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The text focuses on the structure and thematic scope of Bulgarian and Ukrainian reading for grade IV. It explores what the expectations are of literature education in aesthetic, didactic, social and pedagogical terms. It looks for a link between the specific historical development in Bulgaria and Ukraine and the selection of the texts in the readers. It is argued that the Ukrainian reader has a particularly strong emphasis on the Slavic origin of the Ukrainians. Texts in the readers outlining geographical borders and the beauty of the native land are commented. It pays attention to the mother-country analogy as well as to the apologia of the native language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Вступ. Досліджено функціонально-прагматичні та соціолінгвістичні характеристики присягань у корпусі комедій Арістофана, передусім у п'єсах "Ахарняни" і "Лісістрата". З комунікативного погляду, присягання є частиною складного ритуалу, який поєднує вербальні та невербальні дії, що мають на меті підтвердити достовірність висловлювань і гарантувати виконання обіцянки через апеляцію до божества. Короткі формули звертання до вищих сил, зазвичай вводять основний текст заяви і лише зрідка експлікують санкції в разі порушення клятви. Отже, присягання можуть одночасно виступати в ролі не лише комісивів, що виражають обіцянки й зобов'язання, а й репрезентативів, які зосереджуються на експлікації істинності тверджень; експресивів, створених для посилення емоційного фону; декларативів – результатом яких є здійснення мовленнєвих актів. Методи. Використано структурний, корпусний метод, методи функціонального та дискурсивного аналізу, метод розмовного аналізу, а також прийоми герменевтичного методу. Результати. На основі конструктивістських підходів до вивчення мовного матеріалу у статті проаналізовано поліфункціональні ідіоматичні одиниці з урахуванням специфіки їхніх структурних елементів, таких як: частка, теонім, відмінкова форма іменника, артикль, позиція в реченні. Унаслідок чого встановлено, що варіювання цими одиницями створює функціонально-прагматичні та соціолінгвістичні імплікатури, які стосуються наявності чи відсутності пропозитивного чи пресупозитивного заперечення, фокалізації уваги, модифікації іллокутивної сили висловлювання та репрезентації соціо-культурної ідентичності мовця. Зокрема, було виявлено гендерну, діалектну, тематичну та жанрово-стилістичну маркованість формул. Висновки. Застосування декількох напрямів конструктивістського підходу та герменевничного методу дало змогу розглядати ідіоматичні формули присягань одночасно на локальному та дискурсивному рівнях текстової організації, а також розкрити імпліцитні смисли, необхідні для створення комічних ефектів, які не завжди можна відобразити в перекладах. Корпусний аналіз варіативності формул у драматичних жанрах допоміг виявити їхнє стилістичне домінування в комедії та в розмовному стилі зокрема. Завершується дослідження комплексним аналізом фрагменту "Лісістрати" (78–89) для виявлення контекстуально обумовленої динаміки присягань та інспірованих ними комічних імплікатур.

Вступ. Розглядаються прагматичні функції неозначеного артиклю іспанської мови з урахуванням його викладання студентам перекладознавчого відділення вищих навчальних закладів. Розвідка зосереджена на тому, що іспанський артикль здатен не лише вказувати на неозначеність предмета, але також передавати різноманітну прагматичну інформацію чи навіть набувати метафоричних значень залежно від наявної комунікативної ситуації. Дидактичною метою дослідження має стати формування у студентів вміння сприймати граматичну категорію артиклю з погляду носія іспанської мови, що поліпшить її розуміння для вживання та подальшого відтворення в українському перекладі. Методи. Для огляду означеної проблеми використано такі методи: описовий, контрастивний або зіставний метод, також методи лінгвістичного та контекстуально-інтерпретаційного аналізу. Результати. Проаналізовано основні випадки вживання неозначеного артиклю в іспанській мові на предмет наявності прагматичних функцій, зокрема його вживання для позначення неозначеності або кількості іменника, для введення нової інформації, вказівки на приналежність до певної групи, для додавання характеристики предметові чи явищу, а також для емфази. Виявлено прагматичний потенціал артиклю в оригіналі, який важливо, а інколи необхідно зберігати в цільовому тексті під час перекладу. Встановлено, що перекладацька трансформація вилучення артиклю без додавання лексичних засобів у цільовому тексті через відсутність цієї категорії в українській граматиці є неоднозначним рішенням перекладача, що призводить до втрати прагматичної складової в українському перекладі чи навіть до зміни змісту іспанського повідомлення. Пропонуються можливі шляхи розв'язання проблеми відтворення різних значень неозначеного артиклю, серед яких є додавання відповідних лексичних і лексико-граматичних засобів, зміна порядку слів у реченні, транспозиція чи експлікація. Висновки. Граматична категорія артиклю в іспанській мові має широкий потенціал вираження додаткових прагматичних значень, які мають змістове, стилістичне, емфатичне, експресивне, оціночне чи метафоричне навантаження. В українському перекладі відтворення додаткових прагматичних значень артиклю ускладнено, що призводить до певних втрат у цільовому тексті перекладу. Для забезпечення адекватного відтворення іспанського повідомлення перекладач має набути достатньої мовної компетенції, щоб розуміти природу іспанського неозначеного артиклю та бачити його з точки зору носія іспанської мови. Це дозволить ідентифікувати прагматичні значення в тексті та відтворити їх українською мовою.

