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The study was conducted during the period 2020-2023 in the experimental orchard of the Agricultural University - Plovdiv (Central South Bulgaria). The influence of the Myrobalan seedling rootstock and four clonal rootstocks: Wavit, Ishtara, GF677 and GXN15 (Garnem) on the flowering phenophase of plum cultivars Chachanska Lepotitsa, Stanley and Jojo was studied. The trees were planted in the spring of 2016 and were formed as free growing crown. Plants of Jojo cultivar started flowering two to three days earlier than the other two cultivars, and there were no differences in the beginning of flowering under the influence of individual rootstocks. The duration of flowering of the cultivars included in the experiment was not affected by the tested rootstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most commonly used clonal rootstock for apricot cultivars in Bulgaria is the vigorously growing Mirobolan 29C (P.cerasifera Ehrh). For intensification of the apricot production, it is necessary to find a suitable low-vigorous rootstock. In the spring of 2019 in vitro produced clonal rootstocks Docera 6 (Prunus domestica L. x Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) used for plums and P 2978 (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch x Prunus cerasifera Ehrh) were planted in nursery. The clonal rootstock Mirobolan 29C was used for comparison as a standard. Before the grafting season total height and stem diameter were measured three times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Исследовано влияние температуры осаждения на морфологию и структурно-фазовый состав подложечного материала на основе ZnO толщиной свыше 50 мкм при магнетронном распылении горячей керамической мишени. Показано принципиальное влияние температуры осаждения на скорость роста, морфологию и структурные параметры монокристаллического осадка ZnO. Продемонстрированы сверхвысокие (до 1.5 мкм/мин) скорости осаждения ZnO в режиме распыления горячей керамической мишени. Предложена методика формирования как гладкого, так и микропористого подложечного материала на основе ZnO без использования шаблонных технологий. Полученные в работе результаты могут найти широкое применение в оптоэлектронике и нитридных технологиях.

The soil and climate conditions in the various wine-growing regions require correct selection of a varietyrootstock combination, as a prerequisite for the production of quality grapes and wine. The adaptability and resistance of the rootstocks to environmental conditions is an extremely important feature, determining the economic suitability of a given rootstock for the production of certified rooted vines. That necessitated the study on the agrobiological parameters of vines of Misket Viking variety grafted onto two rootstocks, developing different disposal of the root system and inducing different growth vigor – SO4 (Berlandieri x Riparia) and Chaselas 41B (Chaselas х Berlandieri 41B). The experiment was conducted during the period 2018-2021 at the Experimental nursery for grapevine rootings of IASS “Obraztsov Chiflik” – Ruse in four replications, 50 grafted cuttings each. Irrigation was drip, combined with micro-jet over the vines during the first month after rooting. The objective of the study was to determine the primary manifestation of the degree of affinity between the components of grafting, the nature and degree of modification variability caused by the two rootstocks. The ultimate practical goal was the most suitable rootstock for grafting of Misket Viking vine variety to be recommended in order to avoid the unfavorable modification changes caused by it. It was found that SO4 rootstock influenced positively on the formation of percentage of rooted first-class vines, forming better root system, better growth and maturing of the increment in the production of vine planting material, compared with vines, grafted onto Chaselas 41B rootstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With aging, cherry trees have unsatisfactory growth, fruiting decreases and the quality characteristics of the fruits deteriorate. The crowns and fruiting wood are carried too high and there is a significant denudation of the skeletal branches inside the crown, intense drying of branches and death of whole trees begins. In the scientific literature, there is insufficient information on the influence of the rootstock on the lifespan of cherry trees, as well as on their reaction after rejuvenating pruning. