Search

Today, the use of essential oils is increasing day by day, and it is considered as raw materials in many industries. Therefore, this study aims to identify the essential oil profile, antioxidant an...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antifungal properties, total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of sapwood, heartwood and bark parts obtained from three different fruit trees; olive (Olea europaea L.), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) and date plum (Diospyros lotus L.) grown in Turkey. Firstly, the hydrodistillation products (essential oil, hydrosol, hot-water extract) were acquired from these parts of selected trees, and methanol and ethanol extracts of the same samples were also prepared for the analysis. The antifungal activities of essential oil, hydrosol, hot-water extract, ethanol and methanol extracts were determined against wood-rot fungus Coniophora puteana. In addition, polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities of ethanol and methanol extracts were investigated. According to the results, generally, the essential oil of the parts of three fruit trees was found to inhibit the fungal growth. All hot water extracts and hydrosols of these trees showed no antifungal activity against C. puteana. It was found that olive tree had higher antifungal activity than loquat and date plum trees. The methanol extract of loquat bark gave the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and condensed tannin content compared to parts of the other trees. Furthermore, the highest total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity among three fruit trees were determined in ethanol and methanol extracts of the bark and heartwood of loquat tree. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the parts of studied fruit trees have less or more antifungal and antioxidant activity depending on the experimental parameters, and therefore they can be evaluated as alternative natural antifungal and antioxidant sources.

Bardakci, Hilal/0000-0001-8799-6565 WOS:000488195200010 The purpose of the present work is to screen phenolic composition and evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the main extract and subextracts of Salvia heldreichiana, an endemic plant from Turkey. The aerial parts have been powdered and extracted with MeOH initially and then partitioned with chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) for the generation of subextracts along with the remaining water (R-H2O). Total phenolic, phenolic acid, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents present in the MeOH, CHCl3, EtOAc and R-H2O extracts were measured. Presence of 22 phenolic metabolites were confirmed by utilizing LC-MS/MS in MRM scan mode and then Rosmarinic acid (RA) contents of each extract were quantified by HPTLC-densitometry, since the biological effects of many medicinal plants, including Salvia sp. is attributed to RA content. Antioxidant capacities of the aforementioned extracts were estimated using several procedures including free radical scavenging and metal-associated activity and then disc diffusion method was employed to designate their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The results obtained from the current study has revealed a positive correlation between the phenolic composition and the antioxidant profile as well as the antimicrobial activities of the extracts. Among the tested extracts, EtOAc subextract showed the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities consistent with the highest phenolic and RA content. (C) 2019 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Endüstrileşme ve ticaretin önemli bir manivelası olan bankacılık sektörünün bu fonksiyonunu yerine getirebilmesi için kendi kârlılığındaki sürdürülebilirlik son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada konvansiyonel bankacılık ve katılım bankacılık kârlılığını belirleyen faktörlerin kıyaslaması panel veri yöntemi [Genişletilmiş Ortalama Grup Tahmincisi (AMG) ve Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Metodu (GMM Sabit Etki)] tahminleme tekniklerinden faydalanılarak 2013 4Ç – 2019 4Ç dönemleri arasındaki üçer aylık verilerle yapılmıştır. Kârlılık bağımlı değişkenlerinin literatüre uygun olarak ROA (Aktif kârlılığı), ROE (Öz kaynak kârlılığı) ve NIM (Net faiz / kâr marjı) olarak ele alındığı çalışmanın bağımsız değişkenleri ise makroekonomik ve bankaya özgü olarak iki başlık altında incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre; GSYH, imalat sanayi üretim endeksi ve imalat sanayi kapasite kullanım oranı endeksi gibi reel çıktı göstergeleri katılım bankalarının kârlılığını konvansiyonel bankalara göre çok daha güçlü bir şekilde desteklemektedir. Hatta incelenen dönem içinde imalat sanayi kapasite kullanım oranı endeksi artışlarında katılım bankacılığı sektöründe kârlılık artarken konvansiyonel bankacılık sektöründe kârlılığın azaldığı görülmüştür. Katılım bankalarının konvansiyonel bankalara göre iyi yönettiği diğer kalemler NPL rasyosu ve maliyet rasyosu kalemleri, konvansiyonel bankaların iyi yönettiği kalemler ise toplam özkaynaklar ve komisyon rasyosu kalemleri olmuştur. The banking sector is an important lever of industrialization and trade. In order to fulfill this function of the banking sector, sustainability in its profitability is extremely important. In this study, the comparison of the factors determining the profitability of conventional banking and participation banking was made using the panel data methods [Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM fixed effects)] estimation techniques and using quarterly data between 2013 Q4 and 2019 Q4. The profitability dependent variables of the study are discussed as ROA, ROE and NIM in accordance with the literature and independent variables are examined under two headings as macroeconomic and bank specific. As a result of the study, important findings were reached. According to one of the most important outputs of the thesis; Real output indicators such as GDP, manufacturing industry production index and manufacturing industry capacity utilization index support the profitability of participation banks much more strongly than conventional banks. In fact, in the period analyzed, it was observed that the profitability in the participation banking sector increased while the profitability in the conventional banking sector decreased with the increases in the manufacturing industry capacity utilization rate index. Other items managed better by participation banks compared to conventional banks were NPL ratio and cost ratio items, while items managed better by conventional banks were total equity and commission ratio items.