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Статья посвящена проблемам коммуникации в Интернет-пространстве. Использован метод многокомпонентного изучение вербальной агрессии. Авторы, используя теорию речевых актов, выделяют три типа стратегии ведения письменных диалогов агрессивной направленности и опираясь на достижения прагматики, показывают, какие стратегии ведения диалога позволяют минимизировать конфликтные ситуации общения, а какие, наоборот, выступают в качестве катализатора вербального конфликта. Проанализирован большой пласт диалогических единств с агрессивной семантической структурой и применением обсценнной лексики. Выдвигаются предположения, касающиеся внедрения схемы нивелирования вербальных конфликтов на просторе Интернет-дискурса.

В статье рассматриваются пассивные конструкции в английском языке с точки зрения когнитивной лингвистики и прагматики. Дается краткая характеристика теории речевых актов как особого раздела прагматики. Описываются прагматические функции пассивных конструкций в условиях публицистического стиля письменных текстов. Цель статьи – выявить прагматический потенциал пассивных конструкций в английском языке в экономических текстах. Эмпирическим материалом выступили статьи американского финансово-экономического журнала Forbes. В результате исследования были выявлены функции, выполняемые пассивными конструкциями, а также рассмотрены причины употребления именно пассивных конструкций на примерах различных иллокутивных актов.

Анализируются заимствования из английского в русский язык в аспекте их освоения носителями языка-реципиента как ресурс создания комического эффекта. К анализу привлекаются англицизмы, вошедшие в русский язык на разных временных рубежах (с 90-х гг. XX века до нынешнего момента). Отмечено, что поддержанная глобализацией экспансия английского языка в русский используется в дискурсивной практике комизма, реализованной как юмор, сатира, ирония, пародия, гротеск и абсурд. Показано, что факты комического использования англицизмов в русском языке представлены в разных формах коммуникации (устной / письменной) и разных семиотических средах (мономодальной вербальной / полимодальной аудиовидеовербальной). Выявлено, что комизм основан на лексическом отношении омонимии исконной лексики и заимствованной, структурном тождестве разных англицизмов с разной семантикой, сдвиге стилистической окраски и придании оценочности.

Due to the changes of time and society, it is known that the communication among the human beings is developing not only orally, but also in a written form. From this point of view, the tradition of writing a letter is one of the means of communication. This is a genre of great historical and cultural significance, which is one of the ancient forms of written language. The study of this genre is one of the new issues in modern Kazakh linguistics. The application of the comparative and analytical methods for finding a coherent framework of how the writer creates and prepares tables of the text word in accordance with the pragmatic goal set by him while writing letters, allows to create a functional-pragmatic model of open writing and analyze the features of the texts of letters. Research work was carried out using descriptive methods and descriptive tools. The scientific significance of the research work is the classification of the writer's letters written in different years by their content and finding linguistic features in his letters. In the course of the analysis, we noticed that the writer's letters do not have a certain pattern, but have a social and household content. As research materials and data, Sh. Murtaza's published letters, as well as unpublished letters were obtained from the archives of the "Sherkhantanu" research center in Zhambyl region, which is the native region of the writer. It is clear that the results of the research brought changes to the development of Kazakh journalism and the epistolary genre; thus, the thoughts and pragmatics of nationalism in the letters make a significant contribution to the education of future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semantic and pragmatic characteristics of pharmacy ergonyms in Sweden and Great Britain. The analysis o the functioning of ergonyms in the onomastic space of different linguistic cultures is aimed at clarifying the idea of nominative processes in ergonyms. The material of the study was the names of pharmacies obtained by the method of continuous sampling from open sources (about 100 units). As a result of the study, semantic groups of ergonyms were identified, trends in their nomination were specified, and pragmatic characteristics were determined. It has been established that the leading trends in the nomination of pharmacies in Sweden and the UK are conservatism and symbolization. In the Swedish onomasticon, nominations containing zoonyms are the predominant type of pharmacy ergonyms (this is a tradition of naming pharmacies that has historically developed in this region), while the formation of names of pharmacies based on toponyms and anthroponyms is more typical for the UK. It is noted that for both linguistic cultures, the use of lexemes with a positive evaluative connotation in pharmacy ergonyms is typical. The common semantic feature of pharmaceutical ergonyms in Sweden and Great Britain is the creation of associative links with ideas about nature, naturalness, environmental safety, the signs of which are, in particular, green color, images of animals or plants.

Современное языкознание направляет ресурсы и усилия на переосмысление некоторых догм, десятилетиями существующих в науке. В частности, грамматика русского языка длительное время рассматривалась лингвистами как плацдарм для внедрения универсалистской идеи языка, ведь именно грамматический пласт обладает ядром языковых универсалий, мало зависящих от множественных экстралингвистических факторов. Грамматические универсалии редко имеют функцию выразительности, главным образом, по причине слабой семантичности. Однако фактор прагматики элементов грамматической системы, ее форм и категорий становится в последнее время ведущим в новой парадигме лингвистического научного знания. Грамматические категории все чаще рассматриваются как средства реализации коммуникативного потенциала языковой системы ввиду их яркой демонстрации отношений между лингвистическим знаком и рецепиентом (интерпретатором). Интерпретация числовых форм, расшифровка грамматического кодирования, перлокутивный эффект, производимый целенаправленным употреблением нестандартной числовой формы от существительных неконкретной семантики, являются предметом исследования в данной работе.