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of rejuvenating pruning of 18-year-old cherry trees of Van and Bing cultivars grafted on different rootstocks, on their growth and reproductive manifestations, and fruit quality. After pruning, the growth of the 1-year-old shoots was significantly improved. The trees formed new fruit wood, fruit production and fruit quality were improved significantly. The trees grafted on SL-64 mahaleb rootstock in combination with Van cultivar and IK-M9 in combination with Bing responded the best. The highest yield from the trees was recorded in the 4th and 5th year and the weight of fruits was relatively greater, compared to their mass in the last years before pruning. The trees on SL-64 and IK-M9 rootstocks stand out with the best vitality, where the percentage of dead trees at the end of the 24th growing season was the lowest, 11.1 and 22.2%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rootstocks are important for the adaptation of the vine to the environmental conditions, influencing on the vegetative growth, the development of its root system and the physicochemical composition of the grapes. The strong and diseaseresistant rootstocks can ensure good vine growth, increase yield andimprove efficiency of water use and their adaptability to stress conditions. During the period 2018-2021 at the Experimental nursery for grapevine rootings of IASS “Obraztsov Chiflik” – Ruse a study was conducted to determine the primary manifestation of the degree of affinity between the components of grafting, the nature and degree of modification variability in the production of vines of Tangra variety, caused by two rootstocks with different development and disposal of the root system, inducing different growth vigor – SO4 (Berlandieri x Riparia) and Chaselas 41B (Chaselas х Berlandieri 41B). The experiment was conducted in four replications, 50 grafted cuttings each. Irrigation was drip, combined with micro-jet over the vines in the first month after planting for rooting. The ultimate practical goal was the most suitable rootstock for grafting of Tangra vine variety to be recommended in order to avoid the unfavorable modification changes caused by it. The results obtained using Chaselas 41B rootstock, in terms of the biometric parameters were lower than those reported when SO4 rootstock was used. The vines of the variant with SO4 had a well-developed root system, with very good root formation, better growth and maturing of the increment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was carried out in 2020 at the RIMSA Troyan, in an intensive plum plantation with the cultivars Stanley, Cacanska Lepotitsa, Hanita and Jojo, grafted on 6 rootstocks: Bromptom, GF 655-2, SJ A, Wavit, Wangenheims, P. cerasifera, at scheme 4x1.7m to determine their influence on the chlorophyll content of the leaves. Based on the data, photosynthetic responses can be modeled and successfully used to predict metabolic limitations of photosynthesis. The highest content of Ʃ (Chl. A+Chl. B) was found in the variants with the rootstock GF 655-2- C. lepotica 1.978 mg/g; Jojo 2.078 mg/g; Stanley 1.828 mg/g. In the Hanita cultivar, the highest levels of chlorophylls (Ʃ A+B) are in the variant with P. cerasifera rootstock (2.421 mg/g) and ratio between pigments (A/B 2.393). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agrobiological parameters of Misket Viking vine variety grafted on two rootstocks with different disposal of the root system, inducing different growth power – SO4 (Berlandieri x Riparia)(control) and Monticola (Rupestris du Lot) were studied. The experiment was conducted during the period 2018-2021 at the Experimental nursery for grapevine rootings of IASS “Obraztsov Chiflik” – Ruse in four replications, 50 grafted cuttings each. Irrigation was drip, combined with micro-jet over the vines in the first month after rooting. The objective of the study was to determine the primary manifestation of the degree of affinity between the components of grafting, the nature and degree of modification variability caused by the two rootstocks. The ultimate practical goal was to recommend the most suitable rootstock for grafting of Misket Viking vine variety in order to avoid the unfavorable modification changes caused by it. It was found that Monticola rootstock had a positive influence on the formation of the percentage of first-class rooted vines, forming a better root system and better growth and maturation of the increment in the production of vine planting material compared with vines grafted onto SO4 rootstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agrobiological parameters of Kristalen vine variety grafted on two rootstocks with different disposal of the root system, inducing different growth vigor – SO4 (Berlandieri x Riparia)(control variant) and Monticola (Rupestris du Lot) were studied. The experiment was conducted during the period 2018-2021 at the Experimental nursery for grapevine rootings of IASS “Obraztsov Chiflik” – Ruse in four replications, 50 grafted cuttings each. Irrigation was drip, combined with micro-jet over the vines in the first month after rooting. The objective of the study was to determine the primary manifestation of the degree of affinity between the components of grafting, the nature and degree of modification variability caused by the two rootstocks. The ultimate