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In the postmodern world very much defined by globalizing processes and governed by consumerism (Bauman, 2000), language has been increasingly mobilized for production and profit making. While it still functions as a powerful means for the symbolic construction of (local) identities, it has also become an economic resource, enabling the transformation of what once were marginalized peripheries into new centres (Duchêne & Heller, 2012). Along with its role in the commodification of authenticity (Heller et al., 2014), various linguistic resources are employed in adapting to global trends: new languages complement or replace the traditionally dominant ones, and innovative language practices are introduced to satisfy the imperative of profit-making. One of the effects of globalization is manifested in the frequency and amount of short- and long-term migration of people, not just for work, but also for tourism, which is the reason why numerous Croatian towns located along the Adriatic coast have been undergoing intense linguistic transformation in public spaces. The paper is focused on the analysis of ‘unexpected’ and oftentimes hybrid linguistic practices observed in the public spaces of a northern Dalmatian town of Zadar. They are persistent at the intersection of language publicly displayed in linguistic landscapes and those used ‘behind the scenes’, among employees or with clients, hence at the intersection of written (public) and spoken (private) language use, between language used by migrants who try to fit in by concealing their heritage languages in public space, and those who avail of trendy language practices as symbolic resources aimed at gaining economic profit. By combining the analyisis of visual material (linguistic landscape), interview data, and observation in specific private service sector contexts, we investigate how the traditionally established orders of indexicality are defied by rearranging the perceived value and power of different parts of what is becoming a more complex community language repertoire in Zadar.

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Sa željom da se proširi zanimanje za male, često u javnom diskursu nevidljive i ugrožene jezične zajednice u Hrvatskoj, ova je knjiga proizišla iz sociolingvističkog istraživanja zadarskih Arbanasa. Tijekom gotovo tristo godina, koliko je prošlo od doseljavanja prvih Arbanasa u Zadar (katoličkih, albanofonih izbjeglica iz okolice Skadarskog jezera), zadarski Arbanasi još uvijek čuvaju svoj identitet i jezik. Ipak, zbog niza društvenih i političkih čimbenika koji su se neminovno odrazili kako na percepciju zajednice u širem kontekstu, tako i na stavove pripadnika same zajednice prema vlastitom jeziku i identitetu, njihov se specifični identitet oblikovao tijekom stoljeća, a taj proces traje i danas. Transformacija jezika i identiteta često je podrazumijevala i njihovo uvišestručavanje i hibridiziranje te ponekad suprotne silnice koje se i danas mogu osjetiti u razgovorima s Arbanasima u vidu kompleksnih diskursa pripadanja. Sam su jezik, na strukturnoj razini, oblikovali jezici s kojima je arbanaški dolazio u dodir u novoj okolini, prije svega hrvatski (čakavski i štokavski) i mletački (zaratinski) zatim standardni talijanski i standardni hrvatski. Promjene režima, a time i strukture gradskog stanovništva, utjecale su na učestalost i intenzitet dodira s Arbanasima, njihov sve očitiji pomak s periferije u centar gradskog života, a time i na promjene učestalosti i obrazaca korištenja arbanaškog jezika. Upravo je otkrivanje raznovrsnih čimbenika koji danas utječu na održivost arbanaškog jezika u žarištu istraživanja koje je ovdje prikazano. Autorice se osvrću na različite teorijske okvire i modele pomoću kojih se nastoji razumjeti procese jezičnog očuvanja i zamjene jezika, ali i izlaze iz okvira postojećih modela ističući specifičnosti i prikrivene čimbenike koji su se pokazali važnima za razumijevanje gubljenja i zamjene arbanaškog na individualnoj i grupnoj razini. Danas su Arbanasi jedna od najmanjih jezičnih manjina u Hrvatskoj, UNESCO arbanaški svrstava u kategoriju «ozbiljno ugroženih» jezika, a u Hrvatskoj je on jedan od dvadesetak govora zaštićenih kao nematerijalna kulturna baština. Iako su stavovi prema arbanaškom i njegovom očuvanju načelno pozitivni, broj aktivnih govornika u stalnom je padu. Posljednji je dio knjige stoga posvećen analizi mogućnosti očuvanja arbanaškog kao sredstva identifikacije, komunikacije, odnosno u kontekstu bilo koje vrste institucionalizacije. Ove se mogućnosti razmatraju na temelju diskursa unutar same zajednice, a ključni su za bilo koji oblik daljnjeg upravljanja jezikom.

