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Technological and climatic factors significantly influence the expression of quality and quantity properties of spring wheat. This study aims to quantify the effects of weather conditions and fertilizer systems on spring wheat yield, quality (protein content), and physiological indicators (leaf vapor pressure deficit, evapotranspiration, surface temperature of the flag leaf) and to identify a suitable spring wheat genotype for the Transylvanian Plain. The experimental factors were: Y represents the year (Y1, 2019; Y2, 2020); F represents the fertilizer variant (F1, a single rate of fertilization: 36 kg ha−1 of nitrogen; F2, two rates of fertilization: 36 kg ha−1 of nitrogen + 72 kg ha−1 of nitrogen; F3, two rates of fertilization: 36 kg ha−1 of nitrogen + 105 kg ha−1 of nitrogen); and S represents the genotype (S1, Pădureni; S2, Granny; S3, Triso; S4, Taisa; S5, Ciprian; and S6, Lennox). This multifactorial experiment with three factors was conducted on Phaeozem soil. Regardless of weather conditions, fertilization with N100–110 at the head swollen sheath (stage 10, Feeks Growth Scale for Wheat) is deemed the most suitable variant because it yields an average grain yield of 5000 kg ha−1 of good quality (13.84% protein) with a considerable flag leaf area (29 cm2) where physiological processes can optimally support the well-being of the spring wheat plants. Beyond this level of fertilization, the average grain yield tends to plateau, but the protein content considerably increases by 13–23%, depending on the genotype. High yields were achieved in the Lennox and Triso genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change represents a growing risk factor for agriculture, climate predictions being very important for adaptation measures. The ecological frame from the Transylvanian Plain is given by the existence of interaction among a great number of factors, of which two are very important for the agro-ecosystem: the first is the thermal background with high temperature variations and low rainfall, characteristics which impose significant restrictions for crop plants and secondly it is the hill orography, with slope land. The present paper analyze the weather evolution of the farm from Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda located on Western Transylvanian Plains, using artificial intelligence. Study developed mathematical models based on data measured in the last 63 years (1957-2019). The average annual temperature for the period 1957-2019 is 9.2°C and multiannual average precipitation is 531.4 mm. From the simulation of the evolution of the main climatic factors, temperature and precipitation, in the next decade it can be observed the sharp increase of the average annual temperature and a lower fluctuation of the precipitation regime. It could be noticed that the predicted average temperature values for the summer of the next 10 years are: 17.3°C for June, 23.8°C for July and 25.9°C for August, resulting an average of 22.33°C for summer. Agriculture must adapt to the new conditions, taking some measures, the modification or improvement of current plant cultivation technologies, the use of varieties/hybrids that are more resistant or at least tolerant to prolonged drought and during periods with high temperatures, the adoption of new technologies to accumulate/preserve water in the soil for a longer period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thus, the paper presents the results of the research carried out on the winter wheat crop, in the period 2020-2023, in the pedoclimatic conditions from A.R.D.S. Secuieni-Neam?, regarding the influence of three tools, namely, the plough, the chisel, and the disk, works carried out at four working depths (15 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm and 30 cm + 10 cm) and two working modes (work done out in every year in alternation: one - two - three years), and two working modes (work done out in every year in alternation: one - two - three years). During the three years of experimentation, the averages of the winter wheat yield varied within quite large limits, from 4676 kg ha-1, in the variant where the land was permanently worked with the disk at a depth between 12-15 cm, and the maximum of 5936 kg • ha-1, in the version in which the work carried out was to plow at 30 cm + 10 cm. Regarding the content of protein, oil, and starch, they had close values between the variants, the tillage not influencing these quality indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the paper is to highlight the impact of foliar fertilization during the various growth stages of winter wheat and its role in achieving high-quality and superior production. Foliar fertilizers play a crucial role in calibrating and forming active growth intervals correlated with productivity factors. The research was conducted over a two-year period using the Andrada winter wheat variety. It involved the application of four different foliar fertilizers: basic mineral fertilization, FoliMAX Orange (two treatments and three treatments), FoliMAX CerealsMIX (two treatments and three treatments), and Microfert U (three treatments). Depending on the treatment, two or three applications of foliar with foliar fertilizers were carried out at various stages of winter wheat development, including pre-flowering and grain formation. The research method used to record physiological parameters was non-destructive (the leaves were not detached from the plant) and was based on the use of the CIRAS-3 foliar gas analyzer, which simultaneously determines several physiological and environmental indicators. As an indicator read by the device, photosynthesis was chosen for leaf temperature and leaf transpiration, correlated with production and quality indices. By applying the foliar fertilizer treatments