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Understanding how individual beliefs and societal values influence support for measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission is vital to developing and implementing effective prevention policies. Using both Just World Theory and Cultural Dimensions Theory, the present study considered how individual-level justice beliefs and country-level social values predict support for vaccination and quarantine policy mandates to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Data from an international survey of adults from 46 countries (N = 6424) were used to evaluate how individual-level beliefs about justice for self and others, as well as national values—that is, power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence—influence support for vaccination and quarantine behavioral mandates. Multilevel modeling revealed that support for vaccination and quarantine mandates were positively associated with individual-level beliefs about justice for self, and negatively associated with country-level uncertainty avoidance. Significant cross-level interactions revealed that beliefs about justice for self were associated more strongly with support for mandatory vaccination in countries high in individualism, whereas beliefs about justice for others were more strongly associated with support for vaccination and quarantine mandates in countries high in long-term orientation. Beliefs about justice and cultural values can independently and also interactively influence support for evidence-based practices to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission, such as vaccination and quarantine. Understanding these multilevel influences may inform efforts to develop and implement effective prevention policies in varied national contexts.

Cross-societal differences in cooperation and trust among strangers in the provision of public goods may be key to understanding how societies are managing the COVID-19 pandemic. We report a survey conducted across 41 societies between March and May 2020 (N = 34,526), and test pre-registered hypotheses about how cross-societal differences in cooperation and trust relate to prosocial COVID-19 responses (e.g., social distancing), stringency of policies, and support for behavioral regulations (e.g., mandatory quarantine). We further tested whether cross-societal variation in institutions and ecologies theorized to impact cooperation were associated with prosocial COVID-19 responses, including institutional quality, religiosity, and historical prevalence of pathogens. We found substantial variation across societies in prosocial COVID-19 responses, stringency of policies, and support for behavioral regulations. However, we found no consistent evidence to support the idea that cross-societal variation in cooperation and trust among strangers is associated with these outcomes related to the COVID-19 pandemic. These results were replicated with another independent cross-cultural COVID-19 dataset (N = 112,136), and in both snowball and representative samples. We discuss implications of our results, including challenging the assumption that managing the COVID-19 pandemic across societies is best modeled as a public goods dilemma.

BackgroundThe effective implementation of government policies and measures for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic requires compliance from the public. This study aimed to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of trust in government regarding COVID-19 control with the adoption of recommended health behaviours and prosocial behaviours, and potential determinants of trust in government during the pandemic.MethodsThis study analysed data from the PsyCorona Survey, an international project on COVID-19 that included 23 733 participants from 23 countries (representative in age and gender distributions by country) at baseline survey and 7785 participants who also completed follow-up surveys. Specification curve analysis was used to examine concurrent associations between trust in government and self-reported behaviours. We further used structural equation model to explore potential determinants of trust in government. Multilevel linear regressions were used to examine associations between baseline trust and longitudinal behavioural changes.ResultsHigher trust in government regarding COVID-19 control was significantly associated with higher adoption of health behaviours (handwashing, avoiding crowded space, self-quarantine) and prosocial behaviours in specification curve analyses (median standardised β = 0.173 and 0.229, p < 0.001). Government perceived as well organised, disseminating clear messages and knowledge on COVID-19, and perceived fairness were positively associated with trust in government (standardised β = 0.358, 0.230, 0.056, and 0.249, p < 0.01). Higher trust at baseline survey was significantly associated with lower rate of decline in health behaviours over time (p for interaction = 0.001).ConclusionsThese results highlighted the importance of trust in government in the control of COVID-19.

Before vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became available, a set of infection-prevention behaviors constituted the primary means to mitigate the virus spread. Our study aimed to identify important predictors of this set of behaviors. Whereas social and health psychological theories suggest a limited set of predictors, machine-learning analyses can identify correlates from a larger pool of candidate predictors. We used random forests to rank 115 candidate correlates of infection-prevention behavior in 56,072 participants across 28 countries, administered in March to May 2020. The machine-learning model predicted 52% of the variance in infection-prevention behavior in a separate test sample—exceeding the performance of psychological models of health behavior. Results indicated the two most important predictors related to individual-level injunctive norms. Illustrating how data-driven methods can complement theory, some of the most important predictors were not derived from theories of health behavior—and some theoretically derived predictors were relatively unimportant. New York University Abu Dhabi Revisión por pares

The main purpose of this study was to examine gender and age differences in social anxiety and the metric characteristics of the Croatian version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (1). The study was conducted on a representative sample of 1000 citizens of the Republic of Croatia using Hendal’s online research panel. The results show that the fear subscale explains 52.1% of the variance for fear and the avoidance subscale explains 47.5% for avoidance. Four of the same factors were obtained on both scales; matching in 20 of the 24 statements, and three factors could be called by the same name as the factors from the original Liebowitz scale. The results of all seven proposed questionnaire measures indicate a statistically significantly higher score for women compared with men and for younger people compared with the elderly, with average effect sizes for overall results, and a proportion of socially anxious participants (14.4%) that was similar to the literature data. In conclusion, the scale can be considered adequate and applicable in further research.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. Understanding the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake is important to inform policy decisions and plan vaccination campaigns. The aims of this research were to: (1) explore the individual- and country-level determinants of intentions to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, and (2) examine worldwide variation in vaccination intentions. This cross-sectional online survey was conducted during the first wave of the pandemic, involving 6697 respondents across 20 countries. Results showed that 72.9% of participants reported positive intentions to be vaccinated against COVID-19, whereas 16.8% were undecided, and 10.3% reported they would not be vaccinated. At the individual level, prosociality was a significant positive predictor of vaccination intentions, whereas generic beliefs in conspiracy theories and religiosity were negative predictors. Country-level determinants, including cultural dimensions of individualism/collectivism and power distance, were not significant predictors of vaccination intentions. Altogether, this study identifies individual-level predictors that are common across multiple countries, provides further evidence on the importance of combating conspiracy theories, involving religious institutions in vaccination campaigns, and stimulating prosocial motives to encourage vaccine uptake.

