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Sažetak Međunarodna regulativa sve je strožija u pogledu sigurnosti plovidbe i zagađivanja okoliša. Mogućnost rješavanja problematike leži u poboljšanju funkcija upravljanja i održavanja broda uz široko korištenje informacijske tehnologije što je omogućio napredak u komunikacijskoj tehnologiji. Na osnovu prikaza automatizacije brodskih sustava u prethodnom periodu u ovom radu razmatraju se poboljšanja koja se mogu očekivati u skoroj budućnosti. Razvoj automatizacije na brodu prikazan je kroz četiri generacije. Dane su karakteristike pojedinih generacija i zahtjevi koje sustav upravljanja i nadzora mora ispuniti da bi pripadao određenoj generaciji. Razmatraju se buduća područja poboljšanja sustava upravljanja i nadzora koja će biti odlučujuća za povećanje efikasnosti poslovanja i sigurnosti broda. Da bi se poduprla navedena razmatranja prikazana su i trenutna kretanja u razvoju standarda, opreme i sustava, kao i utjecaji na brodovlasnika i posadu. S u m m a r y The international legislation places strict requirements on the safety of navigation and the marine environment. One of the solutions to the problem is to enhance the ship navigation control and maintenance, with extensive use of information technology which has largely contributed to the growth of communication technology. On the basic of an analysis of ship systems automation existing in the past, this paper deals with the developments and improvements to be expected in the near future. Four generations of shipboard automation are shown, including the characteristics and requirements that the automation of ship control and monitoring systems must meet in order to be classified under a particular generation. Fields of futher enhancement are considered as these will be decisive in increasing the efficiency of the business operations and safety of the ship. For the purpose of supporting the claims above, actual trends in the development of standards, equipment and systems have been analysed as well as their impact on the ship owner and the crew.

Different approaches to teaching the same known things presented through the case study in this paper resulted in better student class attendances, their successful efforts and increased motivation when dealing with tasks, and finally higher exam grades.

n the presented paper, the effect of the heat transfer coefficient on the cylinder combustion pressure has been analyzed. The analysis has been performed by using a simulation model that has been used for the research into the influence of multiple injections on the combustion processes and products in the cylinder of slow-speed marine diesel engines. For the analysis purpose, the combustion nul-dimensional mathematical model has been applied, which was validated by comparing the actual data measured on board a ship and the results obtained from simulations. The paper presents the results of the heat transfer influence comparison obtained by applying formulas for the heat transfer used by Annand, Eichelberg and Woschni. The results are statistically analyzed and graphically presented. The best choice is explained and suggested.

By adjusting the maintenance approach towards the significant components of the ship’s engines and equipment, through the use of operation data from the ship machinery's daily reports, a higher operability and navigation safety can be achieved. The proposed maintenance adjustment model consists of an operation data analysis and a risk analysis. The risk analysis comprises the definition of the upper and the lower risk criterion, as well as the definition of a risk index. If the risk index is higher than the lower risk criterion, the component is significant, while it is not significant and has an acceptable risk index if the risk index is lower than the lower risk criterion. For each significant component with a risk index found to be "unacceptable" or "undesirable", an efficient maintenance policy needs to be adopted. The assessment of the proposed model is based on data regarding the power engine original operation throughout a 13-year period. Results of engine failure examinations reveal that the exhaust valve is the most vulnerable component with the highest rate of failure. For that reason the proposed model of adjusting the maintenance approach has been tested on the exhaust valve sample. We suggest that the efforts to achieve a higher ship operability and navigation safety should go in the direction of periodical adjustments of the maintenance approach i.e. choosing an efficient maintenance policy by reducing the risk indices of the significant engine components.

