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This article is devoted to the study of historical and demographic aspects of famine in Kazakhstan between 1921 and 1923. The victims of the famine numbered in the deaths of thousands and caused irreparable losses. The purpose of the article is to conduct a historical and comparative analysis of the demographic consequences of famine. The research tasks include a comparative analysis of famine using archival documents, census materials and statistical data. In addition, the method of demographic analysis of the consequences of the famine, the scale of the damage and their impact on the life of the indigenous population of the republic will be applied. The distinctive feature of the research methodology is the systematization of statistical data on famine in various dimensions and modules. The findings of the study showed that the use of a comparative method to study the demographic consequences of famine contributes to a deeper study of this topic. The results obtained through qualitative analysis using statistical data served as an empirical basis for compiling a more complete demographic picture of famine in the 1920s of the 20th century in Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this article is justified by the necessity to construct a comprehensive picture of the development of Kazakh literature at the beginning of the 20th century through the analysis of tragic elements in the works of Myrzakhyp Dulatov. The authors critically evaluate various approaches to studying this aesthetic category in the works of I.I. Plekhanova, V.E. Khalizev, and E.V. Volkova. The scientific novelty lies in the first-time analysis of the poem ‘Qaida edıñ?’ (Where were you?) from the declared perspective. The research establishes that, firstly, tragic events (specifically, the forcible mobilization of Kazakhs for participation in World War I and famine) form the narrative basis of this poem. Secondly, antithesis serves as a significant means of conveying tragedy. Thirdly, the Kazakh worldview (steppe — land — Alash — people) depicted in this poem intricately intertwines with tragic hopelessness, where the semantic boundaries of the concept PEOPLE encompass human life values: steppe, family, lineage, generational ties, life. Fourthly, syntactic parallelism, various forms of repetition, rhetorical questioning, and other poetic devices aid the author in expressing their own viewpoint and engaging the reader in the quest to identify the culprit behind tragic events.

The purpose of the article is to examine the current concept of food security in Ukraine in order to determine its compliance with current challenges to the functioning of the national food system and to substantiate priority measures within the framework of the national food policy. It is assumed that the low level of citizens’ incomes is the main challenge to the country's food security, which causes insufficient food consumption and excessive expenses for food purchases. This assumption is confirmed on the basis of international comparisons. The quantitative parameters of the influence of the volume of agricultural production and the size of per capita income of households on the economic accessibility of food are determined with the help of multiple linear regression. A forecast has been made about reaching the EU average indicator of the share of food and non-alcoholic beverages expenses in the structure of total household expenses. It is concluded that there is a need to apply the best US experience in maintaining and stimulating food demand through the SNAP program. It is concluded that the limited resources of the country's low-income citizens pose the main threat to the food security of Ukrainian households. This conclusion is drawn from an analysis of the actual indicators of the daily energy value of the diet of Ukrainian households, the share of spending on food products and non-alcoholic beverages in the overall household expenditure, and a comparison of these indicators with those of the USA, the EU, and the OECD. The results of multiple linear regression calculations and the development of an econometric model support the conclusion that the increase in food availability for Ukrainian households is 61% dependent on per capita income and only 30% dependent on the amount of per capita agro-food production. For the first time, the national food security regulatory framework was critically analyzed to determine whether it complies with contemporary challenges. Additionally, quantitative parameters of the influence of per capita income and agricultural production volumes on the economic accessibility of food were established. The significance of the research lies in the fact that its results provide a scientific substantiation of the methodological aspects and practical measures of the state food policy, aimed at achieving food security through programs for maintaining and stimulating food demand, primarily targeted assistance programs with food stamps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Метою роботи є дослідження діючої концепції продовольчої безпеки України для встановлення її відповідності актуальним викликам функціонуванню національної продовольчої системи та обґрунтування першочергових заходів у рамках національної продовольчої політики. Робиться припущення, що головним викликом продовольчій безпеці громадян країни є низький рівень їхніх доходів, що спричиняє недостатній обсяг споживання їжі та надмірні витрати на придбання продовольства. На основі міжнародних порівнянь таке припущення підтверджується. За допомогою лінійної множинної регресії визначаються кількісні параметри впливу обсягів сільськогосподарського виробництва та розміру подушових доходів домогосподарств на економічну доступність продовольства. Зроблено прогноз про досягнення середнього для ЄС показника розміру частки витрат на продукти харчування та безалкогольні напої в структурі сукупних витрат домогосподарств. Робиться висновок про необхідність застосування передового досвіду США з підтримання та стимулювання продовольчого попиту за допомогою програми SNAP. На основі аналізу фактичних показників добової енергетичної цінності раціону українських домогосподарств, частки витрат на продукти харчування та безалкогольні напої в структурі сукупних витрат домогосподарств України та порівняння їхніх розмірів із аналогічними показниками США, ЄС, ОЕСР робиться висновок, що головною загрозою продовольчій безпеці українських домогосподарств є обмеженість ресурсів малозабезпечених громадян країни. Висновок підтверджується результатами розрахунку лінійної множинної регресії та побудови економетричної моделі: підвищення економічної доступності продовольства для українських домогосподарств на 61% залежить від рівня їхніх подушових доходів і лише на 30% – від обсягів подушового агропродовольчого виробництва. Уперше проведено критичний аналіз вітчизняної нормативної бази продовольчої безпеки на предмет її відповідності актуальним викликам та встановлено кількісні параметри впливу обсягів сільськогосподарського виробництва й розміру подушових доходів на економічну доступність продовольства. Значення дослідження полягає в тому, що його результати є науковим обґрунтуванням методичних аспектів та практичних заходів державної продовольчої політики, спрямованої на досягнення продовольчої безпеки за допомогою програм підтримання й стимулювання продовольчого попиту, насамперед програми адресної цільової допомоги продовольчими талонами.