Ovaj priručnik namijenjen je visokoškolskim nastavnicima i institucijama kao moguća pomoć u osiguranju kvalitete. Autorice su objasnile sličnosti i razlike evaluacijskog, razvojnog i suradničkog modela kolegijalnog opažanja, a ovaj posljednji je detaljno opisan. Ukazano je na važnost priprema prije provedbe koje treba napraviti na razini institucije (odluke o svrsi, obliku provedbe, sudionicima, itd.) i na razini sudionika (edukacija opažanih i opažača). Opisana je provedba kolegijalnog opažanja nastave prema unaprijed dogovorenoj strukturi i pravilima. Autorice su pripremile obrasce i instrumente koji se koriste za pisanje pripreme za nastavu i opažanje nastave kao i upute kako nakon opažanja davati korisnu povratnu informaciju. U priručniku je prijedlog načina izvještavanja o provedenom procesu i rezultatima (izvještaji opažača i opažanih) kao i sugestije kako kroz evidentiranje i analizu tih izvještaja djelovati na podizanje kvalitete nastave, a time i na razinu kvalitete cijele visokoškolske institucije. Na kraju priručnika nalaze se povratne informacije i iskustva sveučilišnih nastavnika koji su sudjelovali u kolegijalnom opažanju nastave na Filozofskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Stres nepovoljno djeluje na psihičko zdravlje i na sam partnerski odnos, a neadaptivni partnerski odnosi uzrokuju daljnji stres narušavajući psihičku dobrobit parova. Kvalitetni partnerski odnosi djeluju kao zaštitni faktor za psihičko zdravlje. U trenutnoj situaciji akutnog stresora, pandemiji koronavirusa, važno je provjeriti predstavlja li funkcioniranje partnerskih odnosa zaštitni ili rizični faktor za psihičko zdravlje partnera. U istraživanju provedenom u svibnju 2020. godine sudionici u partnerskim odnosima (N=727, 85% žena ; Mdobi=36, 37) procjenjivali su karakteristike tog odnosa i simptome depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa. Analiza latentnih profila pokazala je tri različita profila partnerskih odnosa: afektivni, ambivalentni i antagonistički. Profili su se razlikovali s obzirom na razine ljubavi te percepciju partnerove/ičine poniznosti, responzivnosti i ponašanja. Profili odnosa bili su povezani s izraženošću simptoma depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa. Pojedinci u afektivnim partnerskim odnosima izvještavali su o najnižim, a pojedinci u antagonističkim o najvišim razinama depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa. Ambivalentni odnosi bili su povezani s umjerenom izraženošću tih simptoma. Nije pronađena razlika u anksioznosti pojedinaca u ambivalentnim i afektivnim odnosima. U komparabilnom uzorku prikupljenom u studenom (N=357 ; 86% žena ; Mdobi=37, 42), dobivena su ista tri profila partnerskih odnosa. Pojedinci u afektivnim odnosima izjavljivali su o značajno manje simptoma depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa nego pojedinci u antagonističkim te o značajno manje simptoma depresivnosti i stresa nego pojedinci u ambivalentnim odnosima. Nije pronađena razlika u izraženosti simptoma među pojedincima u antagonističkim i ambivalentnim odnosima. Rezultati upućuju na međuzavisnost obilježja partnerskog odnosa i uspješnog nošenja s ugrozama psihičkog zdravlja kao što je pandemija koronavirusa te pružaju smjernice za savjetodavni i terapijski rad s rizičnim parovima.

Osnovna svrha istraživanja bila je provjeriti rodne i dobne razlike u socijalnoj anksioznosti te metrijske karakteristike hrvatske inačice Liebowitzeve ljestvice socijalne anksioznosti (1). Provedeno je istraživanje na reprezentativnom uzorku od 1000 građana i građanki Republike Hrvatske korištenjem Hendalovog on line panela istraživanja. Rezultati pokazuju da se podljestvicom straha objašnjava 52,1 % varijance za strah i podljestvicom izbjegavanja 47.5 % za izbjegavanje. Na obje ljestvice dobivena su 4 ista faktora s podudaranjem u 20 od 24 tvrdnje te se tri faktora mogu nazvati istim imenom kao faktori iz originalne Liebowitzeve ljestvice. Rezultati na svih 7 predloženih mjera koje se dobivaju upitnikom ukazuju na statistički značajno veći rezultat kod žena u odnosu na muškarce te kod mlađih osoba u odnosu na starije sa srednjim veličinama efekta za ukupne rezultate, a udio socijalno anksioznih sudionika (14,4 %) blizak je podatcima iz literature. Zaključno se ljestvica može smatrati adekvatnom te primjenjivom u daljnjim istraživanjima., The main purpose of this study was to examine gender and age differences in social anxiety and the metric characteristics of the Croatian version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (1). The study was conducted on a representative sample of 1000 citizens of the Republic of Croatia using Hendal’s online research panel. The results show that the fear subscale explains 52.1% of the variance for fear and the avoidance subscale explains 47.5% for avoidance. Four of the same factors were obtained on both scales; matching in 20 of the 24 statements, and three factors could be called by the same name as the factors from the original Liebowitz scale. The results of all seven proposed questionnaire measures indicate a statistically significantly higher score for women compared with men and for younger people compared with the elderly, with average effect sizes for overall results, and a proportion of socially anxious participants (14.4%) that was similar to the literature data. In conclusion, the scale can be considered adequate and applicable in further research.

This study investigates possible protective and vulnerability factors in the link between perceived stress and relationship satisfaction in dating relationships of emerging adults. We investigate whether self-control, as a positive self-regulation resource, serves as a buffer mitigating the negative effect of stress on relationships. We posited a pathway model in which we examine whether maladaptive time-perspectives represent vulnerability factors leading to higher perceived stress which is in turn associated with impaired self-control and lower relationship satisfaction. In an on-line survey, we collected data on time perspectives, perceived stress, self-control and relationship satisfaction from 360 emerging adults in heterosexual dating relationships. Perceived stress was associated with impaired self-control and lower relationship satisfaction. Past-negative, but not present-fatalistic perspective, was associated with more perceived stress which mediated the relationship between past-negative perspective and relationship satisfaction. However, adding this vulnerability factor to the model lead to self-control no longer having a significant buffering effect. Este estudo analisa possíveis fatores de proteção e vulnerabilidade na associação entre stress percebido e satisfação relacional em relações de namoro de adultos emergentes. Investigamos se o autocontrolo, enquanto recurso positivo de auto-regulação, ajuda a mitigar o efeito negativo do stress nas relações. Propomos um modelo estrutural, no qual examinamos se perspetivas de tempo disfuncionais representam fatores de vulnerabilidade, levando a maior stress percebido, o que, por sua vez, poderá associar-se a menor autocontrolo e menor satisfação relacional. Num estudo online, recolhemos dados sobre perspetivas de tempo, stress percebido, autocontrolo e satisfação relacional de 360 adultos emergentes heterossexuais em relações de namoro. O stress percebido associa-se negativamente ao autocontrolo e à insatisfação relacional. Uma perspetiva passada-negativa (mas não presente-fatalista) associou-se positivamente à perceção de stress, que por sua vez mediou a associação entre a perspetiva passada-negativa e a satisfação relacional. No entanto, adicionar esse fator de vulnerabilidade ao modelo estrutural levou a que autocontrolo deixasse de ter um efeito significativo.