Sve stroži propisi o zaštiti okoliša, a i potreba za što boljim iskorištavanjem goriva postavljaju pred konstruktore motora sve veće zahtjeve. Razvoj numeričkih metoda, a istovremeno i porast snage računala omogućavaju provjeru novih ideja još u ranoj fazi razvoja motora. U radu je dan pregled mogućnosti programskog paketa AVL-BOOST firme AVL iz Graza. Opisano je grafičko sučelje koje omogućava korisnicima s osnovnim znanjem o simulacijskoj tehnologiji da u kratkom vremenu ovladaju programom. Predstavljen je model jednocolindričnog motora, izvršena je simulacija rada te analizirani dobiveni rezultati., The more and more rigorous regulations on the environmental protection, as well as the need for a much better fuel exploitation, have raised greater demands on the designer. The development of numerical methods and, at the same time, a computing power growth, makes the checking of new ideas possible, even in the early stage of the engine development. The paper aims at presenting a survey of all the possibilities offered by the AVL-BOOST software produced by the firm AVL from Graz: A graphical interface, that enables the user with only a basic knowledge of a simulation technology to master the computer programme in a very short time, has been described too. A one-cylinder engine model has been presented and its operation simulated. The results thus obtained have been analyzed.

Pri analizi pouzdanosti složenih brodskih sustava neophodno je odrediti pouzdanost njihovih komponenata, podsustava, kao i pouzdanost cijelog sustava. Sustav goriva dizelskog motora prikazan je kao složeni tehnički sustav koji se sastoji od pasivno paralelnih i djelomično paralelnih podsustava vezanih u seriju. Analizirana je pouzdanost sustava goriva dizelskog motora za jedan cilindar, kao i pouzdanost sustava goriva dizelskog motora u cjelini. Veću pouzdanost sustava goriva dizelskog motora dobije se ako je manja stopa kvara i veći broj paralelno vezanih komponenata redundantnih podsustava. Dokazano je da je pouzdanost sustava goriva dizelskog motora u cjelini veća od pouzdanost sustava goriva dizelskog motora za jedan cilindar. Predlaže se da povećanje pouzdanosti brodskih sustava mora ići u smjeru izbora kvalitetetnije komponente (manje stope kvara) i boljim održavanjem.

U radu izložen je način održavanja brodskog pogona, koji obuhvaća sistem brodskog održavanja, pristupe brodskog održavanja i održavanje u brodskom životnom ciklusu. U sistem brodskog održavanja ulaze četiri glavna faktora koji utječu na funkcionalnost održavanja broda. To su operater, okolina (luke pristajanja, luke u slučaju potrebe, klima, uvjeti na moru), zakoniost (propise koje brod mora zadovoljiti) i samo održavanje. Predočen je pregled pristupa održavanja u poslijednjih trideset godina. Korektivno održavanje je najstariji model održavanja opreme, a izvodi se nakon što je došlo do kvara. Preventivno održavanje može biti periodično i preventivno održavanje prema stanju. Kod periodičnog PM održavanja interval održavanja može biti baziran na kalendaru ili vremenu rada (vijeku). Politika periodičnog održavanja bazirana na vijeku (periodi održavanja po instrukcijskim knjigama proizvođača) općenito se koristi na brodovima. Preventivnog održavanja prema stanju može biti povremeno i kontinuirano. Prikazana je struktura troškova održavanja, kao i sve faze održavanja u brodskom životnom ciklusu

On-board ship, the integrated platform control and monitoring systems (IPCMS) would undertake and manage all activities associated with the administration of the vessel, including stores and provisions management, work requests, logs, equipment tag outs and calling up and display of diagnostics, drawings and work procedures for engineering repair teams. Because of the growing amount of data and the evolving technology, the operators have to deal with more and faster information streams. The decision-making processes will become more complicated, the IPCMS systems more extensive. Furthermore there is a growing demand for reduction of the number of crewmembers onboard. New technology and new IPCMS functions will handle these issues. The next paragraphs describe the authors view regarding the trends in IPCMS systems.

Selecting of proper maintenance strategy for ship systems, we are faced with a two important problems, merely technological in nature. First problem is to define optimal inspection interval for equipment. Few mathematical models have been developed, and because of complexity of it, it is very important to understand a “ key” signals which defines a state of the equipment. Second problem is how to optimise a preventive maintenance actions. Following instructions of producers, additional maintenance action are performed, which are unnecessary under real exploitation conditions. Rationalisation of maintenance preventive actions has been discussed and their effects have been done in present work.

