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The paper presents research conducted among Croatian primary school classroom teachers and subject teachers regarding their personal and professional beliefs about diversity. The notion of diversity in the context of education was presented as individual differences between students based on race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, gender, abilities, sexual orientation and social class. The results indicate that teachers show different levels of openness towards certain aspects of diversity in the domains of both personal and professional beliefs, but that their personal beliefs are statistically more positive than their professional beliefs. Differences in teachers' beliefs with respect to years of work experience, previous education and professional position were also examined. Statistically significant differences were established only regarding professional position and only in the segment of professional beliefs. The results indicate that there is a need for further research in this area, that is, research that primarily investigates the factors that influence teachers' professional beliefs.

Any educational content acquisition, the linguistic one included, has its initial and its final phase. At the beginning of education, a child’s source language is most often based on the organic idiom, whereas the target language refers to the level of acquisition of the standard language idiom at the end of primary education. Various linguistic and extralinguistic factors determine the formation and the level of acquisition of the target language and consequently vocabulary development, i.e. lexical competence. Since primary school children are exposed to a great variety of different media today, it has been observed that their communication is lacking on different levels and their vocabulary is becoming inadequate. Therefore, it is crucial, especially in the mother tongue (Croatian) teaching, to use various techniques that will not only help develop communicative skills, e.g. listening, speaking, reading and writing, but also enrich students’ lexis in written and oral mode. Accordingly, experimental research is conducted in the third and fourth grade of primary school. In one class, Croatian language content is presented to students with the help of drama techniques during a two-week period, whereas another group is taught using traditional methods. Both groups are tested twice: before and after conducting the experiment. The results are analysed in the SPSS programme for statistical analysis. It is confirmed that drama-based techniques significantly improve vocabulary development and that students who had two weeks of experimental teaching show better results in understanding deeper meaning of words in various contexts. The richness and broadness of their vocabulary improved as well by measuring of lexical density and diversity.

U današnjem društvu koje bitno obilježava različitost u raznim aspektima ljudskog života prihvaćanje i poštivanje drugog i drugačijeg ključno je za izgradnju inkluzivnog i pravednog društva. To se reflektira i na obrazovne sustave, koji s jedne strane ističu važnost uspješnog uključivanja svih učenika u odgojno-obrazovne procese, ali isto tako teže razvijanju otvorenosti i empatičnosti prema drugim kulturnim i socijalnim skupinama. Osposobljenost svih učitelja u primarnom obrazovanju za ophođenje s različitosti u nastavi od izrazite je važnosti za postizanje ovih ciljeva, no dosadašnja istraživanja često ukazuju na neke deficite. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio ispitati pripremljenost budućih učitelja razredne nastave i budućih učitelja engleskog i njemačkog jezika za ophođenje s različitosti u nastavi u primarnom obrazovanju. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 184 studenata završnih godina Učiteljskog fakulteta i nastavničkih smjerova Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Utvrđeno je da studenti iskazuju prilično visok stupanj svjesnosti o različitostima u nastavnoj praksi i svojoj ulozi u pluralističkim okruženjima. Međutim, stečenost kompetencija tijekom studija za rad u takvim okruženjima procjenjuje se slabom. Takva procjena ispitanika ukazuje na manjkavu integraciju odgovarajućih sadržaja u studijske programe.