Данное исследование направлено на определение потенциала грамматической категории рода с точки зрения дихотомии «мужское – женское» в русскоязычном гейм-дискурсе. Предметом исследования являются феминные корреляты от мужских имен (феминативы), объектом исследования выступает гейм-дискурс в русскоязычном сегменте современного медиапространства. Изучается прагматическое расширение неузуальных лексических единиц, обозначающих женщин, при локализации медиа игр для русскоязычной аудитории. Определяется степень лингвокреативности для реализации выразительной и компенсаторной функций. На основании анализа эмпирического материала, включающего обзоры медиа игр, визуальных новелл, а также интернет-блогов, делается вывод о широких ресурсных возможностях грамматической системы русского языка в образовании феминных коррелятов и слабой реализации прагматического потенциала грамматических форм рода в современном гейм-дискурсе.

The article is devoted to the analysis of options for translating the Bible into the Ossetian language, taking into account the specifics of constructing sacred texts. The issues of interpretation of realities, compound names, structurally formed integral units in translation into a language that has a conceptual structure different from other languages and its own systemic organization are considered. It is noted that this is of great importance both for studying the actual translation of biblical texts, compiling a dictionary of religious terms and naming units, and for studying the full potential of linguistic possibilities in representing various kinds of complex realities with national and cultural specifics unusual for the Ossetian language, which determines the relevance of this work. The material was the Synodal translation of the Bible and versions of its translation into the ssetian language, the comparison of which made it possible to identify a number of features, the most consistent of which is the transliteration/transcription of compound names and onomastic terms. It is shown that traditional methods of translation do not always adequately reflect the meaning of the source text, as well as the method of rethinking can distort it beyond recognition, so a clear understanding of the lexical compatibility options of the target language units and the boundaries of their semantic range is necessary.

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the study of the specifics of intertextual relations in precedent texts of German lingua-culture of the 19–20th centuries (Goethe, H. von Kleist, F. Kafka, M. Walser) which are dealt diachronically and synchronically.

Copyright of Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the pragma-axiological and partial psycholinguistic analysis of advertising videos of US universities in order to identify the productive manipulative potential of modern advertising university discourse. The relevance of the study is due to both extralinguistically — the great demand for quality education in the modern world, and linguistically — by the study of the processes of productive speech manipulation as one of the fundamental components of quality communication. The novelty of the research is seen in a qualitatively new pragma-axiological approach to the study of discourse and the value component of the suggestive influence exerted by this discourse. The author’s method of conducting pragma-axiological and partial psycholinguistic analysis, used to identify the pragma-axiological charge of the discursive space and its manipulative potential is presented in the article. Particular attention is paid to the interdependence of the addressee’s value-evaluative attitudes, the lexical units-verbalizers of these attitudes, their pragma-axiological charge and the suggestive (productive manipulative) impact provided. The results of the frequency analysis of part-of-speech indicators and the coefficients of discourse emotivity that depend on them are presented. The results, gained in the framework of the pragma-axiological analysis, are confirmed by the coefficients of the emotiveness of the discourse under study, obtained in the course of a partial psycholinguistic analysis. The key axiological components of productive speech manipulation in the modern advertising university discourse of US universities are presented.

The purpose of this article is to present the results of the study of linguopragmatic properties of utterances in their interaction in the text-description. The research was carried out on the basis of the material of literary and scholarly texts. The mutual dependence of referential parameters, propositional content and pragmatics of the relevance of statements in the modern Russian narrative is considered. It is concluded that in the communicative-linguistic presuppositions of utterances a certain model of description is actualized, pragmatic presuppositions of general knowledge serve primarily for referential identiica-tions. It is also concluded that the pragmatics of relevance in the actual discourse of utterances in the description from the artistic text and in the description from the legal, clerical-business or scientiic text differ significantly. The difference is that if the pragmatics of the relevance of an utterance in the description of a fictional text is largely determined by the author's intentions, his considerations on the scope of the description and the most signiicant elements of description in the artistic sense, then the pragmatics of the relevance of the utterance in a description from a legal or scientiic text is completely determined by the communicative-linguistic presuppositions of the author and addressee.

The article contains the results of research of explicit and implicit discursive means of exerting pragmatic impact on recipient in graphic novel as a speciic genre of the discourse of iction based on a sequentially organized creolized text. The research was conducted on the basis of Art Spiegelman's series of graphic novels "Maus" which are a form of autobiographical narrative about the author's father who is a survivor of the holocaust and the Aushwitz concentration camp during World War II. The authors focus on the results of analyzing the complex pragmatic context of the graphic novel that is based on the informational-descriptive, functional-dynamic, structural-compositional and dispositional-evaluative subcontexts. As a result of the analysis the authors determined the peculiar features of the graphical novel as a communicatively oriented form of literature aimed at conveying the author's opinion and feelings through language signs; determined the role of the visual component of the graphical novel in forming the pragmatic potential of the novel through the images presented on the sequentially organized panels; proved that the images in the graphical novel are an instrument of portraying the author's world and a mechanism of provoking the reader's emotional response necessary to believe the author's narrative.

The article represents the results of analysis of linguistic pragmatic properties of utterances in their interaction within literary narrative as well as within educational scientific texts. Interdependence between referential parameters, propositional content and pragmatics of relevance of utterances in modern Russian narrative are also considered. The way in which pragmatics of relevance conditions the contents and specifics of cognitive semantic structures within the actual discourse of an utterance is defined. The aforementioned considerations are mostly related to propositional contents of an utterance and referential characteristics of nominal groups contained in it.