Every maintenance system can be improved, as is selecting a choice of improving and obtaining better results. Because of that it is necessary to analyse a problem and tray to apply other modern strategy and approaches, based on experience and research by others authors and data from word literature. On base of analysed strategy a proposal has been made for selecting a maintenance strategy based on conditions and different combinations.

If we are to enable the marine engineer to operate effectively in the electronic age, we must first understand the factors that influence this objective. The solution obviously lies in the successful integration of people and technology, but we often think of systems (specifically automation systems) as comprising only hardware and software. Current generation control systems, including those aboard the “ Smart Ships” , place an ever-increasing amount of sensory information in front of the operator, and generally require sharply increased manning in the event of control system malfunctions. Furthermore there is a growing demand for reduction of the number of crewmembers onboard. The control system designer faces the challenge of designing a robust and increasingly autonomous automation system that is scalable and affordable. Research suggests these challenges will be met by three - tiered control architecture – a strategic layer that focuses on setting resource goals and priorities for machinery systems based on the ship’ s current mission. This will enhance the features of currently available systems by allowing direct addressing of any system component, sensor or actuator from anywhere in a vessel. This permits system self-reconfiguration on failure or in the event of damage to segments of the system.

Analysis of surface ships and submarines loss has shown that the ship survivability is very much dependent on the possibility of the mechanical engineer on watch and the ship commanding officer to take fast and adequate decisions in the emergency situation aimed at its localization and elimination under conditions of the rapidly changing enormous flow of incoming information. Wide introduction of computers on ships makes it possible to realize the complicated task under consideration ensuring efficiency and safety of the modern ship control.

Studije dokazuju da mnoge vrste bakteria- patogena, biljaka i životinja mogu preživjeti u balastnoj vodi i sedimentu koji se prenosi brodom, čak i nakon putovanja u trajanju od nekoliko tjedana. Naredni iskrcaj balastne vode ili sedimenta u luci može rezultirati utemeljenjem štetih vrsta, koje mogu ozbiljno poremetiti ekološku ravnotežu. Premda su i drugi mediji označeni za prijenos organizama između geografski odvojenih vodenih masa, iskrcaj balastne vode iz brodova javlja se među najistaknitijima. Unos bolesti može se također pojaviti kao rezultat voda u luci u koju je ulivena znatna količina balastne vode koja sadrži viruse, bakterije i druge škodljive organizme i zato treba zaštititi prirodni ljudski, životinjski, biljni život i morski okoliš. Odabir odgovarajuće metode za minimiziranje rizika ovisi od nekoliko faktora, uključujući: vrste ciljanih organizama, nivo rizika, njihove prihvatljivosti u okolišu, ekonomskih i ekoloških troškova i sigurnosti brodova.

In the 21st centry the integrated of propulsion, auxillary, energy, sensor and systems on board of ships will make these systems more complex and interdependent. Furthermore the growing importance of economic interests and growth of technical possibilites to fulfil modern requirements as well as further technology and legislation evolution make the design decision process more difficult. Simulation tools are uttilized for the design and analysis of specific aspects of the propulsion and energy system. Simulation tools have their own capabilities, specialities, adventages and disadventages. It is simply not possible or to complicated to have a single tool that combines all the capabilities of the different tools. It is therefore necessary to have different tools to study different aspects of a system. At research laboratories and industry several other simulation are utilised for studying electrical energy systems, such as MATLAB/Simulink, PSCAD/EMTDC, Flux2D, PSpice - The Design Centre and a number of other programs. Linking the several simulation tools and models has become an important step in the design process.

Lead-acid batteries dominate marine energy-storage, althougt they have some widely recognised weaknesses of perfomance and reliability. This paper present an overview of alternative technologies and thier advantages to the marine engineer. Some technologies are identifield as particulary suitable for specific duites, from the range of new requirements emerging from the development of ship platform concepts.