The processes of Europeanization have largely influenced the emergence of the ideology of multilingualism instantiated both in institutional discourses (e.g. Rindler Schjerve & Vetter 2012 ; Weber & Horner 2012 ; Unger et al. 2014, etc.), but also reflected at the grassroots level (e.g. Zappettini & Comanaru 2014). It mainly stresses the necessity of learning several foreign languages, and at the same time often suppresses the visibility and relevance of 'intralinguistic' diversity. However, the resurgence of the Bakhtin's notion of heteroglossia may help to reintroduce the discussion of the role of varieties that have been marginalized for a long time as it implies the coexistence of multiple language layers, not only in terms of structure, but also in terms of discourses and (language) ideologies. The aim of the paper is to analyze to what extent and in what form the ideology of multilingualism is actualized in elementary education in Croatia. Being largely directly inaccessible, the prevalent language ideologies are observed both through language attitude analysis and actual (heteroglossic) practices. The analysis is based on questionnaires administered among students and interviews with teachers in several Dalmatian elementary schools. Although different varieties of South Čakavian are still very vital there, their status, presence and treatment in the educational arena have been subject to constant negotiation and are frequently reduced to merely symbolic recognition. The actual practices in the field reflect ideological positions voiced in official educational language policies and present a real challenge for teachers and pupils alike.

The quality of medical service is constituted not only by the treatment but also by the communicative aspect of a medical encounter. Power differentials are construed and manifested in both, but we are particularly interested in the latter which is often seen as “the main ingredient in medical care” (Ong et al. 1995). The goal of the paper is to analyze the ways in which knowledge, authority and power are depicted, (re)produced, and evaluated on the basis of doctor-patient communication (Kuipers 1984). The overall aim of the study is to contribute to a broader discussion on the “structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power, and control” (Wodak, 2001:2) in institutional medical contexts. A critical discourse analysis of in-depth interviews with twenty patients from Zagreb (Croatia) allows us to reconstruct power negotiation strategies that resulted from face- to-face medical encounters on which they report. They were particularly useful in understanding our informants’ stance towards discursive practices that construct and promote power differentials in such settings. While much of earlier work on this topic was based on the conversation analysis of naturally- occurring data, our analysis departs from patients’ narrations about their own experience as not all of discursive practices are, perceived as equally relevant by the patients. In the study we focus on those that are evaluated as meaningful by the patients themselves.

In diesem Beitrag wird die Praxis des Schutzes der Sprachenvielfalt Kroatiens analysiert. Dabei sollen nicht positive Aspekte, sondern auch Probleme besprochen werden, die sich aus den Besonderheiten des lokalen Kontextes ergeben. Diskutiert werden das Verfassungskonzept der "nationalen Minderheit" und seine entsprechenden Auswirkungen auf sprachlicher Ebene.

The presentation focuses, on the one hand, on the analysis of language rights for asylum seekers as they are created and presented at the state level, and their implementation on the ground, on the other. In order to discern possible unplanned outcomes of language planning (Baldauf 1994) and the divergence between the (intended) policy and its (realised) effects (Canagarajah 2005) in the context of language rights for asylum seekers, our study is methodologically based on the discourse analysis of a relevant legal framework regulating language rights and obligations of asylum seekers and international protection seekers, such as the Law of International and Temporary Protection and the Programme of Croatian Language, History and Culture for Asylum Seekers and Asylees. On the basis of fieldwork data consisting of notes, observations, and interviews with different stakeholders (asylum seekers and stakeholders working with them, including their Croatian language teachers), we discuss challenges encountered in theprocess of translating official policies regarding linguistic integration into practice.