Copyright of Journal of Economic Research & Business Administration is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The causes and consequences of the famine in the Tambov province in 1924—1925 are examined in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a comprehensive study of the Russian peasantry of the “revolutionary breakthrough generation” (born at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries). The main attention is paid to the impact of famine on the social and political moods of the peasantry. In order to determine the factors that influenced the self-awareness of the villagers, the documents of the funds of the Russian Archive of Social and Political History and the State Archive of Social and Political History of the Tambov Region were studied. A wide range of documents of central and local party organizations and state security bodies are used in the article. The social practices resorted to by rural society for survival in extreme crop failure conditions are considered. Relations between the main social groups of the village are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of state aid to the starving. As a result of the conducted research, an increase in oppositional attitudes among the peasantry has been proven. An increase in religiosity and egalitarian tendencies in rural areas is considered characteristic. It was established that significant state aid contributed to the spread of peasant loyalty to the government.

The outbreak of the COVID-19, which lasted more than two years, negatively impacted humanity at large. In the post-pandemic era, some people began to analyze the so-called “anthropopause”, which seems to be perceived as a good thing for wildlife that brings it vitality. In fact, many animals are at a loss because of quarantine measures, especially those scavengers who rely on human-produced garbage to survive. More corpses are recycled, buried, or burned, making the environment cleaner. Moreover, people have entered an era of low consumption, trapped at home and facing production stagnation, some consumption is almost at zero. Here, we analyze 253 cases of vultures rescued from the wild in at least 25 provinces (74% of the provinces in China) during 2010–2021. In this period more than half of the rescue cases were caused by hunger, as vultures are facing unexpected difficulties. Four vulture species have been affected by a sudden decrease in food availability caused by restricted human activity following Covid-19 pandemic.

Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Цель. Медицинская программа была важным компонентом помощи голодающему населению России в 1921 – 1923 гг., оказанной Американской Администрацией Помощи (АРА). Цель работы – изучение медицинского направления миссии АРА в Петрограде. Метод проведения работы. Методологическая основа работы – принципы историзма, системности, научности и объективности. Использованы историко-критический, историко-сравнительный, источниковедческие методы. Изучены документы из Центрального государственного архива Санкт-Петербурга, Государственного архива Российской Федерации (Москва), опубликованные исследования. Результаты. Медицинскую программу АРА выполняла в сотрудничестве с Полномочным представительством Советского правительства и Наркоматом здравоохранения. Медицинская программа была единой для всех дистриктов. Руководителями Петроградского дистрикта были врачи Г.К.Уокер и У.Х. Гантт. Mедицинская помощь Петроградского дистрикта АРА охватывала также Карелию, Псков, Череповец, Вологду и Новгород; её стоимость составила 9% от стоимости помощи АРА по всей России. В Петрограде сохранились местные квалифицированные медики и медучреждения, но не хватало медикаментов и оборудования. Объекты помощи АРА – больницы, детские дома и т. п. Ара провела прививочную компанию против тифа, холеры, оспы. Для обеззараживания городского водоснабжения АРА предоставила хлорную известь. АРА применяла достижения и принципы современного здравоохранения (системы Пелидизе и Sacratama; врачебный контроль за детьми в столовых, воспитание у людей стандартов гигиены). Область применения результатов. Результаты работы могут быть полезны современным гуманитарным организациям; могут послужить материалом для научных обобщений в теме помощи АРА, при подготовке учебных материалов по отечественной истории, для развития краеведения.

Цель. Важным аспектом при описании миссии Американской администрации помощи (АРА) в Советской России в 1921–1923 гг., являются действия советских властей, принимавших иностранную помощь для голодающих. Цель работы – проследить формирование государственных органов для работы с АРА в Петрограде и выявить основные направления их деятельности. Метод проведения работы. Методологическая основа работы – принципы историзма, системности, научности и объективности. Использованы историко-критический, историко-сравнительный, источниковедческие методы. Изучены документы из Центрального государственного архива Санкт-Петербурга, Государственного архива Российской Федерации (Москва), опубликованные исследования. Результаты. На первых порах в Петрограде миссию АРА принимал Петрогубисполком. Был образован русско-американский исполком. После возникновения представительства советского правительства в Петроградской губернии для работы с АРА Петрогубисполком сотрудничал с ним. Уполномоченным Представителем правительства с ноября 1921 г. был З. И. Жуков. Представительство правительства занималось материальным обеспечением работы АРА, являясь посредником между АРА и советскими учреждениями и организациями. Оно находило источники финансирования для оплаты предоставленных товаров и услуг. С июня 1922 г. Представительство правительства перешло на хозрасчет. Органы советской власти для работы с АРА окончательно сформировались к осени 1922 г. В Петрограде в работе с АРА участвовали имевшиеся представительства наркоматов (НКИД, Внешторг), ПЕПО, а также милиция и ВЧК. Область применения результатов. Материалы работы могут быть использованы для научных обобщений в теме помощи АРА, при подготовке учебных материалов по отечественной истории. Результаты могут заинтересовать краеведов.

The question of the causes and circumstances of overcoming hunger in Russia in the late 19th — early 20th centuries is considered in the article. Attention is paid to the analysis of historiographic material on the research topic. A review of food campaigns in Russia during the specified period is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the issue related to the circumstances of the 1891—1892 campaign, which demonstrated the inconsistency of the Food Regulations in effect in Russia since 1834. The author dwells on the issues of reforming the state food system. The main changes that took place in the state food system and associated with the approval of the food rules of 1900 are considered. The question is raised about the role of local governments in the state food policy of the period under study, as well as the perniciousness of the principle of “self-help”, which is the basis of the state food system. Attention is paid to the organization of charitable assistance to the population in the context of food campaigns. It is proved that the Russian village in the 90s of the XIX — early XX centuries was in a state of permanent food crisis due to the lack of a working model of the state food system.