WOS: 000462022300057 PubMed: 30474775 A newly identified ligninolytic Rhodococcus strain (Rhodococcus sp. T1) was isolated from forestry wastes (Trabzon/Turkey). The DyP type peroxidase of Rhodococcus sp. T1 (DyPT1) was cloned, characterized and paper treated for industrial applications. Molecular weight of the protein was about 38kDa. The kinetic parameters were 0.94mM and 1417.53 mu mol/min/mg for Km and Vmax, respectively. The enzyme was active at the temperature range of 25-65 degrees C and optimum temperature was 35 degrees C, enzyme was stable up to 6 days at room temperature. Optimum pH of the DyPT1 was 4.0 and it was stable between pH 4.0-6.0 up to 8 days at room temperature. Effects of some metal ions, Hemin, and some chemical agents on DyPT1 were determined. Hemin has implemented protective effects on the stability and the activity of the enzyme in long time periods when added into growing medium. DyPT1 was applied to eucalyptus kraft pulp for analyzing the bleaching efficiency, physical and optical tests of the manufuctared paper were carried out. Application of lignin peroxidase to kraft pulp caused a decrease of 5.2 units for kappa number and an increase from 52.05 to 64.18% in the delignification rate. Karadeniz Technical University Research Foundation [FBA-2015-5182] This study was financially supported by Karadeniz Technical University Research Foundation (Project No: FBA-2015-5182).

A chemical bleaching process of paper pulps gives off excessive amount of chlorinated organic wastes mostly released to environment without exposing complete bioremediaton. Recent alternative and eco-friendly approaches toward pulp bleaching appear more responsive to environmental awareness. Here we report, direct use of a recombinant Bacillus subtilis bacterium for pulp bleaching, endowed with three ligninolytic enzymes from various bacteria. In addition, efficient bleaching performance from glutathione-S-transferase (GST) biocatalyst tested for the first time in pulp bleaching applications was also achieved. Simultaneous and extracellular overproduction of highly active GST, laccase, and lignin peroxidase catalysts were also performed by Bacillus cells. Both enhanced bleaching success and improved delignification rates were identified when enzyme combinations tested on both pine kraft and waste paper pulps, ranging from 69.75% to 79.18% and 60.89% to 74.65%, respectively. Furthermore, when triple enzyme combination applied onto the papers from pine kraft and waste pulps, the best ISO brightness values were identified as 66.45% and 64.67%, respectively. The delignification rates of pulp fibers exposed to various enzymatic bleaching sequences were comparatively examined under SEM. In conclusion, the current study points out that in near future, a more fined-tuned engineering of pulp-colonizing bacteria may become a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical bleaching.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antifungal properties, total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of sapwood, heartwood and bark parts obtained from three different fruit trees; olive (Olea europaea L.), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) and date plum (Diospyros lotus L.) grown in Turkey. Firstly, the hydrodistillation products (essential oil, hydrosol, hot-water extract) were acquired from these parts of selected trees, and methanol and ethanol extracts of the same samples were also prepared for the analysis. The antifungal activities of essential oil, hydrosol, hot-water extract, ethanol and methanol extracts were determined against wood-rot fungus Coniophora puteana. In addition, polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities of ethanol and methanol extracts were investigated. According to the results, generally, the essential oil of the parts of three fruit trees was found to inhibit the fungal growth. All hot water extracts and hydrosols of these trees showed no antifungal activity against C. puteana. It was found that olive tree had higher antifungal activity than loquat and date plum trees. The methanol extract of loquat bark gave the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and condensed tannin content compared to parts of the other trees. Furthermore, the highest total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity among three fruit trees were determined in ethanol and methanol extracts of the bark and heartwood of loquat tree. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the parts of studied fruit trees have less or more antifungal and antioxidant activity depending on the experimental parameters, and therefore they can be evaluated as alternative natural antifungal and antioxidant sources., Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti protugljivična svojstva, ukupni sadržaj polifenola i antioksidativne aktivnosti bjeljike, srži i dijelova kore drva triju voćkarica koje se uzgajaju u Turskoj: masline (Olea europaea L.), nušpule (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) i draguna (Diospyros lotus L.). Najprije su od dijelova odabranih stabala izolirani produkti hidrodestilacije (esencijalna ulja, hidrosol, vodeni ekstrakt), a zatim su za analizu izolirani i ekstrakti u metanolu i etanolu. Protugljivična aktivnost esencijalnog ulja, hidrosola, vodenog ekstrakta te ekstrakata u metanolu i etanolu određena je na primjeru gljive uzročnice smeđe truleži, Coniophora puteana. Osim toga, istraženi su sadržaj polifenola i antioksidativna aktivnost ekstrakta u metanolu i etanolu. Rezultati pokazuju da esencijalna ulja iz dijelova voćkarica usporavaju rast gljiva. Svi vodeni ekstrakti i hidrosol nisu pokazali protugljivično djelovanje na C. puteana. Utvrđeno je da drvo masline ima jaču protugljivičnu aktivnost nego drvo nušpule i drvo draguna. Ekstrakt kore nušpule u metanolu ima najveći ukupni sadržaj fenola, ukupni sadržaj flavonoida i kondenziranog tanina u usporedbi s dijelovima ostalih vrsta drva. Nadalje, za ekstrakt kore i srži drva nušpule u etanolu i metanolu utvrđen je najveći ukupni sadržaj polifenola i antioksidativna aktivnost od svih triju voćkarica. Na temelju tih rezultata može se zaključiti da dijelovi istraživanih voćkarica imaju manje ili više protugljivično i antioksidativno djelovanje, ovisno o parametrima istraživanja te se stoga mogu ocijeniti kao alternativni prirodni izvori protugljivičnih i antioksidativnih sredstava.