Non-normative sexual orientations question the binary and hierarchically organised image of men–women relations. The main goal of this research was to explore the role of gender identity and gender-roles attitudes in predicting attitudes towards same-sex parenting. An additional goal was to assess whether socio-demographic variables such as age, education, religiosity and political preferences – which proved to be relevant in predicting homonegativity – would also predict attitudes towards same-sex parenting. Finally, the authors explored whether gender identity and gender-role attitudes bore an effect on attitudes towards same-sex parenting after controlling for the socio-demographic variables. An online survey with 992 heterosexual participants of both genders (70% women) aged 18 to 79 years was conducted in Croatia in 2014. Participants expressed less support for gay than for lesbian parenting, with female participants expressing more positive attitudes towards both gay and lesbian parenting than male ones. Expectedly, same-sex parenting was more supported by less religious and politically more left-oriented participants, as well as those who cohabitate compared to married participants. Age and education, but also gender identity, did not prove predictive. However, the expectations about the role of traditional gender norms were confirmed. Participants with more traditional gender-role attitudes, as well as those who are parents themselves, expressed more negative attitudes towards same-sex parenting., Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati ulogu rodnog identiteta i stava prema rodnim ulogama u objašnjavanju stava prema pravu lezbijki i gejeva na roditeljstvo, s obzirom na to da nenormativne seksualne orijentacije dovode u pitanje binarnu i hijerearhijski organiziranu predodžbu odnosa između muškaraca i žena. Dodatni cilj bio je provjeriti jesu li sociodemografske karakteristike koje su se pokazale važnim prediktorima stavova prema homoseksualnim osobama, poput dobi, stupnja obrazovanja, religioznosti i političkog opredjeljenja, također odrednice podržavanja prava gejeva i lezbijki na roditeljstvo te hoće li se rodni identitet i stav prema rodnim ulogama pokazati odrednicama ovog stava i nakon što se njihov utjecaj kontrolira. Istraživanje je provedeno internetskom anketom tijekom proljeća 2014. godine, a u njemu su sudjelovale 992 heteroseksualne osobe iz Hrvatske oba spola (70% žena) u dobi od 18 do 79 godina. Rezultati pokazuju da sudionici/e manje podržavaju roditeljska prava gej muškaraca u odnosu na roditeljska prava lezbijki te da žene imaju pozitivnije stavove nego muškarci prema roditeljskim pravima i gejeva i lezbijki. U skladu s očekivanjima, prava lezbijki i gejeva na roditeljstvo više podržavaju manje religiozne osobe i sudionici lijevog političkog opredjeljenja, kao i sudionici/e koji žive u izvanbračnoj zajednici u odnosu na one u braku. Dob i stupanj obrazovanja nisu se pokazali prediktivnima, ali ni rodni identitet. Pokazalo se, međutim, da, u skladu s očekivanjima, negativniji stav prema pravu na roditeljstvo lezbijki i gejeva imaju osobe s tradicionalnijim stavom prema rodnim ulogama te sudionici/e koji su i sami roditelji.

Highlights • Risk perception of COVID-19 was associated with more negative/less positive emotions. • Risk perception of COVID-19 was inversely associated with subsequent mental health. • The association between risk perception and mental health was mediated by emotions. • Specification curve analysis was used to avoid subjective analytical decisions., Background Although there are increasing concerns on mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, no large-scale population-based studies have examined the associations of risk perception of COVID-19 with emotion and subsequent mental health. Methods : This study analysed cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the PsyCorona Survey that included 54,845 participants from 112 countries, of which 23,278 participants are representative samples of 24 countries in terms of gender and age. Specification curve analysis (SCA) was used to examine associations of risk perception of COVID-19 with emotion and self-rated mental health. This robust method considers all reasonable model specifications to avoid subjective analytical decisions while accounting for multiple testing. Results : All 162 multilevel linear regressions in the SCA indicated that higher risk perception of COVID-19 was significantly associated with less positive or more negative emotions (median standardised β=-0.171, median SE=0.004, P0.05). Limitations Reliance on self-reported data. Conclusions : Risk perception of COVID-19 was associated with emotion and ultimately mental health. Interventions on reducing excessive risk perception and managing emotional distress could promote mental health.

Istraživanja provedena tijekom posljednjih dvadesetak godina ukazuju na trend sve većeg deklarativnog slaganja žena i muškaraca o ravnopravnijoj raspodjeli obiteljskih obveza među partnerima. No u svakodnevnom životu ti se stavovi teško pretaču u djelovanje. Ovim istraživanjem cilj nam je bio saznati kako partneri percipiraju raspodjelu svakodnevnih obveza i odgovornosti u svojoj vezi u području obavljanja kućanskih poslova, upravljanja financijama i odlučivanju te kakvo je njihovo zadovoljstvo navedenom raspodjelom. Također nas je zanimala razlika između žena i muškaraca u percepciji pravednosti u vezi, odnosno predviđa li bolje doživljaj pravednosti u vezi percipirana raspodjela obiteljskih obveza ili zadovoljstvo tom raspodjelom. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 120 parova u kojima su oba partnera zaposlena. Rezultati su pokazali da žene i dalje više doprinose u rutinskim ili tradicionalno ženskim poslovima, dok muškarci više obavljaju povremene ili muške poslove. Žene su pritom i manje zadovoljne takvom raspodjelom poslova u kućanstvu, kao i raspodjelom financija, nego što su to muškarci. Oba partnera najzadovoljnija su kada podjednako sudjeluju u obiteljskim troškovima i donošenju odluka. Doživljaj pravednosti u vezi najbolje se može predvidjeti zadovoljstvom raspodjelom financija kod muškaraca te zadovoljstvom raspodjelom kućanskih poslova u žena. Dodatno, zadovoljstvo raspodjelom odlučivanja značajan je prediktor za oba partnera.

Stvaranje kauzalnih atribucija je presudno za mogućnost prilagodbe promjenjivoj okolini i prevladavanje svakodnevnih teškoća. Kada je ishod povoljan, atribucije nam pomažu da shvatimo što je dovelo do takvog ishoda kako bismo takva ponašanja mogli ponoviti. Kada iskusimo negativan ishod, atribucije nam omogućuju prepoznavanje i izbjegavanje faktora koji su do takvog ishoda doveli. Istraživanja intimnih odnosa pokazuju da su partneri nezadovoljni vezom skloni atribuiranju uzroka negativnih događaja tako da uzrok pripisuju partneru, smatraju ga stabilnim i nepromjenjivim te globalnim. Osobe koje su zadovoljne vezom sklone su atribucijama koje umanjuju značenje negativnih događaja pripisujući ih uzrocima izvan partnera te smatrajući ih nestabilnim i specifičnim. Finchamova i Bradburyjeva mjera atribucije u romantičnim vezama (Relationship attribution measure, RAM) sastoji se od 4 opisa hipotetskih negativnih partnerovih ponašanja, a sudionik na ljestvici sa 6 uporišnih točaka procjenjuje internalnost, stabilnost i globalnost uzroka tih ponašanja. Glavni cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi odnos između sklonosti povoljnom ili nepovoljnom atribuiranju partnerovog ponašanja, percepcije socio-emocionalne klime u vezi i procjene kvalitete intimne veze. Ispitivanje je provedeno na uzorku od 155 studenata i studentica koji su trenutno u romantičnoj vezi. Osim što pružaju empirijsku provjeru postavki teorije socijalnog učenja u intimnim odnosima, rezultati su prva provjera konstruktne valjanosti Ljestvice atribucije u intimnim vezama na hrvatskom jeziku i ukazuju na njenu moguću primjenu., Causal attributions are crucial in adapting to an ever-changing environment. When the outcome is favorable, attributions help us understand what led to such an outcome so we can repeat those behaviors in the future. Attributions also enable the recognition and avoidance of factors that led to a negative outcome. Partners who are unhappy in a relationship attribute the cause of negative events to the partner, considering the cause to be stable and global. Persons who are satisfied in their relationship judge the cause to be outside of the partner, unstable and specific. Fincham and Bradbury’s Relationship Attribution Measure (RAM) measures attributions in romantic relationships. The participant estimates internality, stability and globality of the causes of 4 described hypothetical negative partner’s behaviors. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between the tendency to engage in positive or negative partner’s behavior attributions, the perception of partner’s expression of affectionate and antagonistic behaviors and the perception of relationship quality. The sample consisted of 155 students who are currently in a romantic relationship. The results represent the first evaluation of construct validity of the Croatian version of the Relationship attribution measure and indicate its possible applications, as well as providing an empirical verification of the Social Learning Theory in intimate relationships