The subject of this interdisciplinary article is the case of British journalists Gareth Jones and Malcolm Muggeridge. In 1933 they were the first and the only ones to draw the world’s attention to the tragedy in the USSR: Soviet power destroyed the foundation of traditional Russian society, i.e. the peasantry — for the sake of the rapid industrialisation of the country, the socialisation of agriculture and the radical transformation of man. The price of this new “main revolution” (according to G. Jones) or experiment, which originated in the brains of “rootless urbanists” — Bolsheviks (Muggeridge) were human-induced famine, death of millions of peasants in Ukraine, Volga, Cuban, and Rostov-on-Don regions. But fascinated by the embodiment of the idea of utopia, as well as proceeding from the interests of Realpolitik, the West ignored this tragedy. The article examines the conflict between the personality — Jones and society, Soviet and Western, as evidence to the fact that “a man can be destroyed but not defeated” (Hemingway). The subject of “famine” was developed in the works of A. Koestler, G. Orwell, research of R. Conquest, D. Rayfield, who in their ideas and opinions followed Jones and Muggeridge. Views on Russia of the latter ones and of an influential New York Times correspondent in Moscow — Walter Duranty, who in 1932 got a Pulitzer prize for his deceitful reports denying the famine in the Soviet Union, are presented here as ethically and culturally opposite: Stalin’s apologist Duranty viewed Russia as a country of Asians, of born slaves; Jones and Muggeridge saw it as a tragic country which was losing its mighty human potential — peasantry and natural course of development, and both of them anticipated the collapse of the Soviet regime. And the Soviet civilization collapsed, though 60 years later, for it was doomed: it is impossible to build Heaven on blood — to achieve world harmony at the cost of “a tear of a child” (Dostoevsky), i. e. the suffering of innocent people.

Purpose. The American Relief Administration (ARA) provided the great humanitarian mission in Russia during the famine in 1921–1923. Wherein the problem of suppling food from the United States to starving people in the vast territories of Russia was successfully fulfiled. The ARA practice remains interesting for modern humanitarian organizations. Methodology. The history of the ARA in Russia is being investigated now, but its work in Petrograd has been almost unexplored. Our paper used the documents from the Russian central and regional archives such as the Central State Archives of St. Petersburg, the The State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF, Moscow) and published studies. Results. This aspect of aid was studied on the example of Petrograd as the place of first unloading of foreign aid delivered by sea and rail transport, its reloading onto the railroad for transportation to the ARA aid regions. The scheme of food delivery from the ARA to the starving people of Petrograd is considered for the first time. Petrograd received 53,111.8 tons of cargo on 30 ships both directly from the United States and after transshipment in Hamburg. By rail, ARA cargoes arrived in Petrograd from Tallinn, by the way Petrograd recieved some ARA cargoes from Moscow. Deliveries from Petrograd was sent by rail through Moscow and Vologda to the Volga region, the destination stations were Rybinsk and Nizhny Novgorod. The ARA’s relief to the starving population of Petrograd itself was also significant, its total weight was 2947.335 tons, and the cost was $ 282,210.61. The main places associated with the transportation of goods and food points for the starving population of the city have been identified and shown on the map of Petrograd. Horse-drawn and road transport was used within the city. Practical implications. The materials can be useful for scientific development in the subject of relief of the ARA, in preparation of educational works on Russian history. The results may be of interest to local historians.

В настоящее время в Санкт-Петербурге зарегистрировано значительное количество людей пожилого и старческого возраста, переживших в детстве экстремальные условия существования в блокированном Ленинграде. Уровень здоровья этих людей отличается в худшую сторону от состояния здоровья их сверстников. Можно предполагать, что эти различия предопределены длительным голоданием детей и подростков в осажденном фашистами Ленинграде; регулярными стрессовыми нагрузками, которые испытывали дети при бомбовых ударах и артиллерийских обстрелах их домов, осознания факта смерти их родных, близких и знакомых людей. Отдаленные последствия экстремальных условий жизни в детстве проявились сердечно сосудистыми заболеваниями, выраженным ожирением, частым развитием сахарного диабета, ишемической болезнью сердца, артериальной гипертензией, желчекаменной болезнью, проявлениями хронического атрофического гастрита, хронической почечной недостаточностью.