to the wheat culture, we managed to increase production and improve the quality. After using different foliar fertilizers, the assimilation and physiological parameters had higher values of over 30 μmolm−2·s−1. Foliar fertilization applied to the winter wheat variety resulted in an average production increase between 450 and 765 kg·ha−1 and quality indices with a protein percentage between 11.5 and 12.6%, gluten content between 21.5 to 24.0% and the Zeleny index between 29.0 and 39.0%, and the mass of one thousand grains was between 48.0 and 50.5 g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and climate change are leading to disruptions in the viticultural ecosystem, with grapevine varieties having to modify their biological life cycle, in particular to adapt to a shorter growing season, with consequences for harvest quality. The study was carried out between 2019 and 2021 in the Jidvei wine-growing center, Târnave winegrowing region in Romania. The Fetească regală variety, the most cultivated white grape variety in Romania, was studied. The compounds in grape juice have a small amount of energy in their molecule, estimated using the heat of reaction. Their synthesis in a balanced relationship is with the climatic requirements of the biotope, the place where the vine grows and ripens, to which abiotic factors are added. In the first part it was necessary to evaluate the climatic resources. Also, the estimation of solar radiation was carried out with the help of the global radiation indicator and the coefficient of conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in life was calculated. In the second part, the grape variety Fetească regală was analyzed. The applied research methods were the ANOVA analysis and the Pearson method. Through the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the smallest significant differences - LSD - (5%, 1% and 0.1%) were established for the parameters of grapes at full maturity: sugars and total acidity. The ANOVA analysis was also applied for the following parameters of young wine: alcohol concentration, reducing sugar, total acidity in tartaric acid, non-reducing dry extract. Using linear regression and correlation coefficient, several trends were established between global radiation and analyzed variables. It was found that global radiation and grape parameters (sugars and total acidity) were very strongly associated. Stability relationships between global radiation and several young wine parameters (alcoholic concentration, total acidity and non-reduced dry extract) also revealed very strong relationships. The limited data for only three years (2019-2021), revealed insignificant statistical correlations, but the linear relationships between several variables suggest continuing the study for more years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has become the biggest global challenge to agriculture and food production. In the context of current environmental changes, the aim of this study is to identify the optimal sowing season that leads to obtaining high and constant yields. The study followed the reaction of 7 native maize hybrids to cultivation in 3 different sowing seasons, over a period of 3 years. The data obtained show us that the best yield results are obtained on mid-early hybrids (9327- 9843 kg/ha). Sowing maize too early, are obtained lower yields than for maize sown at 10ºC in the soil, with a very significant difference of 1337 kg/ha. Favorable climatic conditions in 2020 and 2021 emerge from the average yields obtained in the two years, 10343 kg/ha (2020) respectively 9424 kg/ha (2021). The climatic conditions of 2022 were less favorable, summer drought having a negative effect on average maize yield, which was around 6924 kg/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has become the biggest global challenge, being a real danger especially for crops and an inevitable threat to food security. This paper presents the results of a study conducted in the Transylvanian Plain during 2012–2021, regarding the influence of climatic factors, such as temperature, rainfall, water reserve in the soil and hours of sunshine, on the development stages and yield of maize. During 2012–2021, the soil water reserve determined for maize cultivation was above the minimum requirements (1734.8 m3 ha−1) in the spring months, but fell below this limit in the months when the water consumption for maize was the highest, but without reaching the withering index (1202.8 m3 ha−1). The hours of sunshine in the maize vegetation period have been significantly reduced from 1655.5 h (2012) to values between 1174.6 and 1296.7 h, with a significant decrease in this parameter being observed. The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.51) shows the importance of rainfall during the period of emergence of reproductive organs in maize production. During 2019–2021, there was a decreasing trend of temperatures in May compared to the multiannual average of this month, and therefore the processes of emergence and growth of plants in the early stages were affected. During the period of the study, all parameters analyzed (temperature, rainfall, water reserve in the soil, hours of sunshine) deviated from the multiannual average, with negative variations compared to the requirements of maize. Climatic conditions, especially during the growing season, have a significant influence on the yield of a crop, especially when the interaction between several parameters is manifested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, through continuous rising temperatures and variability in rainfall, is a challenge for agriculture. Adapting some agricultural practices and technologies to the new environmental conditions can be one of the effective methods to reduce the effects of climate change. In this context, during 2020-2022 at Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda an experience with 7 maize hybrids was placed (Turda 248; Turda 165; Turda 201; Turda Star; Turda 332; Turda 344; Turda 335), which were sown in 3 different sowing dates (at 6℃, 8℃ and 10℃ in the soil), following the effect of the time of sowing on the development of the maize crop but also the impact of the environmental conditions on the yield. During the research period, the number of days from sowing to emergence, the emergence of the panicle, respectively the physiological maturity, was higher in the case of the first sowing date. The sum of useful thermal degrees (SUTG) (Σº≥10℃) was inversely proportional to the number of days for each physiological stage. The yield obtained by the 7 hybrids used was higher for the hybrids from the FAO 380 maturity group. The greatest increases in yield were recorded in the third age, but some hybrids performed better in the second sowing season. In the specific conditions of the Transylvanian Plateau, sowing maize earlier, even if it manages to avoid the negative impact of stress factors during the growing season, does not contribute to increasing of yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed competition for water, light and nutrients can cause yield losses of up to 80-90% if effective weed reduction measures are not taken in the soybean crop. Research on the influence of sowing time on the degree of weeding of soybeans was carried out at the Turda Agricultural Research and Development Station, during 2021- 2023. Weeds were determined numerically and gravimetrically. Weed control was carried out mechanically, during the vegetation period, two weed controls were executed, the first in the phase of the appearance of the first trifoliate leaf and the second two weeks after the first. The dominant dicotyledonous species were Chenopodium album, Hibiscus trionum, Polygonum convolvulus, Xanthium strumarium, and for the monocotyledonous species Setaria glauca and Echinochloa crus-galli were identified, both in the first and the second sowing season, the difference between the two sowing season being given by the total number of species and the number of weeds identified per plot. The soybean crop was removed from weeds by the two swaths, and the plant was re-weeded with the same species as in the spring after the flowering period. Weeds that appeared during the latter part of the soybean growing season did not cause any significant harm to the crop. The number of weeds per plot and soybean yield were influenced by the sowing season and climatic conditions. The best outcome was achieved when soybeans were sown during the first season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spring barley is sensitive to weeding especially in the early stages of vegetation (sprouting-floweringfirst internode), in the absence of effective crop maintenance measures it loses out in weeds fight and yield is considerably reduced. The research carried out at Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda in the years 2022 and 2023 aimed to know the dependence of technological factors and climatic conditions on the culture and yield of spring barley. The predominant weeds in the crop were dicotyledonous species. Control was carried out with 0.12 l/ha product based on amidosulfuron 100 g/l + iodosulfuron-methyl-Na 25 g/l + mefenpyr diethyl 250 g/l (safener) + 0.6 l/ha product based on 2,4 D acid from DMA salt. The results showed the effectiveness of weed control treatments and the suitability of spring barley for no-tillage system, with yields exceeding 5000 kg/ha in both experimental years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common species here too is Linaria vulgaris Mill. The plant grows in small, dense clumps around and within various agricultural soils. Recently, there has been an increase in the spread of this weed, especially in the area of poor soils in the south of the territory. Morphological characters have shown a continuous evolution, depending on the existing ecotype at a given time. Thus, the raceme measured 13 cm long and weighed approx. 240 mg. 7.2 seed capsules formed on one raceme. The capsules had a length of 8 cm, a width of 4.7 cm and a mass of 115 mg. 90 seeds were formed on one raceme, the average diameter of which was 2 mm. Significant positive correlations were obtained between most determined characters. Negative correlations were only between seed fin width with the other characters. The determinations made demonstrated the increased adaptability of the weed to the current ecological conditions of the albic luvic soil from South part of country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to present the effects of different types of fertilizers on several soybean quantitative traits (plant height, first pod height, number of pods per plant, number of grain per plant, grain yield per plant, 1000-grain weight and grain yield) and seeds' composition (dry matter, protein content, ash content, oil content, total carbohydrates, total flavonoids, total phenols and total carotenoids content). The experiment was conducted in 2019, in the experimental field of Soybean Breeding Laboratory from the Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda (ARDS Turda), and included 15 fertilization trials. An early maturing soybean variety (Caro TD) obtained at ARDS Turda was used for the experiment. The results showed that increases in yield were obtained with various combinations of the commercial fertilizer. The application of N20P20K0 combined with seed treatment and foliar Bio-fertilizer with 80% amino acids, significantly increased the values for all quantitative traits and also grain yield, while with respect to seed composition the best ranked type of treatment was T7(ecological products). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation agriculture comes with a set of principles to implementation and development of sustainable technologies with the aim of retaining sufficient quantities of vegetal remains on the soil surface for soil protection against erosion, water evaporation and surface leakage, for better use of rainfall and improve the physical, chemical and biological soil properties associated with long-term stable yeld. The research was aimed at determining the influence of new foliar fertilizers and soil tillage systems on assimilation. The research method used for assimilation and the physiological parameters determination of Turda 332 maize hybrid was non-destructive (the leaves have not been detached from the plant) and was based on the use of a CIRAS-3 leaf gas analyzer which simultaneously determines several physiological and environmental indicators. The highest values of assimilation were recorded in conservative tillage systems being between 37.9 şi 42.9 μmolm-2s-1 CO2 and the fertilized variant of the Haifa foliar product 40.74 μmolm-2s-1 CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research at a national and international level in the field of agrotechnics has as a main objective the optimization of soil functions and the preserve of soil and water resources by applying systems of conservative agriculture, securing the crop productivity under efficiency and efficacy conditions. The aim of the paper is to know the impact the soil tillage system and graduation of quantity of vegetal debris have upon the soil moisture and temperature as well as upon the production of maize and soybean crop. The research was made in the experimental field organized at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda (ARDS Turda). The experience was placed on a chernozem, during 2015-2018, trifactor type. The rotation is soybean-wheat-maize, the results presented in the paper were obtained in the agricultural year 2015-2016, in the maize crop, and 2017-2018 in the soybean crop. The experimental factors established were: Factor A - Crop: a1 - soybean; a2 - wheat; a3 - maize; Factor B - Soil tillage system: b1 - conventional system: reverse plough + disk 2x + sowed + fertilized (witness); b2 - conservative system with minimum tillage: chisel + rotary harrow + sowed + fertilized; b3 - conservative system with direct sowing (sowed - fertilized - herbicides); Factor C - Vegetal debris: c1 - 60% (3 t/ha); c2 - 80% (4 t/ha); c3 - 100% (5 t/ha). The soil temperature was influenced a little by the soil tillage system, but the influence is significant in the case of vegetal debris. The moisture results show significant differences, ensured statistically in the case of direct sowing, as the quantity of vegetal debris increases. The soil moisture was higher when the crops were sowed and during the first phases of vegetation, then the differences decreased in time. Maize and soybean reacted better to soil loosening, mobilizing the soil fertility and mineralization of nutritive substances, ensuring a higher production in the conventional tillage system. The aim of applying conservative agricultural practices is to accumulate, preserve and value efficiently the water coming from rainfall in order to protect the soil and to avoid desertification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the concept of sustainable agriculture, there is no valid universal soil tillage system, and systems are applied in a differentiated way due to the ecological features and the characteristics of the cultivated plants. The purpose of this paper is to study the behavior of a maize hybrid under the influence of tillage systems and foliar fertilizers in terms of tolerance to specific diseases and pests as part of an integrated sustainable agriculture management. The experimental factors studied: soil tillage: a1- classical system with turning the furrow, a2- minimum tillage, chisel variant, a3- minimum tillage, disc harrow variant, a4- no tillage, sowing directly and foliar fertilizers: b1- control variant unfertilized; b2- Haifa 19:19:19 + Mg + ME (5 kg/ha); b3- Folimax Oleo 12-04-24 + 2.0% MgO + 36.5% SO3 + ME (1.5 kg/ha), b4- Folimax Gold 27% N + 1.5% MgO + 0.02% B + 0.2% Cu + 0.02% Fe + 1.0% Mn + 0.02% Mo + 0.02% Zn (3 l/ha). With vegetal remains left at the surface of the soil, conservative soil tillage systems that preserve at least 30% of the vegetal remains of the pre-plant increase the degree of attack of diseases and pests on maize crops having a negative effect on production and quality harvest. The highest maize yield was recorded in the classical tillage system (9566 kg/ha), with a very significant difference of 2192 kg/ha compared to the direct sowing system and 94 kg/ha, respectively 93 kg/ha in minimum tillage systems, and these yield differences are not statistically assured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global acceleration warm conditions determine an additional stress for plant growth and development stages with a high impact on plant grain yield performances. During five experimental years the climatic conditions varied quite a lot so that the main productivity elements: the number of grains/spike, weight of grains per spike and number of spikes per square meter had different values which influencing final grain yield. Analyzing the relationship between rainfall/temperature and grain yield, including its components, can be observed a strong relation between those especially in the first growth stages (from plant emergence and vegetative restarting in early spring). Climatic conditions have manifested an important influence also in the last phenophases of winter triticale plant with a negative influence on grain yield. Being a process of long duration, grain yield formation is strongly affected by temperature (r=0.89) and rainfall conditions (r=0.45). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]