The paper aims to discuss a present day situation of Arbanasi in Zadar, with a particular focus on bottom-up (grassroots) approach to language revitalization in the present-day context. Arbanasi is a language spoken by approximately 300, mostly elderly, people in the Zadar region of Croatia. Being moribund and nearly extinct (between 8a and 8b on EGIDS scale), Arbanasi is on the UNESCO’s list of highly endangered languages having also the status of intangible heritage in Croatia. As for language planning initiatives, they are hardly ever part of the formal language policy framework because, as stated, formal language policy does not regulate the status of small, non-national languages. For these reasons, we conducted participatory ethnographic research with the community from 2015 to 2017 trying to see what grassroots language planning initiatives existed and to examine to what extent we as researchers can contribute to these initiatives and revitalise the language. In this paper, we present some of the elements of the research in which we took an active part: an Arbanasi language course, a workshop with the community and the editing work on the Arbanasi handbook that is to be published in 2017. In order to contextualize our data we will also draw on interviews with the endangered-language community members that we conducted in 2015 and 2016. In general, the revitalisation efforts at the grassroots level are met with numerous obstacles common to such small communities. Disputes over orthography and the ‘correct’ version of language dominate the language course with another constant problem being the lack of attendees. Historical divides within the community came to the fore in our workshops and underdeveloped writing system challenged the systematic preparation of the handbook. One of the few remaining speakers suggested that trying to revitalise Arbanasi is like tilting at windmills, and there were several other occasions when we were reminded that this was the lost cause. However, with the new handbook being published in 2017 and transformations of the dominant discourse where the endangered language will not be perceived as of lesser importance the whole effort is perhaps not so donquichotesque as it seems.

Departing from the idea that language management subsumes some kind of (metalinguistic) behavior towards language, the aim of the paper is to analyse the discursive treatment of „roof“ standard(s) in minority contexts within the framework of language management framework (Jernudd & Neustupný 1987, Nekvapil 2006). If and to what extent speakers perceive, evaluate and eventually (refuse to) modify (features from) their own linguistic repertoires are examined, and the link between the process of identity negotiation and language management is discussed.

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The aim of the paper is to analyze the scope of lexical variation found in SE Čakavian in order to determine the degree of shift or levelling taking place. We do this by means of apparent time analysis of several local insular SE varieties of Čakavian. It has already been shown that the Romance lexical stratum has been prone to erosion and substitution with alternative models. Our focus is on analyzing the relative resistence of certain parts of the lexicon, the preferred linguistic models in the processes of levelling and change, the motives for maintenance and shift found at the lexical level, and finally the linguistic outcomes of the mentioned processes as well as their role in local identification of the speakers through language.

Since the ancient times, the Adriatic region has been the space of contact, migrations and hence cultural and linguistic exchange. One of the consequence of historic migrations and shifting state boundaries throughout history was the creation of a number of linguistic and cultural enclaves. Some of them have been preserved for centuries, but even those are marked by a high degree of endangerment today. A comparative research of the sociolinguistic profile of two such communities – the Arbanasi of Zadar on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and the Molise Croatian in the Italian region of Molise on the western side of the Adriatic – revealed distinctly different patterns of language attitudes and use. Although comparable in the history of migration from their historic homelands and the position of the communities in the newly inhabited territories in the past, and in spite of a number of common traits in their sociolinguistic profiles the Arbanasi and the Molise communities share nowadays, including their highly endangered status, the two communities display very different degrees of their sustainability potential. The research is based on an ethnographic approach which includes conducting in-depth interviews, focus groups as well as (different forms of) participant observation in both communities. The paper explores how various contextual factors that shaped these communities in the past are reflected in the discourses about language in the present and discusses their impact on the potential of language maintenance and revitalization in the future.

Rječnik sadrži bazu podataka hrvatskoga antropološkog nazivlja uz prijevodne istovrijednice na engleskom jeziku. Predstavljeni temeljni pojmovi dolaze iz nekog od četiri polja antropologije (utjecaj sjevernoameričke tradicije) ; sociokulturna antropologija, lingvistička antropologija, biološka (fizička) antropologija i arheološka antropologija.

The value of language attitude research lies in its capacity to uncover attitudes and stereotypes held by members of a group toward their ingroups as well as outgroups. Since languages are such powerful means of group identification, they may be considered as constitutive of communities. Attitudes expressed toward certain linguistic varieties may thus be perceived as attitudes held toward respective community-members. However, since attitudes are not always easily accessible, and are rarely one-dimensional but rather multi- layered, the application of different methodological approaches to the investigation of attitudes can enhance understanding of different dimensions of language attitudes, and offer an insight into overt (publicly proclaimed) and covert (privately held) ideologies. This paper brings the analysis of these two types of attitudes held by adolescents in three most populated places on the Island of Korčula. The analysis is based on the results obtained by means of a questionnaire eliciting, among other things, covert attitudes toward six local, regional and supra-regional varieties, and overt attitudes toward judges’ local speech and the Standard variety of Croatian. Although the results confirm some expected tendencies in the evaluation of different varieties, subsequently conducted analysis of speech recognition rates offers some valuable insights and interesting implications for further interpretation of the results.