In this study, essential oil and oil acid content, antioxidant and antifungal properties of oils obtained from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and parsley seeds (Petroselinium crispum) produced on an industrial scale were investigated. Pomegranate seed oil was obtained cold pressed in an industrial scale, while parsley seed oil was obtained industrial steam distillation. As a result of pomegranate seed oil GC-MS analysis, fifteen components were determined. Parsley seed oil was twelve compounds was identified. Punicic acid (61.19 %) was found as the dominant compound in pomegranate seed oil while apiole (14.21 %) was determined as the dominant compound in parsley seed oil. When the antioxidant capacity of the oils were examined, it was determined that the oils obtained from pomegranate seeds have a moderate antioxidant activity, the oils obtained from parsley seeds have high antioxidant activity. Antifungal activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and parsley (Petroselinium crispum) seed oil against five different plant pathogens, F. oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici, B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum, A. solani, and R. solani were also determined.

The aim of the study was to determine and compare the fatty acids contents of Laurel berries (Laurus nobilis L.) grown in Trabzon, Bartın, Samsun and Abkhazia. Fleshy parts of laurel berries and seeds were analyzed separately to reveal yields of fixed oils. Three altitude ranges were determined for the study and samples were collected from the ranges that can be found from these elevations. These were (0-100m, 100-300m and 300-600m). Fleshy parts of laurel berries and seeds were analyzed separately to reveal yields of fixed oils. Automatic extraction technique was used for getting fixed oil and GC-FID device was used for characterization and comparison of berry oil. The results showed that the fixed oil yield of fleshy parts of berries ranged between 28.37% and 42.08%. The highest amount of fixed oil yield in fleshy part was obtained in Bartın (0-100 m). The fixed oil in of seeds ranged between 16.26% and 22.81%. The highest amount of fixed oil yield in seeds was obtained in Bartın (100-300 m). According to GC-FID results, oleic acid (27.06 % - 48.93%) was the most abundant fatty acid, lauric acid (0.49% -1.35 %) was the least abundant fatty acid in the fleshy parts of bay fruits. In seeds, lauric acid was the most common fatty acid (32.37%-44.49%) and arachidic acid (0.87%-1.17%) was the least fatty acid. According to results, it is thus deduced that, the amount and content of fixed is affected by cultivation area, altitude variation and the parts of laurel berry

Ülkemizinönemli odun dışı orman ürünlerinden olan kuşburnu, tıbbı bitki ve gıda maddesiolarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2013 ve 2014 yıllarında Gümüşhane ilindedoğal olarak yetişen Kuşburnu (Rosacanina L.) ve Siyah kuşburnu (Rosapimpinellifolia L.) meyve örneklerinin C vitamini ve şeker analizleriyıllara göre karşılaştırarak yapılmıştır. Örneklerin C vitamini analizleri, HPLC-UVcihazı kullanılarak ČSN EN 14130 metodu ile; şeker analizleri, HPLC-RID cihazıkullanılarak TS 13359 metoduna göre gerçekleştirildi. 2014 yılı siyah kuşburnumeyve örneklerindeki C vitamini miktarı (305.92 ± 2.45 mg/100g), 2013 yılımeyve örneklerinden (199.90 ± 2.11 mg/100g) daha fazla bulunmuştur. Kuşburnumeyvelerinde ise 2013 yılı örneklerindeki C vitamini miktarı (423.61 ± 5.13mg/100g), 2014 yılı örneklerinden (320.43 ± 3.98 mg/100g) daha fazla olduğutespit edilmiştir. Siyah kuşburnu ve kuşburnu meyveleri karşılaştırıldığındaise kuşburnu meyvelerinin C vitamini miktarları bu iki yılda da siyahkuşburnundan daha fazla olmuştur. 2014 yılı siyah kuşburnu meyvelerinin toplamşeker miktarları (16.57± 0.58 g/100g), 2013 yılından (11.01 ± 0.66 g/100g) dahafazla bulunmuştur. Kuşburnu meyvelerinde ise 2013 yılı meyvelerindeki toplamşeker miktarı (18.26 ± 0.74g/100g), 2014 yılından (16.32 ± 0.49 g/100g) dahaçok tespit edilmiştir. Her iki kuşburnu türü karşılaştırıldığında 2013 yılımeyvelerinin toplam şeker miktarı, kuşburnunda daha fazla iken 2014 yılımeyvelerinin toplam şeker miktarının ise siyah kuşburnunda daha fazla olduğu görülmüştür., Rosehip, one of the most important non-wood forestproducts of our country, is used as a medicinal plant and food material. Inthis study, vitamin C and sugar analyzes of rosehip (Rosa canina L.) and blackrosehip (Rosa pimpinellifolia L.) fruit samples naturally grown in Gumushaneprovince in 2013 and 2014 were compared according to years. Vitamin C analyzesof the samples were carried out by HPLC-UV instrument according to ČSN EN14130; sugar analyzes were performed according to TS 13359 method usingHPLC-RID device. The amount of vitamin C (305.92 ± 2.45 mg/100g) in blackrosehip fruit sample grown in 2014 was found to be higher than that of thefruit samples (199.90 ± 2.11 mg/100g) grown in 2013. In the case of rosehipfruit, the amount of vitamin C in the sample of the year 2013 (423.61 ± 5.13mg/100g) was found to be higher than that the samples of the year 2014 (320.43± 3.98 mg/100g). When compared to black rosehip and rosehip fruits, the amountof vitamin C of rosehip fruits is higher than black rosehip in these two years.The total sugar content (16.57 ± 0.58 g/100g) of black rosehip fruits grown in2014 was found to be higher than that of the year 2013 (11.01 ± 0.66 g/100g).In the case of rosehip fruit, the total sugar content (18.26 ± 0.74 g/100g) inthe fruits of the year 2013 was found to be more than that of the year 2014 (16.32 ± 0.49 mg/100g). When compared toboth types of rosehips, it was revealed that the total sugar amount of thefruit samples grown in 2013 was higher in rosehip, while it was higher in blackrosehip in 2014.