Where a loss of propulsion, even for a short period of time, may not be tolerated due to the possible undesirable consequences in commercial and environmental terms, then ship owners are driven to resort to more rigorous redundant design in order to reduce the risk. Some tanker owners are currently considering various different redundant solutions. This paper investigates the potential weaknesses of the conventional propulsion systems, and narrowed down the areas of enhancement which can be made in order to make the vessels’ propulsion system even more fault tolerant.

Problem odabira pogonskog stroja broda predstavlja složeni problem, koji je preduvjet za daljnju optimizaciju sveukupnog brodskog pogonskog postrojenja. Rad obrađuje ovu problematiku u pet dijelova. U uvodnom je dijelu postavljen problem i cilj rada, osvrt na dosadašnja znanstvena istraživanja i metodološki prikaz disertacije. Predmet obrade drugog dijela su osnovne značajke razvoja brodskih pogonskih strojeva. Dan je pregled razvoja brodskih pogonskih strojeva, sa posebnim naglaskom na razvoj dvotaktnih sporookretnih i četverotaktnih srednjeokretnih dizelskih motora. Prikazan je razvoj dva najznačajnija proizvođača dizelskih motora: Sulzer i Burmeister&Wein, te pregled sustava prijenosa snage na brodski vijak. U trećem dijelu su obrađeni troškovi koji se pojavljuju pri eksploataciji broda, a naročita je pažnja posvećena troškovima koji su značajni za odabir pogonskog stroja broda. Dat je model određivanja svih operativnih troškova, a na temelju kojih se kasnije predlaže metoda odabira pogonskog stroja. U četvrtom dijelu su definirani svi značajni čimbenici, koji utječu na odabir pogonskog stroja broda: optimalna brzina broda, dimenzije pogonskog stroja, težina pogonskog stroja, cijena pogonskog stroja i pouzdanost pogonskog stroja. Izvršena je analiza svakog od tih čimbenika na odabir pogonskog stroja, te definirane funkcionalne zavisnosti istih o karakterističnim veličinama. U petom dijelu je izložena metoda odabira pogonskog stroja sa stanovišta cijene koštanja energije, i to najprije kroz definiranje srednjih uvjeta plovidbe, da bi se odredila projektna točka pogonskog stroja. Na temelju određene projektne točke pristupa se tehničkom odabiru pogonskog stroja, po već poznatim procedurama. Nakon odabira onih pogonskih strojeva koji tehnički zadovoljavaju, prilazi se odabiru najpovoljnijeg pogonskog stroja analizom pogonskih troškova duž cijelog životnog vijeka broda. primjenom metode sadašnje vrijednosti, svi budući tijekovi novca se svode na današnji dan i tako se dobiva mogućnost međusobne usporedbe pogonskih strojeva s obzirom na cijenu koštanja pogonske energije. Također je dat numerički primjer predložene metode, na kojem se jasno razlučuje izvedba pogonskog stroja, po predloženoj metodi. U završnom, šestom dijelu predočen je sažetak disertacije u cjelini, doprinos i mogućnosti uporabe u praksi, te prijedlozi daljnjih istraživanja sa ciljem proširenja istraživanja na cijeli brodski strojni kompleks.

Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) method has been approved as very successful in various industry fields, increasing the reliability and safety of equipment and systems, by better quality of maintenance. The basic goal of RCM method is to find out a most effective maintenance task and actions optimized with respect to the criticality of unplanned failures, and improving availability of equipments and systems, and reduced costs. To reach this goal RCM needs to collect continuously operational data and make eficient analisys to find most effective maintenance tasks and actions, what is well suited for maintenance information system software. Maintenace information system software are analized and some proposal of their improvement are done.

Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) method has been approved as very successful in aircraft industry and power plant industry, increasing the reliability and safety of equipment and systems, by betteris quality of maintenance. In the recent time the RCM method has been introduced also in commercial shipping. The basic goal of RCM method is to find out a most effective maintenance tasks and actions optimized with respect to the criticality of unplanned failures, and improving availability of equipments and systems, and reduced costs. This requires continues collection of operational data and a tool for efficient analysis to find the most effective maintetnance tasks and actions to avoid systems and equipment failures. Computere-based model are proposed for efficient onboard data acquisition, efficient information flow between the ship and the owner`s office and further to external parties like suppliers and classifcation societies. The attributes of model are: interface to ship control system for automated data acquisition, possibility for reporting of conditions of equipment and systems and open structure of model. The goal of model is to present a engineer tool for RCM application in commercial shipping.