The paper discusses the goals and methods of the project "Croatian Anthropological Terminology (ANTRONA)". Particular attention is given to problems of terminology in the humanities and social sciences. The problems are discussed from the theoretical point of view, with respect to the latest insights in the field, and applied to specific examples based on the experience of working on the ANTRONA project.

In contemporary Europe, support for autochthonous minority languages is expressed by displaying messages in these languages alongside messages in the majority language(s) on public signs, such as road signs, street signs, signs on the buildings of public institutions etc. Such form of support is part of explicit language policies at the national level in a number of countries of Europe as well as at the Council of Europe level. This study deals with the implementation of these policies and their reception by the local populations in Wales, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Croatia. The responses to the presence of minority languages on signs vary and have a number of motivations. The qualitative analysis presented in this study has identified several features as significant for the implementation of bilingual signage and its reception across the research locations: (1) decentralization of public administration, (2) ethnicization of language policies, (3) territoriality of signage, (4) collective historical memory, (5) bilingual sign design and (6) the indexical vs. symbolic functions of bilingual signage.

In multi-national and multilingual Europe, one of the most challenging issues is the often evoked question regarding linguistic and cultural integration of immigrants into the mainstream society. The vast majority of literature on multilingualism in education, and public institutions in general, is thus focused on dealing with this vexing topic. At the same time, an often forgotten challenge concerns the treatment of different non-standard varieties of individual national languages in educational settings. Although abundant sociolinguistic evidence of patterned variation seriously questioned the widespread prescriptivist linguistic practices in education, increased transnational mobility in the European society today largely overshadowed the (meagre) efforts to provide linguistically more democratic teaching platform with regard to co-nationals speaking the 'same' language, but not all equally fluent in it. One of the examples of good practice regarding this matter is contained in the Croatian National Educational Standard (Cro. HNOS), a key document for the creation of the curriculum in formal education in Croatia. Its relevance lies in promoting a more democratic approach, which stresses the importance of dialect protection and encourages their use. It will be analyzed along with the National Curriculum – a similar document published a year later than HNOS, but epitomizing a significantly different position. The aim of the paper is to investigate the role of language policy and practice in educational setting in order to understand to what extent top-down policies and bottom-up practices intertwine and enhance multilingualism in educational settings. The analysis is based on interviews and naturally occurring spoken data collected in educational settings from the islands of Vis and Korčula, the region where a dialect considerably different from the Croatian standard variety is spoken. The data mention a number of potential problems encountered in an endeavour to sustain vertical bi- and multilingualism at schools, but the examples of good practice nonetheless indicate that those can be surmounted by taking adequate methodological approaches.

Our research is theoretically informed by the idea that sustainability of a group depends on the combination of its strength and vitality as well as its ability to counter possibly negative „environmental effects“ such as an intense contact with other (more powerful) language(s) or culture(s) (Ehala, 2010). In this framework the strength of a group can be assessed in terms of a group's presence and functioning in different social domains, religion being one of them, while vitality refers to internal and external perception of a group's status including its language. According to Ehala (2010), strength of a group may influence its vitality, but vitality of a group does not necessarily depend on its strength. Although Albanian minority in Croatia makes up a mere 0.34% in total population, Albanian is the third largest mother tongue in the country reported by 0.33% of population (2001 Census). The Albanian community is characterized by both Christian (Catholic) and Islamic religious identity. The aim of this paper is to explore the extent to which religious affiliation and religious practices of Albanian ethnic group members play in language maintenance and in the construction of their ethnolinguistic identity in two urban contexts in Croatia, namely in the Croatian capital of Zagreb and in the Istrian town of Rovinj. Research was carried out by means of observation and semi-structured interviews with members of both Catholic and Muslim Albanians in Zagreb and Rovinj. In order to obtain a more complete picture of the relation between religious involvement and linguistic practices of Albanians in Croatia, both religious leaders and believers were interviewed across the groups. Characterized by asymmetrical relation of (a single) ethnic and (double) religious identities, Albanian minority in Croatian urban settings offers an interesting site for the observation of identity construction and cultural maintenance via linguistic use in religious contexts. Preliminary results show that religion plays a crucial role in the preservation not only of language, but also of social cohesion within the community thus enhancing its sustainability. Reference Ehala, M. (2010) Refining the notion of ethnolinguistic vitality. International Journal of Multilingualism. 1-16. DOI: 10.1080/14790711003637094.