Food security is directly related to nutrition and public health. It concerns the availability of food needed by people, its accessibility to consumers, including financial aspects of accessibility, the food utilization in sufficient quantity and quality to ensure full life, and stability, i.e. the ability to resist the negative changes that occur in food supply chains. Food security is a causal path that begins with production and leads to consumption, going through stages of stabilization and stress management. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to consider the essence of food security and investigate its level by the analysis of world rankings. Consequently, the Global Food Security Index, which measures the level of food security in four areas – food affordability, food availability, food quality and safety, and natural resources and resiliencies considered in this paper. According to this ranking, the first three places are occupied by the countries of Western Europe – Finland, Ireland, and the Netherlands. Except European countries, top 15 countries also include Israel, Japan, the United States of America, Canada, and New Zealand. Ukraine ranks 54th out of 113 countries. Positive changes occur only in the group «quality and safety». The rest of the groups of food security indicators for Ukraine show negative trends. In particular, in the group «food availability» indicators of «food security and access policy commitments» and «political and social barriers to access» decreased by more than thirty percent comparing with the previous year. Additionally, Global Hunger Index is considered. This index is based on four indicators – undernourishment, child wasting, child stunting, and child mortality. Despite the tendency of index improvement by the regions of the world, its value is particularly dangerous for the countries of Africa South of the Sahara, and South Asia. For Ukraine, the value of this indicator is less than 5, since 2006. This fact classifies Ukraine as a low-risk area. Accordingly, the analysis shows that currently the second goal of the Sustainable Development Plan – «Zero Hunger», is unattainable by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

У статті досліджується перебіг кампанії з конфіскації церковних коштовностей у Харківській губернії в 1922 р. Скориставшись обставинами страхітливого голоду, що охопив багато регіонів України у 1921 – 1922 рр., радянська держава під гаслом надання допомоги голодуючим провела широкомасштабну кампанію з «вилучення» (а насправді, нічим не прикриту конфіскацію) церковних цінностей. Конфісковувалися усі дорогоцінні речі з храмів і молитовних будинків усіх без виключення релігійних конфесій. Досліджено методи проведення конфіскації церковних багатств місцевими органами влади Харківщини. При цьому показано особливу роль, що відігравали органи ДПУ, які контролювали роботу комісій з вилучення цінностей та придушували опір віруючих і духовенства. У публікації робиться спроба з’ясувати підсумки вилучення цінностей по Харкову та повітах столичної губернії. Проаналізовано ставлення різних верств суспільства до проведення кампанії з конфіскації церковних цінностей. На основі архівних джерел та матеріалів місцевої та центральної преси показано опір, який чинили віруючі і духовенство кампанії конфіскації церковних коштовностей та проаналізовано його форми і методи. Висвітлено репресивну політику атеїстичної влади, спрямовану на придушення спротиву мас віруючого населення і представників духовенства тотальній конфіскації цінностей, що нерідко проводилася брутальним способом. Показані масштаби репресій більшовицької влади щодо віруючих і служителів релігійних культів. Зроблено висновок, що, проводячи політику конфіскації церковних цінностей, більшовицька влада намагалася підірвати економічну базу церкви, прагнучи отримати внаслідок конфіскації великі фінансові ресурси, а також морально дискредитувати духовенство в очах громадськості, підірвати авторитет церкви як важливого суспільного інституту, нарешті, внести розбрат у церковне середовище. Під час здійснення кампанії з конфіскації церковних багатств була назавжди втрачена велика частина релігійних предметів, що представляли історико-культурну цінність.

Copyright of Security: Theory & Practice / Bezpieczeństwo.Teoria i Praktyka is the property of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, AFM Publishing Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

В обзоре представлены современные данные о роли лептина - пептидного гормона, выделяемого адипоцитами жировой ткани - в регуляции голода и потребления пищи. Особое внимание уделено путям, посредством которых лептин, синтезируемый периферическими тканями, воздействует на мозговые механизмы регуляции потребления пищи.

Після анексії Кримського півострова стало очевидним, що Крим не був і не є вписаним в український історичний наратив. Так само тема Голодомору, яка посідає важливе місце в українській історіографії, обмежена територіально. З огляду на відсутність досліджень, присвячених подіям 1932–1933 рр. на території Криму, в статті розглянуто можливість існування голоду на цих теренах та на матеріалах спогадів висвітлено міграції населення з материкової частини України до Криму під час голоду 1932–1933 рр. Також запропоноване дослідження має справу з пам’яттю кримських татар про Голодомор.