Electric power system stability and integrity have great importance for the ship's safety. The most serious fault in the electrical system is a short circuit fault. It can cause an explosion, fire, mechanical and thermic damages, the system instability and the loss of services. Harmful effects of the short circuit fault depend on its duration. Numerical protection, thanks to the fully adjustable cut-off characteristic and intelligent operation based on data exchange, disconnects the short circuit much faster than classic protection relays. It is simpler for use, and has high reliability as well as the possibilities of data collection and integration into the complex systems for both, electric power and technological systems control and monitoring. Highly valuable information achieved by numerical relays can be used for fast fault diagnosis and the technical and economical analyses of the ship's electric power system.

This paper describes a proposal of maintenance system improvements applying RCM method in order to achieve better quality of maintenance of ship systems and equipment. Increased requirements for safety and environmental control, and growing competition on the market, have challenged commercial shipping to cope with new developments. One choice is the improvement of safety and reliability as wellas increased efficiency, apppling the RCM method. RCM method was born as a need of continuous improvements on reliability and safety in air transport, and recently it has found numerous applications in other fields. A great advantage of RCM method lies in the fact that it gives a maintenance plan, optimised with respect to the criticality of unplanned failures. It also improves the availability of equipment and systems and reduces cost. The work described in this paper focuses on the use of RCM method for criticality assesment of equipment and systems, and criticality assesement of functions. According to the application of the above method, an initial maintenance plan is created which however, is subject to modification according to back information obtained from its application.

Traganje i spašavanje na moru predstavlja neke od najkompleksnijih radnji u pomorskom prometu. Često suočeni s otežanim uvjetima traganja i spašavanja, zapovjednici brodova i koordinatori spasilačkih akcija moraju imati na umu velik broj parametara po kojima će organizirati spašavanje i osigurati optimalan ishod istog. Modeli autonomnih brodova predstavljaju jedan od najvažnijih suvremenih nastojanja u pomorskim znanostima. Od brodogradnje, pa sve do traganja i spašavanja na moru, autonomni se brodovi razvijaju s namjerom da povećaju sigurnost plovidbe, smanje kako troškove prijevoza tako i potrošnju goriva, ali i kao odgovor na manjak obrazovanog i obučenog osoblja kada je u pitanju pomorstvo kao takvo. Kada je riječ o traganju i spašavanju na moru, autonomni brodovi predstavljaju važnu inovaciju koja ima potencijala potpuno ukloniti faktor ljudske pogreške te predvidjeti neke od opasnih nadolazećih okolnosti i na taj način spasiti više ljudskih života, svevremeno štedeći na naporima, materijalima i najvažnije vremenu koje je potrebno da se optimizira ustanovljena teška situacija. Radi se o važnoj tehnologiji čiji razvoj obilježava početak 21. stoljeća u pomorstvu, a izvjesno je da će današnji studenti pomorstva imati priliku raditi na ili pri nekim od ovih brodova, s obzirom na to da se ove inovacije odnose na poboljšanje ne samo pomorstva i osiguranje ljudskih života, već i na održivost pomorske kulture, ali i pomorskog ekosustava kao takvog., Search and rescue at sea represents some of the most complex operations in maritime transport. Often faced with difficult search and rescue conditions, ship captains and rescue coordinators must keep in mind a large number of parameters by which they will organize the rescue and ensure its optimal outcome. Autonomous ship models represent one of the most important contemporary endeavors in maritime sciences. From shipbuilding to search and rescue at sea, autonomous ships are being developed with the intention of increasing the safety of navigation, reducing both transportation costs and fuel consumption, but also as a response to the lack of educated and trained personnel when it comes to maritime as such. When it comes to search and rescue at sea, autonomous ships represent an important innovation that has the potential to completely eliminate the factor of human error and predict some of the dangerous upcoming circumstances and thus save more human lives, all the while saving efforts, materials and most importantly time necessary to optimize the established difficult situation. It is an important technology whose development marks the beginning of the 21st century in maritime affairs, and it is certain that today's maritime students will have the opportunity to work on or with some of these ships, given that these innovations relate to the improvement of not only maritime affairs and insurance human lives, but also on the sustainability of maritime culture, but also of the maritime ecosystem as such.