Since 2010, EURADOS Working Group 9 (Radiation Dosimetry in Radiotherapy) has been involved in the investigation of secondary and scattered radiation doses in X-ray and proton therapy, especially in the case of pediatric patients. The main goal of this paper is to analyze and compare out-of-field neutron and non-neutron organ doses inside 5- and 10-year-old pediatric anthropomorphic phantoms for the treatment of a 5-cm-diameter brain tumor. Proton irradiations were carried out at the Cyclotron Centre Bronowice in IFJ PAN Krakow Poland using a pencil beam scanning technique (PBS) at a gantry with a dedicated scanning nozzle (IBA Proton Therapy System, Proteus 235). Thermoluminescent and radiophotoluminescent dosimeters were used for non-neutron dose measurements while secondary neutrons were measured with track-etched detectors. Out-of-field doses measured using intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) were compared with previous measurements performed within a WG9 for three different photon radiotherapy techniques: 1) intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), 2) three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D CDRT) performed on a Varian Clinac 2300 linear accelerator (LINAC) in the Centre of Oncology, Krakow, Poland, and 3) Gamma Knife surgery performed on the Leksell Gamma Knife (GK) at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia. Phantoms and detectors used in experiments as well as the target location were the same for both photon and proton modalities. The total organ dose equivalent expressed as the sum of neutron and non-neutron components in IMPT was found to be significantly lower (two to three orders of magnitude) in comparison with the different photon radiotherapy techniques for the same delivered tumor dose. For IMPT, neutron doses are lower than non-neutron doses close to the target but become larger than non-neutron doses further away from the target. Results of WG9 studies have provided out-of-field dose levels required for an extensive set of radiotherapy techniques, including proton therapy, and involving a complete description of organ doses of pediatric patients. Such studies are needed for validating mathematical models and Monte Carlo simulation tools for out-of-field dosimetry which is essential for dedicated epidemiological studies which evaluate the risk of second cancers and other late effects for pediatric patients treated with radiotherapy.

EURADOS (European Radiation Dosimetry Group) Working Group 12 (WG12) SG1 activities are aimed at occupational radiation protection and individual monitoring in X-ray and nuclear medicine practices. In recent years, many studies have been carried out in these fields, especially for interventional radiology and cardiology workplaces (IC/IR). The complexity of the exposure conditions of the medical staff during interventional practices makes the radiation protection and monitoring of the exposed workers a challenging task. The scope of the present work is to review some of the main results obtained within WG12 activities about scattered field characterization and personal dosimetry that could be very useful in increasing the quality of radiation protection of the personnel, safety, and awareness of radiation risk. Two papers on Monte Carlo modelling of interventional theater and three papers on active personal dosimeters (APDs) for personnel monitoring were considered in the review. More specifically, Monte Carlo simulation was used as the main tool to characterize the levels of exposure of the medical staff, allowing to determine how beam energy and direction can have an impact on the doses received by the operators. Indeed, the simulations provided information about the exposure of the operator’s head, and the study concluded with the determination of an eye-lens protection factor when protection goggles and a ceiling shielding are used. Moreover, the review included the results of studies on active personal dosimeters, their use in IC/IR workplaces, and how they respond to calibration fields, with X-ray standard and pulsed beams. It was shown that APDs are insensitive to backscatter radiation, but some of them could not respond correctly to the very intense pulsed fields (as those next to the patient in interventional practices). The measurements during interventional procedures showed the potential capability of the employment of APDs in hospitals.

The aim of this paper is to establish by immunohistochemistry the expression of keratin 7 in inflammatory-regenerative flat bowel mucosa and in different grades of epithelial dysplasia regarding the sub-units expressed in normal and carcinomatous colonic mucosa. Biopsy specimens from 270 patients were examined: 74 were classified as inflammatory-regenerative changes and 196 as dysplastic lesions. There were 108 cases of mild dysplasia, 58 cases of moderate and 30 cases of severe dysplasia, respectively). Demonstration of location and intensity of cytokeratin 7 staining was performed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody (anti-cytokeratin 7). Findings of cytokeratin 7 in dysplastic lesions were compared with those in normal mucosa, inflammatory -regenerative mucosa and adenocarcinoma. Cytokeratin 7 is not found in normal colonic mucosa. In inflammatory-regenerative mucosa it was found in solitary cells in small number of cases. It is found in all cases of epithelial dysplasia and its expression showed no difference regarding moderate and severe dysplasia. In few cases of adenocarcinoma, cytokeratin 7 is found in traces and showed minimal staining intensity. Having in mind that cytokeratine 7 is primarily found in dysplastic lesions of the flat colonic mucosa it can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the histological interpretation of epithelial dysplasia.