The genre specificity of oral histories about starvation of 1941-1945 is covered. The review of the main works on the history of study of oral history in the national folklore is made. Consideration of the oral history as a speech genre allowed to establish that taking into account the peculiarities of oral speech helps to understand some of its properties in a new way, which, in turn, allows to rethink the traditional folkloristic approach to its analysis. It is shown that certain types of oral histories have a dual genre nature - on the one hand, they are speech genres, and on the other - folklore. The analysis of oral histories about starvation of 1941-1945 in the context of other works of reliable stereotypical prose, including those about fighting on the fronts of the Great Patriotic war, the blockade experience, the stay in captivity, led to the conclusion that a group of oral histories about starvation of 1941-1945 can be identified as a type of speech genre memories. It is shown that at the same time it is possible to define such stories as a folklore phenomenon representing a kind of a genre of the oral story devoted to the narration about a person in an extreme life situation.

Based the analysis of narratives about hunger in the rear areas during the great Patriotic war some features of everyday life of rural population in the territory of the Ulyanovsk Area of Volga Region are analyzed. It is noted that the daily life of Russian female peasants is revealed mainly in memories. It is shown that, despite the extreme conditions of life and fundamental change in the composition of the family, everyday life of a woman included the same basic elements as during peacetime: obtaining and preparation of food, raising children, work on the garden plot, the maintenance of family and neighborly relations, the performance of labor and economic duties to the State, including the local authorities. However, as the author of the article emphasizes, the realities of wartime have transformed these components of everyday life significantly, prioritizing the development of a strategy of physical survival and, above all, the overcoming of hunger and its consequences. As is established by the analysis of narratives, that is why during wartime were the diet and those everyday life practices that had been developed by the Russian peasantry to overcome hunger in the XIX century and the first third of the XX century were revitalized. Thanks to the analysis of oral stories about hunger in 1941-1945 it became possible to reveal in detail the emotional and personal perception as well as experiences of Russian female peasants during the wartime. Like any study of everyday life, the analysis may significantly complement and change the historical knowledge of that time.

The article covers the criminal activity of the Bolshevik Party in Katerynoslav (modern Dnipro region) during the establishment of the Soviet-communist form of statehood in the early 1920s. The activity regards peasantry, workers, intellectual elite, political opponents, clergy. It is noted that Katerynoslav province belonged to the largest administrative-territorial units of the newly formed Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR). It covered the overwhelming majority of the south-eastern part of Ukraine. Such territorial scale of the region led to the fact that it turned into a peculiar field of sociopolitical, economic, and military course of the Bolsheviks with all the dramatic consequences thereupon. At the end of 1920, the frontline civil war gradually evolved into a struggle for the Bolshevist regime against the peasant masses. Bolsheviks called this war a struggle against “political banditism”. Attention is drawn to the most important factors that predetermined the spread and growth of the peasant rebel movement, one of which was the Bolshevist economic policy pursued in villages. The emphasis is put on the scale of the peasant movement in Ukraine and the help of the UPR government to the atamans (riot leaders) who shared the idea of Ukraine’s independence. Considerable attention is paid to the repressive measures taken by the Bolshevik authorities to eliminate the rebel movement: the creation of special extraordinary bodies – military meetings; the transfer of Katerynoslav region to the front line; the introduction of the hostage institution, defendants, and mutual responsibility. The Bolsheviks used punitive measures against workers who demanded an increase in meagre food provision and the improvement of difficult working conditions. It is also noted that the consequences of the 1921–1922 famine for Katerynoslav can be compared to the results of the First World War and civil wars. The Bolshevik authorities did not help the hungry; instead, they stimulated the famine in the southern Ukrainian regions with the active anti-communist movement. According to the research, during that famine Katerynoslav province lost about 1 million inhabitants.