U radu je opisan nuldimenzionalni matematički model za simulaciju radnog procesa sporookretnog dvotaktnog brodskog dizelskog motora, na osnovu kojeg je napravljen računalni program u FORTRANU i Matlabu. Temelj rada čini modeliranje izgaranja korištenjem Vibe funkcije te Fourrierove funkcije 8. reda koja još točnije prezentira zakon izgaranja. Izvršen je veliki broj simulacija kako bi se pronašli odgovarajući parametri Vibe funkcije, koeficijenti Fourrierovog reda, kao i uvidjele pojedine zakonitosti. Provjera modela je napravljena usporedbom sa stvarnim izmjerenim vrijednostima na tri sporookretna brodska dizelska motora na probnom stolu, probnoj vožnji i eksploataciji, na raznim režimima rada. Simulirani su režimi rada motora s ranijim i kasnijim ubrizgavanjima, kao i rad s manjim i većim pretičcima zraka te raznim parametrima forme i stupnja iskoristivosti izgaranja Vibe funkcije. Simulirane su i razne kombinacije trostrukog višestrukog ubrizgavanja te prezentirani oblici krivulje izgaranja i ostali dijagrami važni za usporedbu. Rezultati simulacija su prezentirani grafički i opisani tekstualno, te su izneseni najvažniji zaključci. Simulacijski model primijenjen u ovom radu može biti korišten u optimiranju motora, kao alat za učenje studenata te kao pomoć pri obrazovanju kako novog tako i iskusnog strojarskog časničkog kadra., In this paper the two stroke slow speed diesel engine nuldimensional model has been described and presented as the base for a new computer program made in FORTRAN and the language of technical computing Matlab. The base of this dissertation is diesel engine combustion modeling, which is done using well known Vibe function, but also applying new Fourier’s function found by investigation in this paper. To determine a suitable parameters of Vibe function, coefficients of Fourier’s functions, and to realize the particular rules, a huge number of simulations has been done. The results obtained by numerical simulation are confirmed by comparison with the values that were measured during engine test bed and ship trial. The three slow speed diesel engines on different working points have been researched. The simulations of advanced and late injection have been done, as well as different air-fuel ratio and different form parameters and combustion efficiencies. The sequential (multi) combustion in three phases is also simulated and presented heat release rate. The simulation's results has been presented graphically and described textually as well as main conclusions. The simulation model presented in this paper can be used for optimization and final engine tuning as well as education tool for new and experienced marine engineers.