The object of the article is a non-descriptive lexeme. Its use is investigated in various semantic-syntactic and communicativepragmatic contexts. The relevance of the work is due to the need for amore holistic description of a number of primitive linguistic units (a, and, either, or, etc.), the categorical properties of which are not fully and systematically identified within the framework of traditional methods of analysis. The novelty of the work lies in the consideration of all uses within the framework of the functioning of the lexeme-particular of the same name. This approach is due to the principles of nonparadigmatic linguistics — a modern trend in the study of primitive lexemes. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the introduction into scientific circulation of the principles of the analysis of a particular li based on its ancient categorical properties associated with the semantics of conjecture. It has been established that in all the considered contexts we are dealing with the same particular lexeme, which retains its original categorical properties in them. They are manifested in the questioningness of li (direct or indirect), as well as in various hypothetical meanings that are realized in sentences-statements at a deep syntactic level. Asimilar description technique is applicable to the analysis of the properties of other particular units of the Russian language.

The role of the attitude in the formation of the lexical-syntactic marker of the character’s linguistic personality is considered. An attempt is made to show how, due to the attitude, the same word (namely, the word ‘fact’) in different syntactic uses serves to create a lexical-syntactic marker used by word artists in order to identify and characterize different characters as linguistic personalities. The relevance of the study is to demonstrate that considering the pragmatic level of a linguistic personality makes it possible to differentiate different characters in whose speech the same lexical-syntactic marker prevails. The novelty of the research lies in the explanation of how the lexical-syntactic marking of the linguistic personality of different characters is carried out on the basis of the same verbal element. Based on the play by M. Gorky “Summer Residents” (Basov’s linguistic personality) and M. A. Sholokhov’s novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” (Davydov’s linguistic personality), it is shown that the speech individualization of different characters through the word ‘fact’ is due to the inclusion of this word in different dominant varieties of lexicon the syntactic marker is a ‘fact’, correlation with different attitudes both “from the author” and “from the character”, unequal participation in character speech cooperation.

У статті розглянуто особливості формування прагматичної координати дискурс-портрета мовної особистості. На матеріалі есеїстики О. Забужко досліджено структурно-прагматичну організацію публіцистичних текстів, окреслено специфіку використання прагматичних одиниць різного рівня складності, виділено прагматичні засоби та способи оформлення дискурсивної зв’язності. Розглянуто смислову структуру прагматичної координати дискурс-портрета мовної особистості.

В статье анализируется лингвопрагматический аспект контаминационных словообразований, отобранных методом сплошной выборки из книги И. Шевчука «Шерлок Гавс и Доктор Кваксон», использованных автором в эстетико-комических целях, а также как средство выражения эмоционально-оценочного отношения к описываемым предметам и явлениям. Функциональное различие контаминационных каламбуров определяет специфику их передачи на иностранный язык. Если контаминация возникает как результат авторского экспериментирования с языковой формой, основная задача переводчика – передать нестандартный характер окказионального образования. Когда основным мотивационным фактором создания контаминированного слова оказывается прагматический или социальный, перевод должен отражать весь диапазон свойств, которые заложены в языковой форме: оригинальность, экспрессивность, эмоциональность, оценочность и др. В работе представлен авторский перевод контаминационных каламбуров, учитывающий их функциональное различие и позволяющий, с точки зрения авторов, передать прагматический эффект языковой игры в пространстве иной лингвокультуры.

Purpose. The article is devoted to the study of phrasal verbs functioning as one of the speech means that makes up the system of speech expression of the communicative intention of the author of a publicistic article. The purpose of the article is to analyse the speech means used in the English-language quality press to form an evaluative color of events, a certain image, and produce a pragmatic impact on the recipient. Methodology. The authors use the method of functional analysis of discourse. Results. As a result, it was determined that the targeted choice of effective pragmatic means of influence is based on the communicative intention of the author, the use of speech strategies and tactics is intentional. Mass media discourse is a functionally determined system of meanings in which propositions are linked by pragma-semantic and logical-semantic relations. Conclusions. It is concluded that knowledge of the mechanisms of speech influence can help specialists in various professional spheres in improving their communicative competence, and contributes to the resistance to speech manipulations.

The interrogative speech acts presented in the linguistic material of the “Rig Veda” — one of the most ancient and culturally significant works that were a manifestation of ritual and mythological discourse, are researched. The language of Vedic texts is considered from the standpoint of the functional approach as a pragmatic system for which such communicative characteristics as intentions and illocutionary power of utterances are relevant. The system of norms and ideas that govern speech activity in the Vedic ritual interaction is taken into account. It has been proven that interrogative speech acts are one of the most important pragmatic elements of this type of discourse. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that all the interrogative structures of the monument extracted as a result of a continuous sampling are studied for the first time from the point of view of pragmatics, taking into account communicative intentions. Various types of questions are described and analyzed, including interrogative constants, interrogative directives, including questions with secondary illocution, as well as proper interrogative sentences. The author comes to the conclusion that, in addition to non-specific pragmatics for a given linguistic material, interrogative sentences in the text of the Rig Veda contribute to the realization of the magic-incantatory function of speech. The results are valuable both for studying the named type of discourse and for clarifying the understanding of the text of the monument and Vedic culture as a whole.

This corpus-based research is concerned with pragmasemantic features of Japanese adverbial modifiers relating to the category of Voice. On the one hand, they disambiguate fuzzier zones of grammatical morphology (Active-Passive-Causative), either closing on the prototypic agentivity (quite like the reflexives), or distantiating from it towards de-agentive and causative meanings. Differential semes include nature of event (such as beneficiality for agent) and power relations between participants, namely measure and motives of force and resistance. This ensues in pragmatic features of evaluation and speech act specialization, mostly in directive and expressive utterances.