As the processes of European integration call for all kinds of standardizations including the linguistic one, the need for the development of terminological databases has been one of the priorities of language planning in Croatia lately. ANTRONA project, aimed at the development of basic anthropological terminology, is part of a national project STRUNA, which has started as an umbrella project concerned with terminologization in several areas of LSP in Croatia. It can be classified as language planning oriented terminology management for the Croatian language in which foreign terms function as an optional add-on rather than as a departure point in the process of terminologization. In some cases, however, it has been shown that translation might be of paramount importance in terminography as it occurs simultaneously with or immediately following the process of concept/category formation – the prioritized step in traditional terminographical approaches. Although the examples of such concepts/categories can be found in all subfields of anthropology, the goal of our study is to examine some of the potential problems of delimiting a few out of a number of culturally- bound concepts/categories in socio-cultural and linguistic anthropology. After having identified non-existent concepts/categories in the target socio-cultural set up, their importing is necessarily accompanied by translation which occurs in place of term formation. In such cases a terminographer who works partly also as a translator is faced with a range of linguistic, stylistic, as well as cognitive semantic issues characteristic of translation in general. Moreover, the requirement to abide to the rules of traditional terminology occasionally renders such an endeavor even more challenging.

Međuovisnost jezika i ekonomije postaje sve naglašenija u suvremenom svijetu, a trendovi globalne političke ekonomije odražavaju se i u jeziku. Stoga se u ekonomiji znanja, a koju je obilježila značajna uloga jezika, sve više pažnje pridaje utjecaju ekonomije na oblikovanje jezičnih praksi. Upotreba jezika predstavlja oblik društvene prakse, no jezik možemo promatrati ne samo kao sredstvo komunikacije i identifikacije, već i kao oblik kapitala kojeg pojedinci koriste kako bi zadobili prednosti na ekonomskom tržištu budući da određeni jezični varijeteti uživaju društveni prestiž, ali i predstavljaju ekonomsku vrijednost. Polazeći od hipoteze da se jezik može komodificirati (pretvoriti u robu, proizvod) i smatrati oblikom kapitala, ne samo ekonomskog, već i društvenog, simboličkog i kulturnog, u radu se odnos jezika i ekonomske moći razmatra na primjeru prisutnosti različitih varijeteta u jezičnom krajoliku grada Pule i kontekstu službene dvojezičnosti. Jezični krajolik odnosi se na sve manifestacije jezika u urbanom javnom prostoru, a osim informativne ima i simboličku funkciju iz koje se može iščitati relativna moć i status jezičnih zajednica na određenom području. Kako značenje jezika urbanih natpisa oblikuju politički i ekonomski interesi, jezik predstavlja jedan od ključnih posrednika u procesu komodifikacije kulture i komercijalizacije javnog prostora.

Regardless of its popularity, the term 'linguistic diversity' is still far from being unequivocally defined and understood. The reason for this lies in a general lack of agreement regarding the meaning of more basic terms such as 'language' and/or 'minority'. Paradoxically, it seems that the object of protection in different language- protecting acts are usually official, standardized, and well-established linguistic varieties – often the only ones referred to as 'languages' in such documents. At the same time, the diversity within the protected languages is often ignored and purposely neglected or marginalized. This is also the reason why all the variability found beyond the narrow horizon of officially recognized and normatively proscribed varieties is often omitted in the discussions on linguistic diversity. Even when there is an intention to preserve 'intralinguistic' diversity, the success of such attempts often remains very partial for various ideological reasons. Departing from the analysis of two attempts aimed at the protection of diatopic diversity in Croatia, namely the insertion of certain linguistic varieties on the Unesco Intangible Heritage List and the treatment of diatopic diversity in the national curriculum, the paper focuses on the discussion of some of the possible reasons that may stymie the promotion of linguistic diversity.