U svrhu istraživanja dječjih predrasuda, 311 učenika i učenica petih razreda iz 6 zagrebačkih osnovnih škola je odgovaralo na dvije skale socijalne distance za djecu. Jednom skalom mjerila se spremnost i na udaljenije i na bliskije oblike kontakta (od života u istome gradu do bliskog prijateljstva) s djecom koja imaju neko specifično obilježje, a drugom samo spremnost na bliske oblike kontakta s tom djecom, odnosno spremnost na zajedničke aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme. Ciljne skupine bile su slijepa djeca, djeca koja se kreću u invalidskim kolicima, pretila djeca te djeca romske nacionalnosti. Uz zadavanje jednog faktora sve su čestice na pojedinim skalama pokazale zadovoljavajuće visoko zasićenje na istom faktoru. Djeca na obje skale iskazuju najvišu socijalnu distancu prema romskoj djeci, dok su socijalne distance prema pripadnicima ostalih triju skupina približno jednake. Dječaci iskazuju veće neprihvaćanje svih skupina nego djevojčice. Pronađena je razmjerno visoka povezanost među socijalnim distancama iskazanima prema istim skupinama na različitim instrumentima. Nalazi općenito ukazuju na dječju sklonost odbacivanju pripadnika određenih skupina te upozoravaju na važnost intervencija za suzbijanje predrasuda u razdoblju predadolescencije.

Previous research has extensively documented the important role of attachment styles in adolescent and adult close relations. However, few studies aimed at mapping the adult attachment styles into the wider personality structure. This study explores the personality correlates of two attachment dimensions in friendly relations – anxiety and avoidance. For this purpose, modified Brennan's Inventory of experience in close relations (Kamenov and Jelić, 2003) and NEO PI-R measuring five personality dimensions (Costa and McCrae, 1992) were administered to the sample of 352 university students. Results have shown a variety of relations between two attachment dimensions and personality traits, both at the domain and facet level. Also, significant gender differences were found both for attachment anxiety and avoidance, with females being more anxious in friendly relations and males being more avoidant. Due to the observed gender differences separate analyses were conducted for both sexes, and revealed somewhat different pattern of correlations for female and male students. Attachment anxiety in female sample is thus positively correlated with neuroticism and negatively with agreeableness and conscientiousness, while neuroticism is the only significant correlate of anxiety in friendly relations for male students. Avoidance in friendships shows similar negative correlations with extraversion and agreeableness both in male and female sample. Attachment avoidance is also related to low openness, but only for females.. Regression analyses demonstrated that high neuroticism and low agreeableness are significant predictors of attachment anxiety in females, while in males high neuroticism remains the only predictor of anxiety in friendly relations. Low extraversion and agreeableness predict attachment avoidance in friendships both for female and male students.

Postojeća društvena situacija u Hrvatskoj pitanje stavova prema gejevima i lezbijkama i njihovim pravima čini posebno aktualnima. Dosadašnja istraživanja u Hrvatskoj uglavnom su se bavila odrednicama općih stavova prema homoseksualnim osobama, pri čemu su zanemareni stavovi prema njihovim pravima. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je detaljnije ispitati stavove studenata/ica upravo prema pravima gejeva i lezbijki, što je posebno zanimljivo jer je istraživanje provedeno u trenutku kada se u Hrvatskoj pripremao Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola, koji je sada na snazi, a kojim se regulira većina tih prava. Osim što nas je zanimalo koja prava se podržavaju, ispitali smo i podržavaju li se prava gejeva i lezbijki u različitoj mjeri, odnosno razlikuju li se studenti i studentice u tome koliko podržavaju prava gejeva/lezbijki. Dodatni cilj bio je provjeriti jesu li rod, religioznost, iskustvo kontakta s osobama homoseksualne orijentacije, sudjelovanje u nastavi na temu homoseksualne orijentacije i moderne predrasude prema homoseksualnim osobama značajne odrednice podržavanja prava gejeva i lezbijki. Istraživanje je provedeno na ukupno 1 551 studentu/ici heteroseksualne orijentacije različitih studijskih usmjerenja Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Rijeci, Splitu i Osijeku. Korišteni su Skala stavova prema pravima gejeva/lezbijki, Skala modernih predrasuda prema homoseksualnim osobama, a prikupljeni su i opći podaci o sudionicima te podaci o stupnju kontakta s homoseksualnim osobama, religioznosti, nastavi tijekom studija o temi različitosti te zainteresiranosti za tematiku povezanu s homoseksualnim osobama. Najveću podršku sudionici/e pružaju pravu lezbijki i gejeva da konkuriraju na radna mjesta i pravu na posjećivanje partnera/ice u bolnici, a tek u manjoj mjeri pružaju podršku pravima na usvajanje djece, na sklapanje braka i na medicinski potpomognutu oplodnju. Studentice u većoj mjeri podržavaju prava i gejeva i lezbijki u odnosu na studente. Nakon kontrole interesa za tematiku ravnopravnosti homoseksualnih osoba, prava lezbijki i gejeva više podržavaju žene, osobe koje imaju slabije izražene moderne predrasude prema homoseksualnim osobama, nižu religioznost te viši stupanj kontakta s homoseksualnim osobama. Dobiveni nalazi uglavnom su u skladu s očekivanjima, a raspravljene su i moguće praktične implikacije nalaza. // Current public debates in Croatia brought the issues of gay and lesbian civil rights to the forefront of scientific interest. So far, Croatian researches were mostly interested in the determinants of general attitudes towards gays and lesbians, while research on attitudes toward their civil rights remained neglected. Our study aimed to investigate student attitudes toward gay and lesbian civil rights, which is especially interesting because the study was conducted in the moment when the Life Partnership Act for the Persons of the Same Sex, which is now in force, was being prepared. in the study also deals with gender differences in the support of gay and lesbian civil rights. The determinants of attitudes toward gay and lesbian civil rights - gender, religiosity, social contact with gays and lesbians, courses on the topic of homosexuality and modern prejudice toward homosexual persons were also analysed. A total of 1551 heterosexual students from the University of Zagreb, University of Rijeka, University of Split and University of Osijek participated in the study. We used Attitudes toward gay/lesbian civil rights scale, Modern prejudice toward homosexual persons scale and we asked participants about their contact with gays/lesbians, religiosity, courses on the topic of homosexuality at the university and their interest in gay and lesbian issues. Students held the most favourable attitudes toward gay and lesbian employment rights and the right to visit their partner in the hospital. They supported gay and lesbian marriage, adoption and in vitro fertilization to a lesser extent. Women supported all the gay and lesbian rights more than men. After controlling for their interest in gay and lesbian issues, women, particularly those with less prejudice toward homosexual persons, those who are less religious and who have more contact with gays and lesbians gave more support to gay and lesbian civil rights. Our findings are mostly expected, and they have clear practical implications.

According to numerous research studies, homo- and bisexual persons are twice as likely to develop mental health problems during their lifetime than heterosexual persons. The main goal of this review paper is to show how this higher incidence of poor mental health and well-being can be explained by the minority stress model. According to this model, sexual minorities are facing everyday challenges such as stigma, prejudice, and discrimination, which create a stressful environment for them. The paper explains the minority stress model proposed by Meyer and reviews current empirical findings supporting the model and its assumptions. Since social context is an integral part of this model, we review existing research that has examined parts of the minority stress model in Croatia, and look at the model from the perspective of contemporary Croatian society. Current research shows that different parts of the model are validated in the Croatian context. LGB persons who have experienced victimization and discrimination have poorer mental health. Concealing one’s sexual identity does seem to lead to fewer opportunities for victimization and discrimination, but it is also associated with low self-esteem and quality of life. On the other hand, being open about one’s sexual orientation is associated with greater well-being. Being involved and active in the LGB community seems to be the path leading to better visibility and acceptance of LGB’s in the Croatian society. Finally, this paper contributes to the enrichment of minority stress findings by including research on bisexual persons that points to the existence of extra added stress due to double discrimination of bisexual persons by both heterosexual and homosexual persons.