The predicates typical of scientific discourse shown, proved, established , etc., which are used to present the results of the study are discussed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the scientific significance of addressing the problem of discursive research of epistemic indicators of reliability in the context of the principles of the language postclassical logical analysis. The purpose of the study is to justify the “modality” of these constructions and describe the epistemic modal meaning that they bring to the proposition, as specific propositional attitudes. The methodology used in the article is based on some basic principles of modal (in particular, epistemic) logic and linguistic semantics of J. Lyons and E. V. Paducheva. The novelty of the study is in the fact that the pragmatic functions of the considered predicates are described. It is shown that, in addition to a simple statement, their value contains an epistemic modal component, which is based on the value of “provability” described by modal logic. It is established that this modal meaning correlates with the category of objective language modality. Particular attention is paid to logical and linguistic grounds on which these predicates are classified as modal. The question is raised about the functioning of these predicates in contexts complicated by indicators of subjective epistemic modality with a value of problematic certainty. It is concluded that the predicates shown, proved, established, and similar ones indicate the “objective” (verifiable) nature of the information presented and the author’s conviction of the reliability of the described data, and constructions with the indicated predicates also perform a rhetorical function and enhance the “persuasiveness” of the text.

The idea of cold, reflected in the folklore picture of the world of the Yakuts is discussed in the article. The relevance of the work is due to the increased interest in the northern (Arctic) topic, in particular, to the issue of perception of cold by indigenous peoples, which has its own characteristics, ancient and late strata. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time folklore material is more widely covered, a comparison is made with the features of the perception of cold by other peoples; modern transformations are revealed. The author of the article uses texts of different folklore genres as a material for study: epics, legends, mythological stories, folk songs, tales, proverbs and sayings. The semantics of the word tymny (cold), which has figurative meanings with a negative connotation, is described. It was revealed that in the folklore picture of the world of the Yakuts, the cold is represented in the images of Winter and North, the mythological Bull of Winter, the Lower World inhabited by the abaasy monsters, the Aam-Daan cold, astral objects (constellations, planets). It is reported that folklore reflects not only the negative attitude of the Yakuts to cold, but also the ways of their adaptation to harsh climatic conditions. It is established that at present the idea of cold has undergone a transformation, in particular, it has begun to be perceived positively, which is largely due to the influence of modern mass culture, universal literacy, and improvement of living conditions.

The problem of the translation of Russian particles into foreign languages is considered on the example of one of the most frequent inter-style units - word already . The variety of semantic-pragmatic manifestations of this particle in the utterance and text is shown; the resulting discrepancies in interpretation are already described in dictionaries and research papers. A classification of typical uses of already is proposed, including twelve semantic-syntactic variants of a particle, distinguished depending on the nature of compatibility with syntactic components and the semantics inherent in these uses. A connection is established between the types of particle use based on a number of invariant semantic components, the main of which are ‘change of situation’, ‘expectation’, ‘earlier than expected’, ‘late / later’, ‘many / more’, ‘little / less’, ‘long’. Based on the material of M. A. Bulgakov’s story “Fatal Eggs” and the text of its translation into Vietnamese, the typical semantic-pragmatic realizations of the particle already are analyzed and the features of the methods used to translate sentences with this particle are determined. It has been established that the most popular means of direct translation (75% of the total number of uses) is the functional word đã , less often the combination đã ... rồi is used - in the case of the transfer of meanings of already the ‘expected change in the situation’, ‘many’, ‘long’, ‘late’, as well as the combination of không còn ... nữa - no longer with the meaning ‘expected change of situation to the opposite’.

Мақалада түркологияның құрамына енетін гуманитарлық пәндердің өзара байланысы мен кешенді (комплексті) сипаты талданады. Осы мақсатта түркологияның ғылыми парадигмалары және олардың тарихи ауысу кезеңдері тіл білімінің және фольклористиканың материалында өзара салыстырылып зерттелді. Нәтижесінде түркі тілдері мен фольклоры туралы пәндердің ғылыми парадигмалары бір-бірімен байланыста дамығандығы анықталды. Сәйкестік саяси-әлеуметтік жағдайдың, тарихи дәуірдің ортақтығынан ғана емес, зерттеудің теориялық әдістемелік тұғырнамалары бойынша да орын алғаны байқалды. Тіл білімінің «Радлов кезеңі», Кеңес дәуірінің тілдерді жасақтау саясаты (языковое строительство) және тілдерді тарихи салыстырмалы аспектіде дүниежүзінің ғылыми тәжірибесіне сүйене отырып зерттеу сияқты дамудың үш кезеңі фольклористикада да белгілі дәрежеде қайталанды. Оның себебі фольклор ауызша сөйлеу қызметінің айрықша түрі ретінде тілдік құбылыстың заңдылықтарымен қарайлас пайымдалды. Әлемдік антропология ғылымының дамуы алдағы уақытта бұл екі пәннің өзара байланыста дамитынын көрсетті.

Purpose. Both in the distant past and in the modern world, food culture plays a significant role in human life. The context of food consumption, as a rule, is nationally determined and largely reflects the cultural and socio-religious characteristics of ethnic groups. This article explores a special aspect of the English-language gluttonic discourse – the nomination system of English-language dishes, namely their structural and semantic features and pragmatic specifics. Method or methodology of the work. The analysis of practical material was carried out using the method of semantic analysis, definition analysis, and interpretation analysis. Results. The result of the study was a classification of the names of dishes, developed taking into account the semantic attribute and reflecting the pragmatic features of the nomination of dishes in the menu. Practical implications. The research results can be used in university courses in lexicology, intercultural communication, semantics.