Cilj je rada istraživanje jezičnog vitaliteta viških govora na temelju analize jezičnih promjena, ekoloških čimbenika te stavova i identifikacijskih procesa. Pritom je osnovna pretpostavka rada bila da su upravo sociopsihološki faktori ključni u tumačenju jezičnostrukturnih promjena kao i jezičnog vitaliteta neke zajednice. Prikupljeni su raznovrsni podaci koji su analizirani primjenom kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih metoda. Nastojeći otkriti najnestabilnije dijelove sustava i smjer jezičnih promjena u odnosu na standard i regiolekt, analizirana su jezična obilježja na fonološkoj, morfološkoj i sintaktičkoj razini i to s obzirom na njihovu geografsku rasprostranjenost i narječnu specifičnost. Analiza pokazuje da je unatoč visokom stupnju jezične varijabilnosti i gubljenju nekih obilježja, vitalitet otočnih zajednica još uvijek razmjerno visok, posebice uzme li se u obzir afektivna i kognitivna komponenta stavova pripadnika lokalnih zajednica prema vlastitom govoru. Dok analiza kvantitativnih podataka dobivenih na temelju upitnika ukazuje na visok stupanj identifikacije s lokalnom zajednicom koju prati i vrlo pozitivan stav prema mjesnom govoru, iz razgovora s nekoliko sugovornika srednje dobi proizlazi pesimizam i sumnja u mogućnost očuvanja lokalnog govora zbog nepovoljnih demografskih činitelja i sve učestalijeg prekida jezične transmisije. Takvo razilaženje u odgovorima s obzirom na sociopsihološku dimenziju jezičnoga očuvanja ukazuje na višeslojnost stavova te nužnost njihova istraživanja na više razina korištenjem različitih komplementarnih metoda.

In the study of language policy and planning (LPP), the “actors” component of the LPP processes has not been much elaborated so far. To address this issue, this paper applies the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) which provides a model of this human component of the LPP processes. The ACF has been developed in political sciences in the study of policy change and – unlike in language policy – it has been applied in a variety of policy contexts, such as drug prevention, maritime protection areas, forestry etc. An “advocacy coalition” is a group of people and/or organizations who engage in a non-trivial coordinated activity over a longer period of time in order to achieve a policy change sharing certain policy-oriented beliefs and using the venues and resources available to them for their common goal. Language policy for public signage may become an object of such coalitions’ activities, but languages on public signs (linguistic landscape) may also become a mere venue (arena) for a political activity with a different goal, e.g., an ethnic minority policy, international relations policy etc. This paper provides a comparative analysis of coalition creation and recreation in several European cities with substantial ethnic minority presence in four different countries, including an "old" EU-member, two "new" EU-members and an EU-membership candidate country. Namely, the following cities are involved: Llanelli and Cardiff (Wales, U.K.), Békéscsaba (Hungary), Český Těšín (Czech Republic) and Pula (Istria, Croatia). The data for this study consist of photographic material, observations of behaviour towards signs and various types of discourse, such as media texts, Internet discussions, interviews with policymakers and “street” interviews with “ordinary” local people and visitors. These data have been analysed using Geosemiotics and Membership Categorization Analysis. The first goal is to demonstrate how the Advocacy Coalition Framework can enrich the study of language policy. The second goal is to show how, why and which social actors have (re)grouped to coordinate their activities aimed at which changes in the policy concerning languages on public signs in the selected European cities. Using the analysis of discourses on various languages in the local urban landscape, we are able to show how language management of individual and organized actors can be predicted. Pula, for example, seems to be a town where most of the actors we have identified are content with the existing language policy for public signs. Similarly, in Wales, the Welsh-English bilingualism on signs has been widely accepted as norm. Český Těšín, on the other hand, is more like a location for public debate at several levels. Békéscsaba is, however, in a way in between: some actors are satisfied, while others are looking for coalitions and new solutions.

Urban environment of a multilingual city consists of innumerable messages on public display written in various languages and scripts thus forming the linguistic landscape (LL) of a place including office and shop signs, billboards and neon advertisements, traffic signs, and enigmatic graffiti discourse. The production of signs’ planning, making and placement reveals both explicit and implicit language policies, various ideologies and interests as well as the social layering of the community, the relative status of the various societal segments, and the dominant cultural ideals. On the other hand, language management deals with the interests and practices of those who read and use the signs, their perception, interpretation, evaluation and adjustment. The objective of this paper is to investigate processes of both LL production and LL management in the town of Pula, the region of Istria, Croatia. Pula, is a regional urban centre, a major tourist resort, and officially a bilingual town in which Croatian and Italian languages are used on equal grounds. It accumulates linguistically various groups of inhabitants, indigenous Croatian and Italian populations, new immigrants from other parts of ex-Yugoslavia and tourists, and it represents an interesting arena of their various interpretive frames, interests and ideologies regarding LL. Based on empirical research and interviews with both policy makers and language users, the paper applies the language management theory and addresses the topics of which norms/expectations individuals have regarding public signs, which deviations from these norms/expectations are perceived, how the individuals evaluate the deviations, what are adjustment designs and implementations.