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The narratives on starvation in the rear during the Great Patriotic war on the territory of the Ulyanovsk Volga region are analysed. It is shown that they functioned primarily in the family sphere and were the means of transmitting not only life experience, but also family “symbolic capital.” The analysis of 43 oral stories found that they include a number of repeating and persistent motifs of different frequency. Different degree of development of motifs in the narrative is noted. Utterances about starvation typical to such texts which express the attitude of the narrator to events or associate the past experience with the time of telling are highlighted. The example of motivic organization is the analysis of oral story in which the motifs themselves, and some types of relations between them (thematic, associative) are most fully represented. It is shown that in some narratives some of these motifs are combined with references about various household details, descriptions of the experiences of the characters. The conclusion is that the narratives about Great Patriotic war can form complete plot that are separate stories or plot-compositional elements of a complex narrative.

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Copyright of Tyragetia is the property of National Museum of History of Moldova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Over the years, world leaders have continued to troubleshoot approaches to combating hunger. Although the increasing hunger appears to be affecting countries in different continents of the world, African countries and part Asia appear to be most hit. This study examines the nexus between literary journalism and combating the global hunger crisis with specific attention to Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the extent literary journalism can be deployed to combat hunger, the techniques to deploy in using literary journalism to drive government policies on food sufficiency and encourage public participation in agriculture. Literary journalism, though an emerging field, has the potential of promoting agricultural activities and policies that will lead to eventual food security. Literary journalism presents an opportunity through which agriculture can be developed and food security enhanced. Understanding the approaches and techniques of literary journalism for combating global food crisis is a significant contribution to literature in the following ways: First, it will provide newer insights into the role of literary journalism in agricultural development and food security. In the second place, this study contributes to literature by opening a new vista in the study of literary journalism. The International Food Policy Research Institute in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization in its Global Hunger Index grouped Nigeria among countries with a high level of hunger threat, with an index of 25.5 which was categorized as serious hunger threat. Based on the concept of 'breakable rules' by Mark Kramer, the following characteristics of literary journalism stand out: immersion in the story worlds; developing implicit rules (covenants) on accuracy and sincerity; description mainly about everyday, routine events; development of meaning, based on a consistent reaction of readers. This study raises the following researcher questions: To what extent can literary journalism promote food security? What literary journalism techniques can be used to encourage participation in agriculture? What literary journalism techniques can be used to drive government policies and programs in agriculture? A total of 30 respondents provided narratives on the nexus between literary journalism and food sufficiency. A structured interview guide was used as the instrument for data collection while thematic analysis guide was used to analyze the result of study. The result of the semi-structured interview revealed that literary journalism can aid in combating food crisis globally and in Nigeria in particular to a large extent. It was also found that the techniques to be used for combating food crisis include scene-by scene, infotainment, dialogue, subjectivity and accuracy. During the interview sessions, it was discovered that the respondents reported that literary journalism has not been given its pride of place in Nigeria, unlike other parts of the world like the United States of America where it has been in practice since the 1960s. These results were examined with the framework of ACADA model. The model stands for Assessment, Communication, Analysis Design and Action. The model was developed by the United Nations for International Children Emergency Fund. The implications of these results on food sufficiency and the expansion of literature on literary journalism were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to scientific and archival sources, statistical data in the scientific article is devoted to demographic losses of the Ukrainian people during the Holodomor of 1932-1933 as a purposeful policy of Soviet power on the territory of Ukraine during collectivization. Scientific research examines the period of Soviet collectivization of the Ukrainian village in 1932-1933, which became one of the worst pages of our history. It is analyzed that the greatest losses during the Holodomor period of 1932-1933 are observed among the rural population of Ukraine, although there were also large losses among the urban population. Huge infant mortality is a direct consequence of hunger. The authorities silenced and denied the fact of the famine in Ukraine. The European Parliament recognized the Holodomor as a terrible crime against the people of Ukraine and humanity, condemned by the Soviet authorities against the Ukrainian peasantry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Статья посвящена изучению движения «разбоев» – слабо отразившемуся в источниках социальному явлению начала XVII в. Предпринят критический пересмотр предшествующей историографии, дан комплексный анализ фактов, касающихся правительственной реакции на движение повстанцев, динамики похолопления в Новгородской земле, территориального распространения голода в России 1601–1603 гг. Предложена гипотеза, объясняющая причины исхода военных слуг из состава свит бояр и дворян. После смерти господина наследники не брали военных слуг на службу или же не соглашались выдавать им кабалы в размере соответствующей их статусу суммы в 15 руб. Приведены факты, свидетельствующие о невысоких ценах на хлеб в вотчинах Кирилло-Белозерского монастыря и об отнюдь не национальном характере голода. Предложено новое объяснение фактам отправки экспедиций для борьбы с разбойниками поздней осенью 1602 или зимой 1602–1603 гг. Поздней осенью разбойники покидали лесные чащи вблизи проезжих дорог, где их поиск летом был осложнен обилием растительности, и останавливались во дворах своих сообщников, пережидая морозы и приторговывая трофеями своего ремесла. Сделан вывод о сетевой организации разбойничьего движения, что означало включение в состав повстанческих отрядов крестьян и посадских людей. Осуществлено сопоставление движения «разбоев» и действий крестьянских ополчений в 1609 г., сделан вывод о принципиальной разнице этих феноменов. Движение «разбоев» 1602–1603 гг., опираясь на отщепенцев крестьян и бобылей из деревень и посадов, противостояло общинам тяглых людей. Действие крестьянских ополчений в 1609 г. основывалось на ключевом социальном институте доиндустриальной эпохи – общине и приводилось в действие идеологией самозванства.