Nalazi mnogobrojnih istraživanja pokazuju da homoseksualne i biseksualne osobe imaju dvostruko veću šansu da tijekom života razviju neki psihički poremećaj nego heteroseksualne osobe. Cilj ovog preglednog rada je prikazati kako se pojavu slabijeg mentalnog zdravlja i snižene dobrobiti osoba manjinske seksualne orijentacije može objasniti modelom manjinskog stresa, koji ističe izazove s kojima se pripadnici seksualnih manjina moraju svakodnevno suočavati – stigmu, predrasude i diskriminaciju koje stvaraju stresno okružje u kojem LGB osobe žive. Definirani su i detaljno prikazani pojedini dijelovi Meyerovog modela manjinskog stresa zajedno s pregledom dosadašnjih empirijskih spoznaja o njihovoj ulozi u procesima vezanima za manjinski stres i mentalno zdravlje LGB osoba. S obzirom na to da je društveni kontekst neizostavni dio ovog modela, posebno su prikazane dosadašnje provjere pojedinih dijelova modela i u hrvatskom kontekstu te je model manjinskog stresa sagledan iz perspektive hrvatskog društva danas. Provedena istraživanja pokazuju da se različiti dijelovi modela manjinskog stresa LGB osoba potvrđuju i u Hrvatskoj. Na temelju dosadašnjih spoznaja možemo reći da LGB osobe koje su doživjele nasilje i diskriminaciju imaju lošije mentalno zdravlje, da prikrivanje manjinskog seksualnog identiteta umanjuje mogućnost diskriminacije i viktimizacije ali snižava samopoštovanje i kvalitetu života dok je stupanj otvorenosti povećava, te da je uključenost u manjinsku zajednicu i aktivizam put do povećanja vidljivosti i prihvaćenosti LGB osoba u hrvatskom društvu. Konačno, radi obogaćenja spoznaja o manjinskom stresu, posljednji doprinos rada je uključivanje nalaza vezanih uz biseksualne osobe u ovaj pregled, kojima se potvrđuje prisutnost dodatnog stresa zbog dvostruke diskriminacije ovih osoba i unutar manjinske zajednice.

While we know much about what determines attitudes towards gays and lesbians, less research attention has been given to the determinants of behavioral intentions towards these sexual minorities. Our goal is to examine the factors associated with one’s intention to discriminate against gays and lesbians (negative behavior) and those associated with one’s intention to become involved in affirmative behaviors directed toward them (positive behavior). We are interested in whether socio-demographic characteristics, which are known predictors of attitudes, such as gender, age, education, religiosity and political orientation, also predict positive and negative behavioral intentions towards homosexuals. An additional goal is to investigate the role of both direct and indirect contact with gays and lesbians for the prediction of behavioral intentions. The study was conducted online, with 997 exclusively heterosexual participants. Scales, constructed for the purpose of this study, measured the propensity to discriminate against homosexuals, readiness to engage in activities directed towards the amelioration of homosexuals’ social status, direct and indirect contact, and socio-demographic characteristics. Results show that our participants are relatively ready to discriminate against homosexual persons in the areas of politics, workplace, and tenant rights. Also, they are not particularly ready to engage in affirmative activities, especially if these include more effort and direct contact with gays and lesbians. Men, older persons, more religious persons, more politically conservative persons, and those who had less direct contact with gays and lesbians were more prone to discriminate against them. Women, less religious persons, more politically liberal persons and those who had more direct and indirect contact with gays and lesbians were more ready to engage in affirmative actions. Results are discussed in light of their practical implications for education and prevention programs directed toward reducing discrimination and increasing affirmative action aimed to increase equality of homosexual persons in today’s society.

The aim of the study was to examine how perceived spouse's affectionate and antagonistic behaviours contribute to one's marital satisfaction. Firstly, we explored whether perception of partner's affectionate and antagonistic behaviours vary with gender, age, length of marriage and family structure. Secondly, we examined the relation between perceived partner's behaviour and marital satisfaction, while controlling for contextual variables. Questionnaire assessing love, marital satisfaction, perceived partners' affectionate and antagonistic behaviours and demographic data was administered to a heterogeneous sample of 302 married couples from Croatia with the average marriage length of 18 years and age span of 20–82 years. Results indicate that perceived spouse's affectionate and antagonistic behaviours both contribute to marital satisfaction with the impact of antagonistic behaviours being buffered when it appears in affectionate relationship. These effects are not moderated by age, gender, marriage duration or family structure. Finally, the perception of partner's affectionate and antagonistic behaviours had significant incremental power over feelings of love and other contextual variables when predicting marital satisfaction., Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati kakav efekt percepcija partnerova ponašanja, točnije iskazivanja naklonosti i neprijateljstva, ima na zadovoljstvo brakom. Istražili smo razlike u percipiranom partnerovom iskazivanju naklonosti i antagonizma s obzirom na rod, dob, trajanje braka i roditeljstvo. Osim toga, ispitali smo odnos između percepcije partnerova ponašanja i zadovoljstva brakom, kontrolirajući pritom kontekstualne varijable. Upitnik s pitanjima o intenzitetu ljubavi, zadovoljstvu brakom, iskazivanju naklonosti i neprijateljstva primijenjen je na heterogenom uzorku od 302 bračna para iz Hrvatske s prosječnim trajanjem braka od 18 godina te dobnim rasponom od 20 do 82 godine. Partnerovo iskazivanje naklonosti i neprijateljstva značajno su povezani s bračnim zadovoljstvom, pri čemu visoka razina iskazivanja naklonosti predstavlja zaštitni faktor u brakovima s visokom razinom neprijateljskoga ponašanja. Ovaj odnos ne ovisi o rodu, dobi, trajanju braka ili strukturi obitelji. Uz važnu ulogu konteksta i intenziteta ljubavi u predviđanju bračnoga zadovoljstva, dobivena je značajna inkrementalna valjanost percepcije iskazivanja naklonosti i neprijateljstva supružnika u predviđanju bračnoga zadovoljstva.

The role of attachment to friends in the explanation of adolescents? susceptibility to peer pressure was explored, regarding the way these two constructs are measured. In Study 1, 475 high school students (194 boys and 281 girls) were given Susceptibility to Peer Pressure Questionnaire, and their attachment to friends was measured with Modified Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory and Relationship Scales Questionnaire. One month later, 80 boys and 80 girls participated in Study 2, where they completed the same Susceptibility to Peer Pressure Questionnaire in a chat-room simulation, convinced that they can see other students? answers and that their own answers could be seen by others. When susceptibility to peer pressure was measured by self-report questionnaire, the level of avoidance proved to be a significant predictor for boys, while the level of anxiety and the model of others were significant predictors for girls. When susceptibility to peer pressure was measured experimentally, the results showed that attachment dimensions predict only girls? susceptibility and that the only significant predictor is their model of others.