Vremenski i prostorno stabilniji temeljni leksik i promjenama podložniji kulturni leksik u dosadašnjim su se istraživanjima pokazali se kao kvalitetni pokazatelji geografskih obilježja te povijesnog, kulturnog i društvenog razvoja pojedinih jezičnih zajednica. Usporedbom tih dvaju različitih popisa riječi četiriju govora otoka Visa opisane su i izračunate razlike između njih. Primijećena relativno visoka varijabilnost između proučavanih govora na svim jezičnim razinama odraz je različitih utjecaja tijekom povijesti (političkih, ekonomskih i dr.) kojima su pojedina mjesta otoka Visa bila izložena. S druge pak strane, razlike u frekvenciji pojavljivanja pojedinih karakterističnih jezičnih obilježja (u akcentuaciji, fonologiji te samom odabiru riječi) između ispitanika različitih generacija ukazuju sve jači utjecaj prestižnih urbanih regionalnih govora te hrvatskog jezičnog standarda, a samim time i postepeni proces dedijalektalizacije otočnih varijanti što je posebno prisutno kod mlađih ispitanika. Posljedica je to različih faktora između ostalog utjecaja škole i medija, naglog razvoja turizma, ali i stanja na otoku Visu tijekom 50-godišnjeg međuratnog razdoblja.

Kao preduvjet za iscrpnije istraživanje populacijske strukture otoka Visa, cilj je ovog rada bio istražiti moguće uzroke i posljedice jezične mikrodiferencijacije pojedinih naselja na otoku te razmotriti položaj viških govora u širem kontekstu istočnojadranskog dijalekatskog prostora. U tu su svrhu korištene dvije osnovne baze podataka: temeljni leksik koji se sastojao od 92 riječi u 60 različitih govora duž jadranske obale i 208 riječi kulturnog leksika prikupljenih isključivo u Visu, Komiži, Pliskom Polju i Ženi Glavi na otoku Visu. Radi što preciznije obrade navedene su baze podataka analizirane prvo na fonološkoj, a zatim i naglasnoj razini i to primjenom dvaju različitih algoritama, u prethodnim istraživanjima korištene, Hammingove mjere sličnosti i Levenshteinove udaljenosti.

In this paper the process of ethnic identity formation is analyzed in the population of Zagreb and Knin adolescents (N=101). The study compares host and immigrant adolescents from Bosnia and Herzegovina who immigrated to Croatia during the past 10 years. Ethnic identity is analyzed with regard to gender, length of stay in Croatia, religion, language and the degree of acculturation process with regard to the differences in attitudes and values between adolescents and their parents. The results indicate that the degree of majority ethnic identity, bi-ethnic identity and maintenance of minority ethnic identity largely depend on the degree of acculturation, language use and interethnic contact. The results are interpreted with regard to the well-known psychosocial aspects of adolescent development and the impact of the measured variables on overall health is discussed, as well.

As a consequence of political changes and war, during the last decade the migration processes have been intensified and incomers from other parts of Croatia and neighbouring countries, have moved to the town of Zagreb and have changed it considerably. These demographic changes have also had an influence on the language used in the area and on language attitudes towards the Standard Croatian, local vernacular and other dialectal varieties. The aim of this study is to explore the awareness that speakers, Croatian adolescents resident in Zagreb, have of their own language variety and their attitudes toward different other dialect varieties. The data were collected using the speech guise method and a questionnaire in order to assess both conscious and unconscious components of these linguistic evaluations. In a multidialectal context, the dialect is often considered to be the most important dimension of social identity and may represent an indicator of group categorization (us vs. them). In this way, the values attributed to language/dialect can be used to promote identity, contrast, affiliation, power or solidarity and provide a means of operationalising the relationship between language and cultural identity. The implied social, regional and ethnic identities of the results are interpreted in terms of social identity theory of group distinctiveness and possible relational outcomes of the interactive acculturation model.

The key problem tackled in this paper concerns the insufficient recognition of each of the nine distinct varieties spoken by the Saami people, which are normally referred to in singular as "the Saami languge". This practice is mostly due to lack of an appropriate level of standardization needed for creating an adequate language preservation policy. The result is that all Saami languages except North and South Saami, which have a few thousands speakers, are serously endangered. Orthography, basic grammar structure, and lexicon have also been briefly discussed.