Commercial blueberry production has been a viable industry throughout the world for 95 years; because of blueberry is a good source of antioxidant. Blueberries are especially rich in anthocyanin, a flavonoid with potent antioxidant capacity. The aim of this study was to compare the phenolic quantities, antioxidant activities, anthocyanin, sugar and phenolic compounds of blueberries produced in Turkey with those of similar blueberry varieties produced around the world. As a result of the conducted analysis, the total phenolic content (TPC) amount found in the berries was 77.26-215.12 mg GAE/100 g, the total flavonoid content (TFC) was 30.44-91.69 mg QE/100 g and the total anthocyanin content (TAC) was 43.03-295.06 mg c3-GE/100 g. Examining the antioxidant activities of the berries, DPPH between 1.10-5.65 mg/ml, FRAP between 454.93-36832.96 mu mol troloks/100 g, ss-Carotene between 40.66-86.48%. It was determined that the natural berries contained much more phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant activity than that of the cultivars The result of HPLC analysis, chlorogenic acid is determined to be the dominant compound in all berries. Furthermore, fructose and glucose are found in all fruits in different quantities while sucrose is found in certain varieties of berries as well. At the end of the performed study the data indicate that wild and cultivars of blueberries are rich sources of antioxidants for local as well international industries importing this fruit for food processing and enormous products. SAN-TEZ program of the Ministry for Science, Industry and Technology [928 STZ.2011/1] This project is supported by the SAN-TEZ program of the Ministry for Science, Industry and Technology within the scope of the project with the code number 928 STZ.2011/1. WOS:000429148700044 2-s2.0-85047668100

In present study, single and consecutive applications of xylanase and lignin peroxidase were performed in an XOQP TCF sequence to bleach pine and eucalypts kraft pulp. The consecutive use of Geobacillus sp. strain 71 xylanase and Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 lignin peroxidase was more effective than the single uses. XyzGeo71 treatment (X) indicates a 9,76% and 28,52% reduction in kappa number for pine and eucalypts kraft pulps, respectively. LiPRHA1 treatment (X) showed a 7,88% and 20,9% reduction a in kappa number for pine and eucalypts kraft pulps, respectively. The consecutive treatment of XyzGeo71 and LiPRHA1 (X), however, indicated a 13,67% and 37,2% reduction in kappa number for pine and eucalypts kraft pulps, respectively. The results showed that delignification with the consecutive xylanase and lignin peroxidase treatment was very significant.

A chemical bleaching process of paper pulps gives off excessive amount of chlorinated organic wastes mostly released to environment without exposing complete bioremediaton. Recent alternative and eco-friendly approaches toward pulp bleaching appear more responsive to environmental awareness. Here we report, direct use of a recombinant Bacillus subtilis bacterium for pulp bleaching, endowed with three ligninolytic enzymes from various bacteria. In addition, efficient bleaching performance from glutathione-S-transferase (GST) biocatalyst tested for the first time in pulp bleaching applications was also achieved. Simultaneous and extracellular overproduction of highly active GST, laccase, and lignin peroxidase catalysts were also performed by Bacillus cells. Both enhanced bleaching success and improved delignification rates were identified when enzyme combinations tested on both pine kraft and waste paper pulps, ranging from 69.75% to 79.18% and 60.89% to 74.65%, respectively. Furthermore, when triple enzyme combination applied onto the papers from pine kraft and waste pulps, the best ISO brightness values were identified as 66.45% and 64.67%, respectively. The delignification rates of pulp fibers exposed to various enzymatic bleaching sequences were comparatively examined under SEM. In conclusion, the current study points out that in near future, a more fined-tuned engineering of pulp-colonizing bacteria may become a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical bleaching.

In this study, kraft and modified kraft pulping methods were applied for spruce (Picea orientalis) wood collected from the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Fiber properties, carbohydrate contents, strength and optical properties of resultant paper were included to determine the properties of these pulp samples. Optimum kraft, kraft-borohydride (NaBH4), kraft- anthraquinone (AQ) and kraft-ethanol pulping conditions were determined. After determining screened yield, kappa number, viscosity, fiber length, fiber coarseness, α-cellulose, holocellulose, lignin and ash content, breaking length, tear indexes and burst indexes of the obtained pulp samples, the differences of SEM image of each pulp sample were captured and evaluated. The results indicated that kraft-AQ pulps from spruce wood exhibited better characteristics than the other pulp samples with lower kappa number, higher paper strength properties and optical properties. However, kraft-NaBH4 method gave pulps with closer characteristics to kraft-AQ and also gave a higher screened yield and α-cellulose ratio than the others.

The objective of this study was to determine some of the properties of experimental particleboard panels made from low-quality paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa). Chemical properties including holocellulose, cellulose, lignin contents, water solubility, and pH level of the wood were also analyzed. Three-layer experimental panels were manufactured with two density levels using urea–formaldehyde as a binder. Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), screw-holding strength, thickness swelling, and surface roughness of the specimens were evaluated. Panels with densities of 0.65 g/cm3 and manufactured using a 7-min press time resulted in higher mechanical properties than those of made with densities of 0.55 g/cm3 and press times of 5 min. Based on the initial findings of this study, it appears that higher values of solubility and lignin content of the raw material contributed to better physical and mechanical properties of the experimental panels. All types of strength characteristics of the samples manufactured from underutilized low-quality paulownia wood met the minimum strength requirements of the European Standards for general uses.