Istraživanja provedena tijekom posljednjih dvadesetak godina ukazuju na trend sve većeg deklarativnog slaganja žena i muškaraca o ravnopravnijoj raspodjeli obiteljskih obveza među partnerima. No u svakodnevnom životu ti se stavovi teško pretaču u djelovanje. Ovim istraživanjem cilj nam je bio saznati kako partneri percipiraju raspodjelu svakodnevnih obveza i odgovornosti u svojoj vezi u području obavljanja kućanskih poslova, upravljanja financijama i odlučivanju te kakvo je njihovo zadovoljstvo navedenom raspodjelom. Također nas je zanimala razlika između žena i muškaraca u percepciji pravednosti u vezi, odnosno predviđa li bolje doživljaj pravednosti u vezi percipirana raspodjela obiteljskih obveza ili zadovoljstvo tom raspodjelom. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 120 parova u kojima su oba partnera zaposlena. Rezultati su pokazali da žene i dalje više doprinose u rutinskim ili tradicionalno ženskim poslovima, dok muškarci više obavljaju povremene ili muške poslove. Žene su pritom i manje zadovoljne takvom raspodjelom poslova u kućanstvu, kao i raspodjelom financija, nego što su to muškarci. Oba partnera najzadovoljnija su kada podjednako sudjeluju u obiteljskim troškovima i donošenju odluka. Doživljaj pravednosti u vezi najbolje se može predvidjeti zadovoljstvom raspodjelom financija kod muškaraca te zadovoljstvom raspodjelom kućanskih poslova u žena. Dodatno, zadovoljstvo raspodjelom odlučivanja značajan je prediktor za oba partnera., Research results over the past twenty years have shown that both men and women agree that family duties should be shared more equitably between partners. However, this responsibility is not exercised accordingly in everyday life. The aim of this study was to find out how partners perceived the distribution of daily duties and responsibilities in their relationship (household chores, management of finances and decision making) and how satisfied they were with such a distribution. Also we wanted to find out whether men and women perceived equity in a relationship differently and which was a better equity predictor: the distribution of family responsibilities or the satisfaction with it? The study included 120 dual-income couples. The results show that women still contribute more to routine or traditionally female chores, while men do periodical or traditionally male household chores. Women are less satisfied than men with this division of housework and finance. Both partners are most satisfied when they participate equally in family expenses and decisions. Men’s experience of equity in a relationship is best predicted by their satisfaction with shared finances and women’s by their satisfaction with shared household tasks. For both partners, satisfaction with shared decisionmaking is a significant predictor.

Da bi se istražile dječje predrasude, 311 učenika i učenica petih razreda iz šest zagrebačkih osnovnih škola odgovaralo je na dvije skale socijalne distance za djecu. Jednom skalom mjerila se spremnost i na udaljenije i na bliskije oblike kontakta (od života u istom gradu do bliskoga prijateljstva) s djecom koja imaju neko specifično obilježje, a drugom samo spremnost na bliske oblike kontakta s tom djecom, odnosno spremnost na zajedničke aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme. Ciljne skupine bile su slijepa djeca, djeca koja se kreću u invalidskim kolicima, pretila djeca te djeca romske nacionalnosti. Uz zadavanje jednog faktora sve su čestice na pojedinim skalama pokazale zadovoljavajuće visoko zasićenje na istom faktoru. Djeca na obje skale iskazuju najvišu socijalnu distancu prema romskoj djeci, dok su socijalne distance prema pripadnicima ostalih triju skupina približno jednake. Dječaci iskazuju veće neprihvaćanje svih skupina nego djevojčice. Pronađena je razmjerno visoka povezanost među socijalnim distancama iskazanima prema istim skupinama na različitim instrumentima. Nalazi općenito upućuju na dječju sklonost odbacivanju pripadnika određenih skupina te upozoravaju na važnost intervencija za suzbijanje predrasuda u predadolescenciji., The aim of this research was to study children's prejudice. We administered children's social distance scales to 311 fifth graders from 6 elementary schools in Zagreb. One of the scales measured willingness to engage in more or less distanced forms of contact (from living in the same town to forming close friendships), while the other measured willingness to spend leisure time through doing various activities with peers who had some specific characteristic. Target groups were blind children, children who use a wheelchair, obese children and Romani children. Factor analysis on both measures for every group produced meaningful one factor solutions. On both instruments children expressed the highest prejudice toward Romani children, while social distances toward the other three groups were similar. Boys constantly showed higher social distances than girls. There were also relatively high correlations between social distances toward the same groups on different instruments. The results generally indicate children's tendency to reject members of different groups and accentuate the necessity for interventions during preadolescence.

U ovom radu istražena je povezanost izraženog stava prema rodnim ulogama s percepcijom ostvarenih obiteljskih rodnih uloga, odnosno sa zadovoljstvom raspodjelom partnerskih ulaganja vezanih uz obavljanje svakodnevnih obiteljskih obveza te doživljajem pravednosti u vezi. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 117 (izvan)bračnih parova. Potvrđena je hipoteza o razlici između žena i muškaraca po pitanju stavova prema partnerskoj i roditeljskoj rodnoj ulozi. Iako žene imaju egalitarnije stavove od muškaraca, na skalama ostvarenih uloga partneri se ne razlikuju. Tradicionalniji sudionici, za razliku od onih s egalitarnim stavovima, prosječno su nižeg stupnja obrazovanja, dulje žive s partnerom, te su do punoljetnosti odrastali u manjem mjestu. Značajna interakcija glavnih efekata nađena je za varijablu doživljaj pravednosti u vezi. Muškarci općenito smatraju odnose u vezi pravednijim od žena, a pritom žene doživljavaju pravednost u vezi najmanjom, a egalitarni muškarci najvećom., This paper explores the relationship between expressed attitude toward gender roles and perception of realised family gender roles, together with the satisfaction with distribution of partner investments related to the performance of everyday family activities and the experience of equality in relationship. The study included 117 couples. The hypothesis about the difference between women and men in terms of attitudes towards partner’s and parental gender role was confirmed. Women have more egalitarian attitudes than men, while in the realization of the roles partners do not differ. Traditional participants, unlike those with egalitarian attitudes, have lower levels of education, have lived longer with their partner and grew up in a smaller town. Significant interactions of main effects were found for the variable perception of equality in a relationship. Men generally consider relationship to be more equitable than women, while egalitarian men believe that equity in relationship is highest and women experience equity the lowest.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je provjeriti kakvu ulogu rano iskustvo rodne diskriminacije ima u kasnijem načinu gledanja na rodnu neravnopravnost i s tim povezano ponašanje. Internaliziraju li osobe koje su u primarnoj obitelji doživjele neravnopravan tretman zbog svojeg spola tradicionalne rodne uloge, kako bismo očekivali prema teorijama socijalnog učenja, ili su, kako bismo očekivali prema kognitivističkim teorijama, zbog snažnog negativnog iskustva nepravde postale osjetljivije na pitanja rodne neravnopravnosti i razvile egalitarnije stavove prema rodnim ulogama. Istraživanje je provedeno na nacionalno reprezentativnom uzorku od 1 363 sudionika. Ispitali smo iskustvo rodne diskriminacije u obitelji, percepciju rodne diskriminacije, stavove prema rodnim ulogama, seksističke predrasude, sklonost rodnoj diskriminaciji i spremnost na akcije usmjerene na smanjivanje rodne diskriminacije u društvu. Rezultati pokazuju kako je 50% žena te jedna trećina muškaraca bila izložena nekoj vrsti neravnopravnog tretmana u primarnoj obitelji, i to podjednako od oba roditelja. Žene koje su doživjele rodnu diskriminaciju percipiraju više rodne diskriminacije u suvremenom hrvatskom društvu nego žene koje nisu bile rodno diskriminirane. Također, sudionici oba spola koji su doživjeli rodnu diskriminaciju imaju egalitarnije stavove prema rodnim ulogama te su spremniji uključiti se u akcije usmjerene na smanjivanje rodne diskriminacije. Nisu, međutim, dobivene značajne razlike u izraženosti seksističkih predrasuda i sklonosti rodnoj diskriminaciji. Nalazi uglavnom potvrđuju hipotezu o djelovanju ranog negativnog iskustva na veću osviještenost o problemu rodne neravnopravnosti, no istovremeno pokazuju kako je u našoj kulturi još uvijek prisutan jaki utjecaj tradicionalnih socijalnih normi vezanih uz rodne uloge, koji se prvenstveno očituje u spremnosti na rodno neravnopravno postupanje.