U doktorskom radu su znanstvenim metodama istražene i analizirane najvažnije karakteristike pomorskog prometa u hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana, prikazani su najnoviji međunarodni ekološki zahtjevi s osnove sprječavanja onečišćenja okoliša i njihov utjecaj na brodare kroz osnovna načela cikličnih promjena na pomorskom tržištu sa smjernicama za njihovu prilagodbu (ekološka prihvatljivost broda kao osnovni preduvjet opstanka brodara na tržištu), te izrađen pregled globalno dostupnih metodologija procjene emisija i analizirane mogućnosti njihove primjene na promatranom području. Pri tom su holističkim pristupom problematici razmotreni različiti aspekti utjecaja emisija iz pomorskog prometa na čovjeka, okoliš i klimu. Uzimajući u obzir temeljne postavke strategije održivog razvoja i integriranog upravljanja priobalnim područjem postavljen je model Registra emisija koji uvažava specifičnosti pomorskog prometa u hrvatskom djelu Jadrana i omogućuje izradu početnog skladišta emisija (otiska) i njihov naknadni kontinuirani nadzor na čijoj se osnovi može pružiti potpora donošenju i provedbi zakonodavstvenih odluka i ekonomskih instrumenata u cilju zaštite promatranog područja, a koji je ujedno i globalno primjenjiv za sva slična područja. Znanstveno utemeljeno istraženi su svi relevantni čimbenici koji proizlaze iz specifičnosti pomorskog prometa na hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana, definirane su organizacijske (zakonodavstvene, institucijske, operativna tijela) i tehnološke pretpostavke modela u odnosu na koje je izvršena optimizacija dostupnih metodologija procjene emisija kako bi se postavio model Registra emisija koji će rezultirati točnijim podacima o emisijama i sukladno tomu kvalitetniju potporu odlučivanju i zaštiti. Pri tom je uzet u obzir, te djelomično pokrenut proces rješavanja definiranog znanstvenog problema nedovoljnog istraživanja onečišćenja atmosfere iz pomorskog prometa na promatranom području, iako je taj promet u kontinuiranom porastu, a strategija razvoja Republike Hrvatske dijelom je usmjerena prema gospodarstvenim granama direktno vezanim uz more i priobalno područje. Postavljeni model Registra emisija pretpostavlja podjelu svih plovila u području na dvije odvojene skupine na koje se potom mogu primijeniti različite metodologije procjene emisija, a omogućuje i primjenu novih tehnoloških rješenja nadzora pomorskog prometa i izradu informacijskog sustava za motrenje i procjenu emisija u pomorskom prometu temeljenu na dinamičkoj analizi i matematičkim modelima koji će osigurati kvalitetniji nadzor i mogućnost pravovremene reakcije u slučajevima prekomjernog onečišćenja. Podjela na skupine omogućava njegovu izradu po fazama što će za posljedicu imati, moguće, duže vrijeme za objedinjavanje rezultata, no biti će svakako jednostavniji pri zatvaranju financijske konstrukcije projekta koji se na taj način može i financirati po fazama kako iz nacionalnih tako i iz različitih međunarodnih izvora. Na kraju, predloženi model Registra predstavlja i osnovu za buduća znanstvena istraživanja u području sprječavanja onečišćenja iz pomorskog prometa i njegove energetske učinkovitosti, jedno od kojih je i predstavljeni projekt ASAP za čiji je kontinuitet postavljanje modela bio preduvjet. Na isti način jednom definirani 'otisak' emisija omogućuje i troškovno-korisne analize kako u području pomorstva tako i u drugim povezanim znanstvenim ili gospodarskim područjima. Slijedom navedenog zaključeno je da je predstavljeni model Registra emisija ispušnih plinova u pomorskom prometu za područje hrvatskog dijela Jadrana ostvariv i da za razliku od, na svjetskoj razini uobičajenih zasebnih metodologija procjena emisija, njihova parcijalna primjena po razlikovnim i optimiziranim skupinama, te naknadna integracija rezultata daje točnije podatke o emisijama koji uvažavaju specifičnosti promatranog područja., In this doctoral thesis the most important characteristics of maritime transport in the Croatian part of the Adriatic are explored and analyzed by applying scientific methods, the newest international environmental requirements regarding prevention of pollution and its impact on shipowners are shown through the basic principle of the maritime market cyclic changes with guidelines for their adaptation (environmental friendly ship as an essential prerequisite for survival on the shipping market), and a global overview of available emission estimation methodologies is created and the possibilities of their application in the area analyzed. At the same time by a holistic approach to the problem various aspects of the impact of emissions from maritime transport to humans, the environment and climate are discussed. Taking the basic tenets of sustainable development and integrated coastal zone management into account, The Model of Emission Registry is set considering the specific characteristics of maritime transport in the Croatian part of the Adriatic that enables the creation of initial inventory of emissions (footprint) and their subsequent continuous monitoring on whose basis support for making and implementation of legislative decisions and economic instruments to protect the area of interest can be provided, which is also globally applicable to all similar areas. All relevant factors arising from the specifics of maritime traffic in the Croatian part of the Adriatic are researched on scientific basis, organizational (with regulatory, institutional, operational entities) and technological assumptions of the model are defined in relation to which the optimization of available assessment methodology was used to set up The Model of Emissions Registry that will result in more accurate data of emissions and, accordingly, provide better decision support and protection. So, the process of solving a defined scientific problem of insufficient study of atmospheric pollution from maritime traffic in the area observed is taken into account, and partly initiated, although the traffic is ever-increasing, and the development strategy of the Republic of Croatia is directed toward economy sectors directly related to the sea and the coastal area. The proposed model of the Emission Registry assumes the division of all vessels in the area in two separate groups to which then a different methodology can be applied in order to assess emissions and it enables the use of new technological solutions of maritime traffic monitoring, and the creation of an information system for monitoring and evaluation of emissions in maritime traffic based on dynamic analysis and mathematical models which will ensure more efficient control and the possibility of timely response in case of excessive pollution. The division into groups enables its development in phases which will possibly have as a consequence an extended period of consolidation of the results, but will certainly be easier to close the financial construction of the project that in this way can also be funded in phases from national sources as well as from various international sources. Finally, the proposed Model of Emission Registry also represents the basis for future scientific research in the field of prevention of pollution from maritime transport and its energy efficiency, one of which was presented to the project ASAP for whose continuity setting of the model is a prerequisite. In the same way once defined 'footprint' of emissions enables cost-benefit analyses in the field of maritime affairs as well as in other related scientific or economic areas. Consequently, it is concluded that the presented model of Exhaust Gases Emission Register in Maritime Traffic for Croatian part of the Adriatic is achievable and that in contrast to commonly separated methodologies for estimating emissions used globally, their partial application by distinctive and optimized groups, and subsequent integration of the results gives more accurate data of emissions that are taking specific characteristics of the study area into account.