This paper explains the problems brought about by the raw material and pulping method used in the Afyon-SEKA Pulp Mill producing bleached pulp from mixed wheat straw (Triticum drum L.) (65%) and reed (Phragmites communis) (35%). The use of mixed raw material causes such problems, as heterogeneous pulping, low freeness level, drainage difficulties and wet sheet breaks during the papermaking operations. In addition, silica in raw material results in rather serious difficulties during recovery process. To overcome these problems, first of all, pulping of wheat straw and reed had to be carried out separately. In this case, sulphate pulping characteristics of wheat straw were investigated and optimum parameters were found to be: active alkali charge 14%, sulphidity 20%, maximum temperature 160degreesC, time to maximum temperature 55 min, time at maximum temperature 40 min and liquor to straw ratio 4:1. Some properties of wheat straw sulphate pulp produced at optimum cooking conditions were determined to be: screened yield 42%, kappa number 31, SCAN viscosity 1114 ml/g, breaking length 9.8 km, burst index 4.6 kPa m(2)/g, tear index 5.1 mN m(2)/g and brightness 29 ISO%. Consequently, it was possible to produce bleachable, grade pulp from pure wheat straw in a shorter pulping time and lower active alkali than that of Afyon-SEKA Pulp Mill. Thus, this study showed that production capacity of the mill could be increased and freeness level of pulp improved. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

The present study determines the characteristics of bleaching and beating of annual plants and agricultural waste, which constitute important raw material potential for the pulp and paper industry in Turkey. It also examines the effects of this process on several paper properties. Firstly, chemical contents are determined for each raw material and then evaluated for use in the pulp and paper industry. All raw materials studied are found to be suitable for use in the pulp and paper industry, according to the determined chemical content. Secondly, pulp with different properties is obtained and subsequently pretreated with the enzyme xylanase. It is then bleached using the elementary chlorine-free (ECF) method, utilizing the DEpD bleaching sequence, which is both easy to apply and highly effective. The bleaching behavior of each material is then determined. The highest ISO brightness value of 98.3% is obtained using soda-AQ pulps deriving from rye straw. This is followed by wheat straw (92.0%), reed (88.6%), corn stalks (87.6%), and rice straw (87.5%). Each unbleached pulp sample is beaten at a constant 3000 revolutions PFI (9000 rev. for hemp), and changes in freeness properties are determined. The hardest material to beat is hemp fibers, followed by reed, rye, corn, and cotton stalks. The best beatable pulps are rice straw, tobacco, wheat, sunflower, and barley stalks. Paper sheets from both unbleached and bleached pulps are tested.

Dioryctria sylvestrella Ratz. poses a remarkable hazard for the Pinus brutia Ten. in Turkey. In the current study, the larvae gallery resin of five trees and essential oils of resin, which was obtained with the Acid-Paste Method, were analyzed using the Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Method. Thirty nine compounds were found in larvae gallery resin, which were produced by Dioryctria sylvestrella Ratz, while thirty six compounds were extracted from oleoresin obtained by the Acid-Paste Method. The most common compounds of larvae gallery resin were α-pinene at a rate of 20.2 %, β-caryophyllen at a rate of 10.8 %, γ-terpinene at a rate of 10.1 % and β-pinene at a rate of 9.4 percent. The most common compounds of oleoresin were α-pinene at a rate of 19.7 %, β-pinene at a rate of 13.3 %, γ-terpinene at a rate of 10.2 % and β-caryophyllen at a rate of 7.8 percent. Also, the quantities of some compounds within larvae gallery resin such as β-pinene, limonene, and sylvestrene decreased compared to those of oleoresin, while the quantities of some compounds in oleoresin including α-longipinene, α-terpineol, and longifolene increased compared to that of larvae gallery resin. However, no qualitative difference was found., Insekti Dioryctria sylvestrella Ratz. izuzetno su opasni za drvo bora (Pinus brutia Ten.) u Turskoj. U provedenom su istraživanju, primjenom metode plinske kromatografije i masene spektrometrije (GC-MS), analizirane smola galerije ličinki s pet stabala i eterična ulja smole (oleorezin) dobivene metodom acid-paste. U smoli galerije ličinki, nastaloj zbog napada stabala insektima Dioryctria sylvestrella Ratz., nalazi se 39 spojeva, a 36 njih ekstrahirano je iz eteričnih ulja smole (oleorezina) dobivenih postupkom acid-paste. Najčešći spojevi u smoli jesu α-pinen kojega ima 20,2 %, β-kariofilen, s udjelom od 10,8 %, γ-terpinen, s koncentracijom od 10,1 % i β-pinen, s koncentracijom od 9,4 %. Najčešći spojevi u oleorezinu jesu α-pinen, kojega je 19,7 %, β-pinen, s koncentracijom 13,3 %, γ-terpinen, s koncentracijom 10,2 % i β-kariofilen, s koncentracijom 7,8 %. Također, količina pojedinih spojeva u smoli poput β-pinena, limonena i silvestrena manja je od količine u oleorezinu, a količine pojedinih spojeva u oleorezinu, uključujući α-longipinene, α-terpeniol i longifolene, povećane su u usporedbi s količinama u smoli. Međutim, nije pronađena kvalitativna razlika.