Our study examines the relations of attachment and personality dimensions in young adults. Particular focus of the study is attachment to friends, a form of intimate relations that is less frequently represented in attachment research. For this purpose, modified Brennan's Inventory of Experience in Close Relations (Kamenov & Jelić, 2003) and NEO PI-R assessing five personality dimensions (Costa & McCrae, 1992) were administered to the sample of 352 university students. Results demonstrate a variety of relations between two dimensions of attachment to friends and personality traits, both at the domain and facet level. Anxious attachment to friends is primarily related to neuroticism, while avoidance in friendships is mainly characterized by lower results in two interpersonal domains, extraversion and agreeableness., Istraživanje ispituje povezanost privrženosti i osobina ličnosti kod mlađih odraslih osoba. Poseban je naglasak na privrženosti u prijateljstvima, jer je taj oblik bliskih veza razmjerno manje zastupljen u istraživanjima privrženosti. Prilagođeni Brennanov Inventar iskustava u bliskim vezama (Kamenov i Jelić, 2003.) i NEO PI-R upitnik koji ispituje pet temeljnih dimenzija ličnosti (Costa i McCrae, 1992.) primijenjeni su na uzorku od 352 studentice i studenta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Rezultati pokazuju brojne veze između privrženosti i ličnosti i na razini širokih dimenzija i na razini specifičnih faceta ličnosti. Anksiozni tip privrženosti prijateljima povezan je prije svega s neuroticizmom, dok je izbjegavanje u prijateljskim vezama uglavnom povezano s nižim rezultatima u dvije interpersonalne domene ličnosti, ekstraverziji i ugodnosti., Im vorliegenden Artikel wird untersucht, in welchem Zusammenhang die Persönlichkeitsmerkmale junger Erwachsener und die Verbundenheit mit Freunden stehen. Besondere Betonung liegt auf der Anhänglichkeit gegenüber Freunden, da diese Art von Beziehungen relativ selten in entsprechenden Untersuchungen verteten ist. Zum Einsatz kamen ein adaptierter Fragebogen nach Brennan zur Ermittlung von Erfahrungen in engen Beziehungen (Kamenov und Jelić, 2003) und das Revised NEO Personality Inventory zur Ermittlung der fünf grundlegenden Persönlichkeitsdimensionen (Costa und McCrae, 1992); an der Untersuchung nahmen 352 Studentinnen und Studenten der Universität Zagreb teil. Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf vielfache Zusammenhänge zwischen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen und der Anhänglichkeit gegenüber Freunden, sowohl im weiteren Sinne als auch auf der Ebene spezifischer Persönlichkeitsfacetten. Der durch Anxiosität bedingte Typ der Anhänglichkeit ist in erster Linie mit Neurotizismus verbunden, während ausweichendes Verhalten in Freundschaften vornehmlich in Bezug steht zu niedrigeren Werten in den interpersonalen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen Extravertiertheit und Wohlbefinden.

Stigmatizacija počinitelja kaznenih djela često uključuje ideju da su počinitelji ‘jednostavno loše osobe koje se ne mogu promijeniti’ te to može poticati razvoj kriminalnog identiteta osobe ili onemogućiti njegovo mijenjanje što dovodi do povratka kriminalnom životnom stilu nakon odsluženja kazne zatvora. Počinitelji kaznenih djela čine vrlo heterogenu skupinu s obzirom na kazneno djelo koje su počinili, njihov socioekonomski status, stupanj obrazovanja, dob, ali prije svega i s obzirom na spol. Za očekivati je da će percepcija muškaraca i žena koji su počinili kazneno djelo biti drugačija, a samim time će se razlikovati i stigmatizacija javnosti prema te dvije skupine počinitelja. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi postoje li razlike u stigmatizaciji osuđenih počinitelja kaznenih djela s obzirom na spol sudionika i počinitelja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 387 sudionika, od čega je 192 muškaraca i 195 žena. Polovica sudionika je kao objekt stigmatizacije procjenjivala muškarce koji su osuđeni za činjenje kaznenog djela (n=191), a druga polovica je procjenjivala žene koje su osuđene za kazneno djelo (n=196). Sudionici su ispunili skalu stavova prema muškim ili ženskim osuđenim počiniteljima kaznenih djela, listu za označavanje stereotipa, skalu socijalne distance te su odgovorili na pitanja kojima se ispituju sociodemografski podaci (spol, dob, stupanj obrazovanja, bračni status, veličina mjesta u kojem žive). Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su kako sudionici imaju pozitivnije stavove prema ženama koje su počinile kazneno djelo, njihovi stereotipi o ženama koje su počinile kazneno djelo su pozitivniji, a socijalna distanca sudionika prema počiniteljicama je manja u odnosu na počinitelje. Osim toga, muškarci imaju pozitivnije stavove prema počiniteljima kaznenih djela, bez obzira na spol, a njihova socijalna distanca prema počiniteljima je manja nego socijalna distanca žena. Ne postoji interakcija spola sudionika i spola počinitelja na stavove prema počiniteljima, na pozitivnost/negativnost stereotipa o počiniteljima, niti na socijalnu distancu., The stigmatization of criminal offenders often includes the idea that the perpetrators are ‘just bad people who can’t change themselves’ and this may encourage the development of the criminal identity of the person or prevent his/her change leading to the return of a criminal lifestyle after completing his prison sentence. Offenders are a very heterogeneous group with regard to the offense that they committed, their socioeconomic status, education level, age, but primarily with regard to gender. It is expected that the perception of men and women who have committed a criminal offense will be different, and thus the stigmatization of the public towards these two groups of offenders will vary. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the stigmatization of convicted offenders based on gender of participants and offenders. The study included 387 participants, 192 men and 195 women. Half of the participants assessed men who were convicted of committing criminal offenses as an object of stigmatization (n=191), and the other half evaluated women who were convicted of the crime (n=196). Participants fi lled out a scale of attitudes toward male and female offenders, the check-list of stereotypes, social distance scale, and responded to questions about socio-demographic data (gender, age, education level, marital status, size of the place where they live). The results have shown that participants have more positive attitudes toward women who have committed a criminal offense, their stereotypes about women who have committed a criminal offense has been more positive, and social distance toward female offenders was lower than toward male offenders. In addition, male participants have more positive attitudes toward offenders regardless of their gender, and their social distance toward offender is smaller than social distance toward female participants. There is no interaction between participants’ gender and offenders’ gender on the attitudes, the positivity/negativity of the stereotypes, or the social distance toward offenders.