This article examines a group of lexical units which belong to the category of “socially disadvantaged individuals”: people with disabilities, physically challenged, people with impaired mobility, the unemployed, orphans, and those in need, and studies the peculiarities of their use in everyday speech and in legal discourse. The set phrase “person with disabilities” is analysed in detail as a hyperonym for more specific terms, i.e. a wheelchair person, an autist, deaf-blind and deaf-mute, etc. Interpretations given in traditional explanatory dictionaries emphasise physiological features over social ones, and the ideographic dictionaries of the Russian language tend to group the units studied according to the type of disease/disability. Semantically and pragmatically, the relevant factors include the foregrounding of individual elements of the meaning of the word in context and whether a unit can be used as a form of self-identification. The author studies the problem of lexical reference to these individuals as recipients of charitable assistance. The asymmetry and lacunarity of the lexical system become apparent since it contains plenty of units denoting the subjects of charity, whereas, for the addressee of charitable assistance, called the beneficiary in the language of law, an official name is lacking. The current system of names of socially disadvantaged groups and recipients of charitable assistance testifies to the development of social institutions of philanthropy. At the same time, the formation of the philanthropic thesaurus in the Russian language is complicated, as many lexical units are semantically opaque and loaded with ideological and emotional-evaluative connotations.

The category of grammatical person serves for the distribution of syntactic roles among the participants of speech acts. This is a typical shifter that provides the transition from the language system to speech reality. The first person denotes the speaker, while the second person denotes the person spoken to (hearer). The third person has a special position in the system of persons, i.e. it denotes an object or person who does not participate in the communicative act. Therefore, some scholars consider it “non-person” (É. Benveniste). Nevertheless, there are situations in the Russian language when the third person is used to designate the hearer, with either emphasised politeness (respect) or, vice versa, anti-politeness (disapprobation, indignation, etc.). In the first case, the third person emphasises the special status of the addressee, for example Чего желает уважаемый гость? For the Russian language, it is a somewhat archaic means. But there are modern genre conditions in which the third person used in relation to the interlocutor receives a positive connotation. This is a public interview with famous people when the appeal acquires an additional representative function. In the second case, the third person has a negative connotation; it is used to deliberately exclude the interlocutor from the circle of communication participants (for example Она еще будет меня учить!). In this case, a change of person (from second to third) may be accompanied by a change in the grammatical tense or number. In all cases, the use of the third person in relation to the interlocutor is a powerful pragmatic tool. The article refers to examples from Russian fiction.

The article covers the problems of translation of sentences with coordinative conjunctions into Korean. The object of the analysis is sentences with basic coordinative conjunctions i ‘and,’ a , no ‘but,’ ili ‘or.’ The novelty of the work lies in the fact that semantic-syntactic and communicative-pragmatic features of situations in the context of which the use of these unions occurs are taken as the starting point of translation, on the basis of which equivalent lexical and grammatical means of the Korean language are selected. The work is carried out on the material of artificially compiled examples, and the results are illustrated by facts from the natural language. This approach is determined by the need to combine educational-methodological and scientific-practical approaches in the consideration of this little-studied problem. It is established that the expression of coordinative relations in the Korean language, on the one hand, is closely related to the grammatical structure of sentences-statements, but to some extent is based on the context by which the speaker and listener concretize a communicative vector given by the grammar. On the other hand, in the Russian language, the means of coordinative relations are more specific in their specialization, but due to the high degree of abstraction of their semantics, they require a proper level of interpretation and understanding from the translator.

Purpose. The article is devoted to the identification, description and analysis of phraseological units containing names of the internal organs of a person. The subject of the analysis is the phraseological units of the Russian language with splachnonymic vocabulary. The author aims to consider the identified phraseological units from the perspective of linguistic pragmatics. Methodology. The basis of the research is formed by the analysis and synthesis of empirical material, its generalization and classification, as well as definitional analysis. Results. The results of the work consist in the fact that somatic phraseological units were classified regarding to the intentions of the speaker. The selected units for linguistic analysis were described using the basic principles of linguistic pragmatics. Somatic units with direct and hidden effects on the recipient of information were defined. Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in further research works related to the study of phraseological units containing somatisms in their composition, specifically the name of the internal organs of a person.

Средства репрезентации категории обобщенности, свойственные языку в целом, находят отражение в повести А.П.Чехова «Три года» во всем их многообразии. Герои повести размышляют на общезначимые темы в контексте собственной жизни, с чем связаны особенности реализации в произведении категории обобщенности. При функционировании языковых единиц в тексте повести происходит взаимодействие их частно-конкретных и генерализующих значений, что обусловливает двуплановость смыслового восприятия как в пределах одного высказывания, так и текста в целом. Использование генерализующих средств в речи персонажей обусловлено прагматически – стремлением говорящих деперсонифицировать высказывание или оказать воздействие на собеседника, придав личным размышлениям значение всеобщности.