U radu je opisan nuldimenzionalni matematički model za simulaciju radnog procesa sporookretnog dvotaktnog brodskog dizelskog motora, na osnovu kojeg je napravljen računalni program u FORTRANU i Matlabu. Temelj rada čini modeliranje izgaranja korištenjem Vibe funkcije te Fourrierove funkcije 8. reda koja još točnije prezentira zakon izgaranja. Izvršen je veliki broj simulacija kako bi se pronašli odgovarajući parametri Vibe funkcije, koeficijenti Fourrierovog reda, kao i uvidjele pojedine zakonitosti. Provjera modela je napravljena usporedbom sa stvarnim izmjerenim vrijednostima na tri sporookretna brodska dizelska motora na probnom stolu, probnoj vožnji i eksploataciji, na raznim režimima rada. Simulirani su režimi rada motora s ranijim i kasnijim ubrizgavanjima, kao i rad s manjim i većim pretičcima zraka te raznim parametrima forme i stupnja iskoristivosti izgaranja Vibe funkcije. Simulirane su i razne kombinacije trostrukog višestrukog ubrizgavanja te prezentirani oblici krivulje izgaranja i ostali dijagrami važni za usporedbu. Rezultati simulacija su prezentirani grafički i opisani tekstualno, te su izneseni najvažniji zaključci. Simulacijski model primijenjen u ovom radu može biti korišten u optimiranju motora, kao alat za učenje studenata te kao pomoć pri obrazovanju kako novog tako i iskusnog strojarskog časničkog kadra. In this paper the two stroke slow speed diesel engine nuldimensional model has been described and presented as the base for a new computer program made in FORTRAN and the language of technical computing Matlab. The base of this dissertation is diesel engine combustion modeling, which is done using well known Vibe function, but also applying new Fourier’s function found by investigation in this paper. To determine a suitable parameters of Vibe function, coefficients of Fourier’s functions, and to realize the particular rules, a huge number of simulations has been done. The results obtained by numerical simulation are confirmed by comparison with the values that were measured during engine test bed and ship trial. The three slow speed diesel engines on different working points have been researched. The simulations of advanced and late injection have been done, as well as different air-fuel ratio and different form parameters and combustion efficiencies. The sequential (multi) combustion in three phases is also simulated and presented heat release rate. The simulation's results has been presented graphically and described textually as well as main conclusions. The simulation model presented in this paper can be used for optimization and final engine tuning as well as education tool for new and experienced marine engineers.