The article tells about the reaction of the international community, directly to Spanish historians, political scientists on the events of Ukraine in the 1930s. In this article, the reports of the main participants of the conference dedicated to the memory of the Holodomor in Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 are considered, which was organized for the first time at the University of Valencia in 2016 on the initiative of Ukrainian students and postgraduates. Key words: famine, genocide, terror, repression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the annexation of Crimea, it has become obvious that the peninsula was and, to some degree, still remains a terra incognita for Ukrainian society, while the history of Crimean Tatars has never been integrated into Ukrainian national historical narrative. Indeed, research on the Holodomor topic, which occupies an important place in modern Ukrainian historiography, is traditionally limited to the borders of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic as the part of the USSR during the Great Famine of 1932-1933. Nevertheless, we can make an assumption that the local population also suffered from hunger during 1932-1933, according to fieldwork conducted in Crimea among Crimean Tatars and due to the official documents and other sources. The extent of famine in Crimea, according to the evidence, ranged from the hunger that "was not as severe as in Ukraine" to "people were starving and dying from hunger" and cannot be estimated. It should be mentioned that that situation varied from region to region. For example, in the northern part of the Crimean Peninsula, which is mainly the steppe, people were starving more than in the seacoast, where a plenty of fish helped them to survive. Relying on the available sources, it is difficult to argue what caused the famine in Crimea and how it correlates with "terror by hunger" on the territory of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. At the same time, it can be said for sure that Crimean Peninsula had close ties with "mainland" during the years of hunger. According to the evidence recorded on both sides of the isthmus of Perekop, population of mainland was trying to escape from the famine and to save themselves in Crimea. Moreover, another reason for escaping to Crimea was labor migration, traditionally widespread in the southern part of mainland among local population. Furthermore, the proposed paper deals with the Crimean Tatars' memory of Holodomor and its place among other hungers they suffered from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Глобальная продовольственная проблема рассматривается с позиции возможностей обеспечения мирового населения достаточным и сбалансированным питанием, а продовольственная безопасность как «право» доступа каждого человека к продуктам питания в любое время физически и экономически. Для обеспечения глобальной продовольственной безопасности необходимы не только ресурсы и технологии, но и международное сотрудничество, развитие глобального рынка продовольственных товаров, рациональное использование продуктов сельского хозяйства в глобальном масштабе. По обеспеченности продовольствием, имеющимся ресурсам и перспективам развития сельского хозяйства Казахстан относится к одной из благополучных стран современного мира. Развитие аграрного сектора Казахстана – это приоритет в стратегии экономического развития, что свидетельствует об укреплении политики продовольственной безопасности, и стремлении занять заметное место в международном рынке продовольствия.