Dioryctria sylvestrella Ratz. poses a remarkable hazard for the Pinus brutia Ten. in Turkey. In the current study, the larvae gallery resin of five trees and essential oils of resin, which was obtained with the Acid-Paste Method, were analyzed using the Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Method. Thirty nine compounds were found in larvae gallery resin, which were produced by Dioryctria sylvestrella Ratz, while thirty six compounds were extracted from oleoresin obtained by the Acid-Paste Method. The most common compounds of larvae gallery resin were alpha-pinene at a rate of 20.2 %, beta-caryophyllen at a rate of 10.8 %,gamma-terpinene at a rate of 10.1 % and beta-pinene at a rate of 9.4 percent. The most common compounds of oleoresin were alpha-pinene at a rate of 19.7 %, beta-pinene at a rate of 13.3 %,gamma-terpinene at a rate of 10.2 % and beta-caryophyllen at a rate of 7.8 percent. Also, the quantities of some compounds within larvae gallery resin such as beta-pinene, limonene, and sylvestrene decreased compared to those of oleoresin, while the quantities of some compounds in oleoresin including alpha-longipinene, alpha-terpineol, and longifolene increased compared to that of larvae gallery resin. However, no qualitative difference was found. WOS:000365517500001 2-s2.0-84942089675

The present study was done to investigate that oxidative damage could be take form in kidney tissue of rats that was done diabetic as experimental and the prevent and protect effect of lycopene, against to these damages. 28 rats were divided into four groups: group 1 normal rats (control group), group 2 diabetic rats, group 3 rats were given lycopene, and group 4 diabetic rats were given lycopene. Lycopene was given rats as 10 mg for per kg every day for 4 weeks in group 3 and group 4. After four weeks the levels of MDA and GSA and enzyme activities of SOD, GP-x and CAT were measured. In diabetic groups, the MDA levels and CAT enzyme activity increased but SOD enzyme activity decreased according to normal (control) group ( p< 0,05). In diabetic rats that were given lycopene, MDA level and CAT decreased but SOD enzyme activity increased. But it is seen that these variations were no statistical significance according to the other groups (p> 0,05). It is determined that there were no differences between the groups of GSH levels, GP-x enzyme activity and hystologic examinations of renal paranchyme. In conclusion, the changes in oxidative and antioxidative parameters of in kidney tissue of diabetic rats were seen. In addition, it is determined that lycopene could affect these changes., Bu çalışma, deneysel diyabet oluşturulan ratların böbrek dokusunda oluşabilecek oksidatif hasarı ve bu hasara karşı likopenin önleyici ve koruyucu etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. 28 rat 4 gruba ayrıldı. 1. Grup normal ratlar (kontrol grubu), 2. grup diyabetik ratlar, 3. grup likopen verilen ratlar ve 4. Grup likopen verilmiş diyabetik ratlar. 3. Grup ve 4. Gruptaki ratlara 4 hafta boyunca her gün kg başına 10 mg likopen verildi. Dört hafta sonra grupların böbrek dokularında MDA ve GSH seviyeleri ve SOD, GP-x ve CAT enzim aktiviteleri ölçüldü. Kontrol grubuna göre, diyabet grubunda MDA seviyesi ve CAT enzim aktivitesinin artmış, fakat SOD enzim aktivitesi ise azalmıştır ( p< 0,05). Diyabet+likopen grubunda MDA seviyesi ve CAT enzim aktivitesi düşmüş, fakat SOD enzim aktivitesi ise yükselmiştir. Fakat bu değişikliklerin diğer gruplara göre istatistiksel önemi olmadığı görülmüştür (p> 0,05). GP-x enzim aktiviteleri, GSH düzeyleri ve böbrek dokularının histolojik muayenesinde, gruplar arasında fark olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, diyabetik ratların böbrek dokusunda, oksidan ve antioksidan parametrelerinde değişmeler görülmüştür. Ayrıca likopenin bu değişikliklere etki ettiği tespit edilmiştir.

Effects of UV-light irradiation and water spray on the mechanical strength and surface characteristics of untreated and pretreated Scots pine sapwood samples were studied. The specimens were treated with parsley seed oil, pomegranate seed oil, linseed seed oil, nigella seed oil, canola oil, sesame seed oil, and soybean oil. The compositional changes and surface properties of the weathered samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy and color and surface roughness measurements. The results showed that all vegetable oils provided lower color changes than the control group after 600 h of exposure in a weathering test cycle. The least color change was found on the Scots pine surface pretreated with pomegranate seed oil. The vegetable oil treatment retarded the surface lignin degradation during weathering, indicating that the surface roughness values of pine wood treated with vegetable oils decreased with irradiation over time compared with those of control samples. The effect of artificial weathering on mechanical strength was determined with a compression strength test. It was observed that the compression strength values of Scots pine samples treated with vegetable oils was higher than that of untreated samples after 600 h of weathering exposure.

The most prominent environmental problems facing the paper industry are those due to bleaching processes that use chlorine compounds. In this study, totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching sequences were applied to Phyllostachys bambusoides bamboo unbleached kraft anthraquinone (AQ) pulp, using different conditions with Oxygen (O) delignification and Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate (SPBTH) stages. The effects of oxygen pressure, SPBTH ratio, and bleaching time were studied to maximize the brightness gain at the lowest viscosity loss. Unbleached kraft-AQ bamboo pulp was applied to first stage oxygen delignification for bleaching with under 5 bar, 3% NaOH, and 12% concentration conditions. Following the chelated bleaching, Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate (SPBTH) bleaching was carried out as the final stage. The optimum bamboo kraft pulp bleaching conditions were SPBTH level: 4%, MgSO4: 0.5%, Na2SiO3: 3%, bleaching time: 80 min., reaction temperature: 70°C, and concentration: 12%. An overall increase in the physical properties of paper was evident up to an SPBTH level of 4%. When the SPBTH level and bleaching time increased, the kappa number, viscosity, opacity, and yellowness were decreased, but the brightness was increased. Oxygen delignification with chelatation and SPBTH as a bleaching sequence was shown to be a promising alternative to produce high-quality pulp from bamboo for cleaner paper.