Предметом дослідження є МА-подяки виступів представників країн на засіданнях Ради Безпеки ООН. Мета його полягає у виявленні структурних і прагматичних властивостей дипломатичного дискурсу МА-подяки на прикладі сучасних англомовних виступів на засіданнях Ради Безпеки ООН з охопленням хронологічного зрізу. Під час проведення цієї розвідки застосовувався метод порівняння в різноманітних формах прояву подяки дипломатами. Також цей метод застосовується при хронологічному зрізі МА-подяки. Водночас використовується метод синтезу під час обробки теоретичного підґрунтя дослідження. Результати дослідження. Протокольна подяка дещо відрізняється від повсякденної хоча б тим, що тут передусім має значення статус мовця, його положення в суспільстві. Зазвичай дипломатична подяка стримана, без надмірних емоцій. Проте трапляються і винятки, які мають місце між особливо дружніми представниками / дипломатами. Ці подяки будуть кардинально відрізнятися одна від одної, перша — більш стримана, з нейтральним дієсловом thank, друга — більш емоційна, забарвлена підсилювальними інтенсифікаторами, наприклад very. До ключових ознак експресивів ми віднесли акт скоєння якогось дійства, адже неможливо вибачитися за щось, чого немає, або вітати з чимось абстрактним, чого не відбулося в минулому. Аналіз представлених прикладів був проведений за допомогою моделі SVOiOd, де відображаються об’єкт дії, власне суб’єкт дії та сама дія, яка постає у вигляді проголошеної подяки. Характерною рисою дипломатичної подяки є її привселюдність, адже саме вона підкреслює значущість, важливість певних людей. Як спосіб підтримання позитивної атмосфери подяка буде вже виступати формулою етикету. Але при цьому факультативним компонентом привселюдної подяки є фізична присутність безпосереднього адресата, також адресатом можуть виступити ціла група людей або й ціла країна. Наукова новизна цього дослідження полягає в тому, що воно вперше торкається структурно-прагматичних властивостей МА-подяки сучасних англомовних промов у комунікативній ситуації засідання РБ ООН. Новим є звернення до структурно-прагматичної специфіки таких промов. З метою встановлення зрушень структури та прагматики дипломатичного дискурсу зроблено хронологічні зрізи, що охоплюють промови середини та кінця ХХ ст. Практичне значення цієї розвідки полягає в тому, що результати її сприятимуть глибшому розумінню кореляції між структурою, прагматичним наповненням, релевантністю дібраних мовних одиниць для забезпечення успішності дипломатичного виступу.

У овом раду посветићемо се проучавању феномена где је одређени број производа превазишао статус именовања датог производа до тога да га можемо сматрати речју која се користи уместо генеричких или иностраних назива за те производе. На почетку рада посветићемо се проучавању ових назива имена производа са становишта семиотике и објашњавању принципа који доводе до ове појаве. У другом делу рада посветићемо се проучавању истраживања које је обављено путем анкете. У анкети смо имплицитним путем проучавали избор између назива производа или генеричких речи када се као стимуланс пружи слика производа. Резултати указују на превасходну доминацију имена производа у односу на генеричка имена (осим у једном случају), што отвара могућности за даља проучавања овог феномена.

Epistemic modality as a category is neither defined strictly, nor its limits in contemporary linguistics are clarified. The purpose of this study is to identify the way epistemic modality is represented in the discourse of British talk shows. For this reason, we analyzed the speech of talk show participants using discourse, conversational and functional analyses. The list of analyzed talk shows includes The Graham Norton Show, The Paul O’Grady Show, Top Gear, Actors on Actors (total duration of video fragments is 18 hours 37 minutes). The preliminary results of the research show that talk-show participants tend to use a great number of epistemic modal markers to express their opinion which function as discourse linkers and are often used to express courtesy and accord. The results of the study may find implication in the development of courses in theoretical grammar, discourse studies, intercultural communication.

The research is carried out in the context of pragmalinguistics and is devoted to the question of means of forming stereotypes in the texts of journalistic discourse. The semantics and pragmatics of the lexeme po-kitayski ‘in Chinese’ as a diagnostic language means manifesting collective stereotypical ideas about China are considered. The material for the study is the statements extracted from the modern Russian media in the electronic database Integrum. Texts about policy, state economy, Chinese cuisine and New year’s holiday in China are presented. It is shown that the analyzed adverb is used in verbal and substantive word combinations with concrete and abstract nouns. The material indicates that verbal phrases characterize specific processes occurring in China. The thesis that substantial-adverbial word combinations are used to characterize or reinterpret known concepts is put forward. The article presents the results of the analysis of the contextual semantics of the adverb po-kitayski , which is complicated by the background features that actualize a number of typical characteristics of the Eastern state (a specific form of globalization, a special socialist model, the task of eradicating corruption at all levels, economic breakthrough, preservation of cultural traditions). In the Russian media there is an estimated duality in the representation of China. Stereotypes about China are mostly positive: a prosperous economy, political independence, ancient traditions. In particular, the low quality of goods produced in China and the cruelty of political measures receive a negative assessment.

The article is devoted to stylistic aspect of the functioning of Russian particles. The functionality of the particles as a means of creating stylistic techniques and idiostyle of the writer are discussed. By example of one of the most frequent inter-style particles with a restrictive semantics - the word tolko ‘only’ - the implementation of the semantic-pragmatic properties of the particles in the space of the fiction text is shown. It is determined that the principal manifestations of the semantics of restrictiveness (evaluation of a feature as the only one and evaluation of a feature as insignificant, unimportant one) typical to tolko create a database to use particles for creating an image of character, and to express the main ideas in works by Boris Vasilyev. In particular, on the material of the story “Do not shoot the white swans” the role of the particle tolko is described as a marker of the meaning ‘insignificant’ in creating the image of the protagonist. It is shown that the author of the novel uses the techniques of repetition and gradation: in constructions of the type not X, but only Y , where the positions of X and Y are replaced by predicates, the action of Y is evaluated as insufficiently active against the background of the negative (explicitly or implicitly) expected active action. It is proved that the use of structures with a particle ‘only’ allows the writer to emphasize the main features of the the central character - meekness, irresponsibility and so on. The conducted research allows to supplement the general picture of functioning of tolko ‘only’ in the modern Russian language