practical goal was to recommend the most suitable rootstock for grafting of Kristalen vine variety in order to avoid the unfavorable modification changes caused by it. It was found that Monticola rootstock had a positive influence on the formation of the percentage of first-class rooted vines, giving a better growth and maturing of the increment in the production of vine planting material, compared with vines grafted onto SO4 rootstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shot hole disease is one of the major foliar diseases of stone fruit species in Bulgaria, which is caused by the fungal pathogen Stigmina carpophila (Lev.) Ellis. The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility to S. carpophila of five late nectarine cultivars grafted on a seed rootstock (Elberta) and GF 677 clonal rootstock. The study was conducted in an orchard at the Experimental Station of Agriculture – Khan Krum with a natural background of infection, without chemical treatments, in the period 2011-2013. The subject of the study were 5 cultivars of nectarines: Fantasia, Goldengrand, Morsiani 51, Kassiopeia and Fairlaine, grafted on Elberta seed and GF 677 clonal rootstock. The experiment is set in 3 replicates for each rootstock combination. To assess the attack caused by this pathogen, 50 leaves from 6 trees of cultivar/rootstock were collected each June. For each cultivar/rootstock, a leaf infectivity index was calculated (according to the McKinney method, 1923) and then classified according to the degree of susceptibility on a 5-point scale. The results show that none of the studied cultivars is resistant to attack by S. carpophila. All tested cultivars grafted on both types of rootstocks are slightly susceptible. The least susceptible on both types of rootstocks are cultivars Goldengrand and Fairlane, as well as Fantasia/Elberta, and the most susceptible are Morsiani 51 and Kassiopeia, and Fantasia/GF 677. All studied cultivars grafted on seed rootstock (Elberta) demonstrate a lower degree of susceptibility, compared to that when they are grafted on GF 677 clonal rootstock. These differences are probably due to the different growth strength of the trees that is induced by the rootstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of 8 nectarine cultivars to the attack of Stigmina carpophila (Lév.) Ellis, the pathogen causing shot hole disease (Clasterosporiosis) on stone fruits. The study was conducted in natural conditions of infection, in an experimental orchard at the Research Station of Agriculture - Khan Krum, during the period 2011-2013. Тhe following nectarine cultivars were observed: ‘Aurelio Grand’, ‘Sun Free’, ‘Big Top’, ‘Gergana’, ‘Weinberger’, ‘Nectagrand 2’, ‘Independence’, ‘Caldesi 2000’, all engrafted of the seed rootstock (‘Elberta’) and GF 677 clonal rootstock. The experiments were set in three replicates for each cultivar/rootstock combination. 200 leaves per cultivar/rootstock combination were collected on a random principle from 6 trees (replicates) to detect the level of S. carpophila infection. Symptoms on the leaves were visually determined, and leaves with symptoms depending on the severity of the attack, distributed on a five grade scale. The infectious index was calculated by means of the McKinney (1923) formula. The sensitivity of the cultivars was estimated according to the calculated infectious index. The results show that none of the studied nectarine varieties showed complete resistance to S. carpophila. The cultivars tested were slightly to moderately susceptible and their susceptibility depends on the type of rootstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience was carried out between 2014 and 2016 year in an Experimental station of Agriculture - Han Krum. The orchard was established in a spring of 2011. The following cultivars were examined: Aureliogrand, Sunfree, Bigtop, Gergana, Wineberger, Nectagrand 2, Kaldesi 2000 and Inependence. Nectarine cultivars were grafted on Elbert seedlings and on GF 677 clonal rootstocks. The article analyzes the indicators: thickness of the stem (cm2), crown volume (m3), yield per tree (kg), weight of one fruiting (g), coefficient of productivity (kg/cm2), yield of m3 of the crown volume (kg/m3) and the types of branches (mixed, wood, color, bouquet and before temporary branches of first order and number of growth points). There was a trend for cultivars grafted on GF 677 clonal rootstock to exceed those of the (Elbert) seedlings on the indicators thickness of the stem, crown volume, yield per tree and weight of one fruit. In terms of indirect indicators: coefficient of productivity (kg/cm2) and yield of m3 of the crown volume the cultivars of seed rootstock were distinguished by higher values. Nectarine cultivars grafted on GF 677 formed both bigger quantity mixed, wood, color, bouquet, before temporary branches of first order and growth points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]