Türkiye'nin 1980 sonrası dönemde içine girdiği neo-liberal ekonomik dönüşüm; piyasaların liberalleşmesi, ulusaşırı ekonomik aktörlere ve finansal araçlara açılma, özelleştirme gibi süreçlerle 2000'ler Türkiye'sini küresel ekonomiyle bütünleştirmiştir. Bu anlamda 1990'larla beraber İstanbul'da konumlanmış yabancı ve çok uluslu şirketlerin artması, büyümesi, operasyonlarının genişlemesi, İstanbul'da günlük hayat içinde dünyayla daha sık bir iletişim halinde olan yeni iş insanlarının ortaya çıkmasını mümkün kılmıştır.Bu iş insanları aslında 1980'lerden başlayarak bugüne, dünya genelinde akademik ve akademi dışı çevrelerin ilgisini çeken küresel çaptaki bir nüfusun belirli bir kısmını oluşturmaktadır. Uluslararası sosyoloji literatüründe bu nüfus, küresel çağın ?ulusaşırı seçkinleri? olarak kabul edilmekte ve ulusaşırı seçkin sosyal ağların üyesi olan, geniş bir coğrafyada hareket edebilen, küresel bir iş kültürünü paylaşan ve üst-düzey tüketim kalıpları olan kişiler olarak tasvir edilmektedir.Bu tezin saha çalışması olarak, İstanbul'daki küresel/bölgesel ölçekte faaliyet gösteren yabancı ve çok uluslu şirketlerin orta ve üst düzey kadrolarında görev yapan iş insanlarıyla derinlikli görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Tezde, bu özneler yerel ve küresel arasında gidip gelen mekan ve toplulukların kültürel ve siyasal üyeleri olarak sorunsallaştırılmıştır. Görüşmeler kapsamında bu öznelerin daha geniş toplumla olan ilişki ve tahayyülleri; kişisel hayat hikayeleri ve ?kendi?lerine ilişkin anlatılarından yola çıkarak tartışılmıştır. Bunun yanısıra görüşmecilerin farklı coğrafi boyutlardaki sosyo-politik güncel konulara ilişkin görüşlerine dair bilgiler edinilmiş ve tartışılmıştır.Tezin amacı bu özneleri bir yandan Türkiye'nin laik seçkinlerinin ulusal üyeleri bir yandan da ulusaşırı profesyonel seçkinlerin üyeleri olarak sorunsallaştırmaktır. Bu bağlamda ulusaşırı deneyimlerin ve maruziyetin, kamusal alana yönelik kozmopolit değerlerin geliştirilmesine dair katkısının olup olmadığı tartışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, ?beyaz Türk,? ?neo-Kemalist,? ?Yuppie? gibi kamusal alana yönelik tavırlarında seçkinciliğe /düşmanlığa/ kayıtsızlığa vurgu yapan sosyo-politik tipolojilerin, birçok Türk seçkininin duruşunu etkili şekilde açıklıyor olmasına rağmen, seçkin çevrelerde yerelötesi etkileşim ve maruziyet sonucunda geliştirilebilecek çoğulcu ve eşitlikçi eğilimleri görmezden geldiği gözlemlenmiştir. The neo-liberal economic transformation that was initiated in post-1980s Turkey has produced a Turkey in the 2000s that has been integrated to the global economy through processes such as the liberalization of the markets, privatization and opening to transnational economic actors and financial instruments. In this manner, starting from the 1990s, the increase, growth and expansion of foreign and multinational corporations in Istanbul has made possible the emergence of new business people, who are more connected to the globe in their daily lives.These business people constitute a portion of a globally available population that has drawn the attention of academic and non-academic circles throughout the globe from 80?s onwards. In the international sociological literature, this population is regarded as the ?transnational elite? of the global era and their members are described as people who are embedded in exclusive transnational social networks, who are globally mobile, who share a global business culture and as people who have exclusive consumption practices.As for the field research of this thesis, middle and high-ranking business professionals who are employed in foreign and multinational corporations in Istanbul which operate on regional/global levels were interviewed in-depth. In the thesis, these subjects are problematized as political and cultural members of localities and communities that straddle between the local and the global. Within the scope of the interviews, social relations and imaginations of these subjects were discussed through their personal histories and narratives regarding their ?selves.? Moreover, their personal opinions regarding contemporary socio-political issues at different geographical levels were discussed.The aim of the thesis is to contextualize these subjects as national members of the secular Turkish elite and as the transnational members of the transnational professional elite. In this regard, it was discussed whether transnational exposure and experience contribute to the cultivation of cosmopolitan dispositions in regards to the public sphere. It has been observed that the use of socio-political typologies such as ?white Turks,? ?neo-Kemalists,? ?Yuppies? that emphasize socio-political elitism/ indifference/hostility ? although may proficiently describe many Turkish elite positions - oversees pluralist and egalitarian tendencies that can be cultivated within elite circles due to translocal interaction and exposure. 208