Cilj istraživanja bio je razvoj upitnika za procjenu razine neformalne stigmatizacije maloljetnika društveno neprihvatljivog ponašanja, te ispitivanje doživljaja neformalne stigmatizacije maloljetnika društveno neprihvatljivog ponašanja od osoba iz okoline. Istraživanje je provedeno u dvije faze, primjenom kvalitativne i kvantitativne metodologije. U prvoj fazi su provedene fokusirane grupe s maloljetnicima društveno neprihvatljivog ponašanja koji se nalaze u institucionalnom tretmanu (N=32), a na temelju njihovih izjava sastavljen je inicijalni upitnik neformalne stigmatizacije (42 čestice). U drugoj fazi je integralni upitnik primijenjen na uzorku od 272 maloljetnika društveno neprihvatljivog ponašanja s izvaninstitucionalnim i institucionalnim mjerama, te je provedena psihometrijska analiza i konstruirana finalna verzija upitnika. Upitnik neformalne stigmatizacije sastoji se od ukupno 30 čestica i ima visoku pouzdanost (alpha = .94). Viši rezultati na upitniku označavaju više iskustva i doživljaja neformalne stigmatizacije od osoba iz okoline. Faktorskom analizom dobivena su četiri faktora: Strah i negativna očekivanja od drugih, Ponižavanje i odbacivanje od okoline, Negativna percepcija od nastavnika i Negativna percepcija od roditelja i rođaka. Računanjem rezultata na pojedinoj dimenziji moguće je dobiti podatke o iskustvu i doživljaju stigmatizacije od pojedinih osoba iz okoline (roditelji, rođaci, vršnjaci, prijatelji, nastavnici, susjedi). Rezultat dobiven na konstruiranom Upitniku neformalne stigmatizacije pokazuje da su maloljetnici koji su jače formalno stigmatizirani (institucionalna mjera) ujedno i više neformalno stigmatizirani od osoba iz svoje okoline. Između maloljetnika s izvaninstitucionalnim mjerama (prije provedenog sudskog postupka i nakon provedenog sudskog postupka) nema statistički značajne razlike. Maloljetnici doživljavaju najviše negativne percepcije od nastavnika, roditelja i rođaka, ali izvještavaju i o ponašanjima koja ukazuju na strah i negativna očekivanja od ostalih iz okoline., The goal of the research was development of Questionnaire for estimation of informal stigmatization experience in juveniles with socially unacceptable behaviour and to explore the level of informal stigmatization experience in juveniles with socially unacceptable behaviour from different persons in their surrounding. The research was conducted in two phases, combining qualitative and quantitative methodology. In first phase focus groups with juveniles with socially unacceptable behaviour in institutional treatment (N=32) were conducted, on the ground of their statements was formed initial questionnaire of informal stigmatization (42 items). In second phase the integral questionnaire was conducted on the sample of 272 juveniles with socially unacceptable behaviour to whom were applied non institutional and institutional measures, after that was conducted psychometric analysis and constructed the final version of the questionnaire. The Questionnaire of informal stigmatization consists of 30 items and has high reliability (alpha = .94). Higher result means more experience of informal stigmatization from persons in their surrounding. Factor analysis extracted four factors: Fear and negative expectations from others, Humiliation and rejection from others, Negative perception from teachers and Negative perception from parents and relatives. Result on each dimension tells us about experience of stigmatization from different persons from surrounding (parents, relatives, peers, friends, teachers, neighbours). The result on the constructed Questionnaire of informal stigmatization shows us that juveniles who are more formally stigmatized (institutional measure) are also more informally stigmatized from different persons in their surrounding. Between juveniles with non institutional measures before and after conducted court procedure there is no statistically significant difference. Juveniles experience mostly negative perception from teachers, parents and relatives, but they also report about fear and negative expectations from persons in their surrounding.

Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati razinu stigmatizacije maloljetnih počinitelja kaznenih djela te utvrditi povezanost formalne i neformalne stigmatizacije sa slikom o sebi (samopoimanjem i samopoštovanjem). U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 704 muških sudionika u dobi od 14 do 21 godine, podijeljenih u tri skupine: A. maloljetnici koji nisu počinili kazneno djelo (N = 432), B. maloljetnici s izrečenim izvanzavodskim odgojnim mjerama uključujući maloljetnike s primijenjenim načelom oportuniteta (N = 146) i C. maloljetnici smješteni u ustanovu nakon provedenog sudskog postupka zbog počinjenog kaznenog djela ili temeljem rješenja Centra za socijalnu skrb (N = 126). Primijenjeni su slijedeći mjerni instrumenti: Upitnik za ispitivanje doživljaja neformalne stigmatizacije UNS-D, Offerov Revidirani upitnik samopoimanja OSIQ i Coopersmithov upitnik samopoštovanja. Rezultati su pokazali da maloljetnici prema kojima je u pretpripremnom postupku primjenjeno načelo oportuniteta (manja formalna stigmatizacija) ne doživljavaju manje neformalne stigmatizacije u odnosu na maloljetnike kojima su nakon provedenog sudskog postupka izrečene izvanzavodske odgojne mjere (veća formalna stigmatizacija). Maloljetnici smješteni u ustanovu, koji su više formalno stigmatizirani, doživljavaju i više neformalne stigmatizacije u odnosu na maloljetnike s izrečenim izvanzavodskim odgojnim mjerama, te imaju lošiju sliku o sebi. Maloljetnici s izrečenim izvanzavodskim odgojnim mjerama imaju bolje samopoimanje u odnosu na maloljetnike koji nisu počinili kazneno djelo. Maloljetnici s izrečenim odgojnim mjerama koji izvještavaju o većem stupnju stigmatizirajućeg ponašanja od strane relevantnih osoba u svojoj socijalnoj okolini imaju niže samopoštovanje i lošije samopoimanje. Dobiveni rezultati podupiru postavke teorija etiketiranja i njihovog objašnjenja razvoja delinkventnog identiteta., The goal of the research was to examine the level of stigmatization in juvenile perpetrators of criminal acts and to determine correlation between formal and informal stigmatization and picture of self (self-image and self-esteem). Participants were male juveniles (N=704) in age 14-21 divided into three groups: A. juveniles who did not commit crime (N = 432), B. juveniles with non-institutional measures because of committed criminal act (including juveniles with applied principle of opportunity) (N = 146) and C. juveniles with institutional measures (after the court procedure because of committed criminal act or on the ground of Social Welfare Center Resolution) (N = 126). Following questionnaire were used: Questionnaire for examination of informal stigmatization experience UNS-D, Offer's Revised Self-image Questionnaire OSIQ and Coppersmith’s Self-esteem Questionnaire. The results show that juveniles to whom were applied principle of opportunity (lower formal stigmatization) do not experience less informal stigmatization comparing to juveniles to whom were applied non-institutional measures after the court procedure (higher formal stigmatization). Juveniles with institutional measures, who are more formally stigmatized experience more informal stigmatization comparing to juveniles with non-institutional measures, also they have lower picture of self. Juveniles with non-institutional measures have better self-image comparing to juveniles who did not commit criminal act. Juveniles who did commit criminal acts and who experience more stigmatization from persons in their social surrounding have lower self-esteem and lower self-image. This results back up the labeling theories and their explanation of development of delinquent identity.