted model were Dhanoa without delay phase for the raw and steam flaked vetch, Ørskov and McDonald's with lag time for roasted vetch, and Dhanoa with lag time for microwaved vetch, respectively. Steam flaked and microwaved vetch had the greatest and lowest gas production during 48 hours incubation (184.96 vs 141.84 ml respectively, P<0.05). Roasting increased metabolizable energy of vetch (4.82 vs 5.53 MJ/kg DM for raw and roasted vetch respectively, P<0.05), however no changes was observed in ME content of vetch with microwave or steam flaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]