39 - ÖZET İnsanlar tarafından üretilen çöpler evsel, sanayi, tarımsal ve maden kaynaklı olabilmekte, evsel çöpler ise pis su arıtma çamurları ve katı çöpler olmak üzere, ayrılabilmektedir Evsel kaynaklı şehir çöp leri' değişik şekillerde değerlendirilerek çevre kirliliğinin azalmasına yardımcı olmakta, sanayiye ham madde ve tarıma da organik gübre sağlaya rak katkıda bulunmaktadır. Şehir katı çöpleri evler, bürolar, dükkanlar ve okullardan gelen çöplerdir. 3u yolla oluşan çöpler gün geçtikçe art maktadır ve bunlar yakılarak veya gömülerek yok edilmektedir. Ancak bu. yöntemlerin de çeşitli zararları görülmüştür. Bazı ülkeler çöp azalt ma yoluna giderek çöp problemlerini çözümlemeye çalışmaktadırlar. Çöpün değerlendirilmesinde en uygun yöntem cam, metal kağıt organik madde ve tekstil artıklarının tekrar kullanılabilir hale getiril mesi geri kalan atıkların ise kompostlaştırılarak organik madde şeklin de tarımda gübre alarak kullanılmasıdır. Topraklarımızın organik maddece zayıf olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu açığın sadece, ahır gübresi ile karşılanması da mümkün değildir. Bu yönden de çöp gübresi önemli bir etkiye sahip olmaktadır. Ancak çöp kompostunun topraklarımıza karışması ile kirliliğe yol açmaması gerekir. Bu nedenle toksik olabilen ağır metal ile bitki beslenmesini aksatacak diğer ametal veya hafif metal miktarlarının bilinmesinde yarar vardır. Bu amaçla İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesine ait Uzundere çöp Fabrikasından bir yıl süre ile alman çöp kompostu örneklerinde ağır metal içerikleri ve gübre olarak değerini saptamak için bitki besin maddesi miktarları araştırılmıştır. Çöp kompostu örnekleri Mayıs ayından başlasak üzere her ayın 15!inde alınmıştır, ü ç tekrarlamalı olarak alınan örneklerde elemente! analizler yapılmıştır.- 40 - Araştırma sonucunda çöp kompostunun N ve Mg içeriklerinin ahır gübresi kadar yüksek, P.K ve Ga içeriklerinin ise daha.düşük ol duğu belirlenmiştir- Sodyum açısından çöp kompostunun bazı aylarda zengin olduğu görülmüş ve bu kompostun uygulanacağı toprakların Na içeriklerinin bilin mesinde yarar olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Kimi mikro besin maddelerinden Fe.Zn,Mn ve Cu'zn çöp kompos tunda ahır gübresine oranla yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Molibden mik tarları ise çok düşük miktarlarda bulunmuştur. Bor bazı aylarda yüksek düzeylerde saptanmış,, bu nedenle Bor'a hassas bitkilere çöp kompostu uygulanırken dikkat edilmesi, gerektiği tespit edilmiştir. Pb,Hg,Ni, Co,Cr,,Cd gibi toksik olabilen ağır metallerin ise literatür bulgularına göre insan sağlığına zararlı bir etki yarat mayacağı belirlenmiştir. Bir yıllık çöp kompostu örneklerinde K.Ca.MgfKa.Fe.Zn.Cu, MorNi.Co.Cr.Cd bitki besin maddeleri ve ağır metalleri Ocak ve Şubat aylarında istatistik! bakımdan: farklılık göstermeyen stabil bir dönem oluşturmuşlardır. Azot. Bor ve Civa elementleri için Mart. Nisan ve P.Mn.Pb elementleri için ise Ağustos. Eylül ayları stabil dönemler ola rak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak İzmir şehir çöpünün kompostlaştırıldıktan sonra çiftçiler tarafından gübre olarak kullanılmasında hiç bir sakın ca olmadığı görülmüştür. Ancak uzun süreli uygulamalarda topraklarımızın kirlenebileceği de göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. - 41 - SUMMARY Waste products produced by mankind' show a wide variety. It can be domestic, industrial, agricultural and raining in origin Domestic wastes are divided into two categories,, sewage wastes and solid wastes. It is important to look at municipal solid waste not as waste to be disposed of but as a resource to be recycled back in to Sftiie or other useful products. Recycled refuse decreases environ mental pollution problems,,5a recovered material.. for the industry and a compost used as a soil conditioner. In this study t we 'shall consider wastes from homes, offi ces, stores and schoo^Tfe'ith- increasing population the volume produced each year has grown. Municipal solid waste is disposed by open burning in dumps or as is done now disposed of in sanitary landfilies. However both dumps and landfilies still have disadvantages. The best solution to municipal solid wastes is to recovere the material and prepare it to be recycled back. Recycling requires the separation of components like glass, metal, paper and textiles. The other organic »matter left can be composed to be used in agricul ture as soil amendment and.fertilizer. Our soils are generally low in organic matter. The use of animal manures may be the best way of overcoming this problem. However, livestock.farming is limited and concentrated at certain localities. Composted municipal solid wastes` can be a way of solution to these problem soils. As is well known, municipal wastes are generally toxic in heavy metals and in some certain plant nutrients. Therefore, special attention has to be given to the composition of the compost- 42 - due to the fact that frequent applications can cause, accumulations, polluting our soils- ît is in `the scope of this study to determine the plant nutrient and toxic heavy metal contents of the solid wastes produced and composted in tzrair municipality TURKEY. With this purpose, com post samples are taken periodically (monthly) for one year starting on May 15 {1989} till April 15 (1990) from Uzundere-izmir Solid 'Waste Composting Plant. Results of laboratory r*nalysis showed that nitrogen and magne sium contents of the waste composts were generally as high as animal manure. On the other hand., phosphorus, potassium and calcium contents low. In some months, sodium contents were found high and due to this fact, control of soil sodium content is advised in the case of using this compost. Some of the secondary plant nutrients as iron,, zinc,, man ganese and copper were found high in the compost -samples when compared to animal manure. Koiibdenium was low. Attention was as well advised to be given to boron contents in certain months. Under the light of cited literature- up to date, the effect of toxic heavy metals as lead, 'mercury? nickel» cobalt? 'cadmium and cromium are determined not to be in.hazadous limits to mankind. In this study, the stable periods (months) which do not show variance: statistically were also determined for each element. According to the results ? January and February months were determined for KPCa.Mg,Na,Fe.Zn.Cu.Mo5Ni.Co.Cr and Co- Furthermore. Kerch and April for N.B. and Hg and August and September for P. Mn and Pb. Data has shown that composted solid wastes of Izmir Muni cipality can be used by the farmers as soil. amendment and fertilizer. 65