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Background. For modern linguistics research in the sphere of language personality is very important but not a developed trend. Language personality discourse portrait is a group of methods of texts analysis which takes into account the polyphony of texts contents and information which characterizes personality. A coherent language personality discourse portrait can be modeled as a result of multi aspect pragmatic, semantic, syntactic analysis of corresponding texts. Purpose. The purpose of the article is a research of peculiarities of formation of the language personality discourses' pragmatic coordinates. Methods. The materials of the research of Oksana Zabuzhko's essays are investigated by the methods of pragmatic analysis and discourse analysis. Results. The structural pragmatic organization of Oksana Zabuzhko's essays are characterized, with special attention paid to the peculiarities of functioning of pragmatic units of different levels. It is clarified that at the highest structural pragmatic level the process of constant forming changing from one type of discourse into another, from one genre to another takes place. Discussion. Modelling of a pragmatic coordinate of the language personality discourse portrait is connected with singling out and analyzing the structural pragmatic units of different levels, their interconnections, and the possibilities to influence the addressee. The results of the research show the existence of structural multi-functionality of speech events used by O. Zabuzhko as structural pragmatic units, their tendency for further enlargement, thematic complication, and the tendency for their organization according to the circular principle. The development of such research will bring the possibility to duly arrange the data as to peculiarities of creation of personal discourses according to the pragmatic coordinate and the process of forming a coherent whole language personality discourse portrait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on types of challenge to intercultural communicators arising during communication between those with a good level of intercultural competence and those with a lower level and which relate to communicative style. Those with weaker intercultural competence tend to have limited awareness of variation in communicative style and its link to language and culture. As a result, they often continue using aspects of the communicative style of their first language when using a for-eign language. They may even criticise ethnocentrically aspects of the communicative style associated with that foreign language. This can create specific challenges for a more interculturally competent communicator who may well understand the behaviour in question but find it hard to deal with. The key aim of this article is to analyse these challenges prior to hypothesising what underlying skills and prac-tical strategies might help communicators to deal with them. Relevant skills are sought in existing lit-erature and the further processes used in generating hypotheses are described. Skills are identified which include the capacities to deal with negative comments on your own communicative style, to per-suade your fellow communicator of its validity, to negotiate compromises and to steer the communica-tion towards a mutually satisfactory dynamic. Besides outlining the forms further research needs to take, the article concludes by stressing the importance of better understanding these challenges and of incorporating the development of skills for dealing with them into a variety of teaching programmes containing an intercultural component.

This article studies F. Dostoyevsky’s Explanation of the Petrashevsky Case from the point of view of the pragmatics and theory of text. The Explanation is regarded as a “strategic response” of the young author in a crisis situation. Relying on legal and institutional discourse, Dostoyevsky proceeds to personal discourse, which implies the use of the author’s strategies, and mechanisms intended to control the reader’s perception and evaluations. In the Explanation, one can single out factual, subtextual, conceptual, and aesthetic types of information, as well as strategies of evading direct answers to questions, discussion of more general issues instead of providing specific answers; reducing the legal tone of the situation, the principle of opposition, and the creation of an individualised psychological image of a participant of M. V. Petrashevsky’s meetings, as well as the substitution of fiction for truth. A symmetrical analysis of the Explanation demonstrates that Dostoyevsky puts the information which is essential for the formation of the reader’s perception into a strong position, i.e. at the beginning, at the end or in the middle, thus creating a system of leitmotifs in the argumentation field. Hence, the author uses techniques of manipulation to influence the recipient’s subconscious, which enables him to reach his aesthetic, rhetorical, and pragmatic goals, establishes a direction of reading and a vector for the reader’s understanding of the text.

The article considers time as the most important semiotic and linguopoetical category of a literary text. The text of A. Kabakov's novel “The Defector (Nevozvrashchenets)” is used to analyse the structure of the temporal category in its semiotic dimensions, namely semantics and pragmatics. It is shown that the contents of semantic fields, which reflect the category of time in the novel, the intersec-tion and interplay between these fields and pragmatic relations based on author's attitudes and reader's interpretation, establish a multi-layered, hierarchical structure of temporality in the fictional text. Moreover, the semantics of fictional time is primarily explained by lexico-grammatical and syntactic linguistic units, while, in terms of pragmatics, the crucial modes of expression are the text organization and the context of the author's intention and the reader's perception. Thus, it is emphasized that the time within fictional text is broader than the time in the language. The results of the text analysis demonstrate how important it is to examine fictional texts from the semiotic viewpoint. It appears that a simultaneous considering of semantics and pragmatics of a text and their correlation and interaction permits us to go beyond the “narrow” grammatical opinion when analys-ing such a complex text category as the time. Taking in consideration linguistic, philosophical, cultural and socio-historical contexts, the researcher expands the boundaries of analysis, increases its authenticity and obtains an opportunity to disclose and interpret all the meanings embedded by the author.

Рассматривается проявление связей философии и лингвистики в Древнем Китае через номинативный аспект – первую стадию работы мышления по формированию лингвистического знания. Представлены итоги критического анализа научной литературы, их освещение с точки зрения заявленной проблемы, результаты интроспективного анализа, элементов лексикографического анализа словарей. Выявляется динамика взаимодействия гносеологических, аксиологических и прагматических составляющих процессов номинации как языковых реализаций результирующих направлений философских рефлексий Древнего Китая.