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In the Balkans, the production of globally cultivated green leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) can be slow due to reduced quality and intensity of solar insolation. Our research aimed to investigate the effects of artificial illumination and the duration of light exposure on the growth and quality of two lettuce genotypes seedlings: Genesis and Jukebox. The research was conducted at the Institute for Vegetable Crops Smederevska Palanka, Serbia. Lettuce seeds were sown in 9 styrofoam containers per genotype, filled with commercial substrate. In the phase of three leaves, plants were placed in plant growth chambers under multispectral white (W) LEDs and monochromatic blue (B) LEDs (three containers per LED and genotype), while three containers were kept in the greenhouse and served as control. The plants were cultured in plant growth chambers for 25 days under a 9h/15h and 10h/14h (light/dark) photoperiod, to simulate outdoor conditions. Morphological growth parameters (number of leaves and plant weight) were measured on the 11th and 25th days. Chlorophyll content was measured on the 4th, 11th, 18th and 25th days. Plants grown under W and B LEDs had a significantly higher number of leaves, plant weight, and chlorophyll content than plants grown in a greenhouse. Using energy-efficient white and blue LED lights in lettuce seedling production during 18-25 days positively impacts seedling quality, and with this seedling production, the plants can achieve high yields and quality.

Soybean as a member of the legume family has a high economic value, thanks to the high protein and oil content of the seed. I n addition, its importance is evidenced by its breeding potential and symbiosis with nodulating bacteria, which facilitates production in increasingly extreme climatic conditions and degraded soil conditions. Considering the need to search for optimal solutions in the production of this legume, in order to achieve high yields and grain quality, research was conducted to determine the effect of applying a microbiological preparation containing effective microorganisms on the yield, and protein and oil content of soybeans. Research was conducted in the period 2016-2018 (factor A), on 6 different soybean genotypes belonging to different ripening groups: 0 (Galina and Valjevka), I (Sava and NS Apolo) and II (Rubin and NS Zita) (factor B), and under fertilization treatments: F0 - control, F1 - NPK fertilizer, and F2 - NPK + microbiological preparation (incorporated into the soil and two foliar treatments) (factor C). It was shown that the application of NPK fertilization treatment in combination with effective microorganisms was the most beneficial for all investigated parameters, with a high statistical significance. This treatment increased yield by 15.67%, protein content by 0.34% and oil content by 0.47% compared to the control. The additional importance of this research is the simultaneous positive impact on protein and oil contents in soybeans, given that they are generally negatively correlated.

The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the hybrid and the medium for germination testing on indicators of pepper seed quality. The obtained results should provide an answer as to whether the application of different growing media for testing seed germination can lead to discrepancies between test results in quality indicators for hybrid seeds. The seed quality of three pepper hybrids: KG 2025 F1, KG 2129 F1 and KG 2032 F1 was tested on two growing media (filter paper and substrate). Statistical analysis of germination energy, total germination, diseased seedlings and dead seeds showed highly significant differences (r

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important vegetable species both because of the areas in which it is grown and because of its diverse uses from fresh to various products in industrial processing. Due to the increasing demand for high-quality pepper fruits for industrial processing, we have set ourselves the goal of creating a new variety of peppers with a high yield and dry matter content. After a multi-year selection process, the Moravska lepotica was created using the pedigree method of selection with a high content of dry matter and color, very large and attractive fruits. It is recognized by the Decision of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia, No 320-04-3330/2/2021-11 dated 22.12.2022.

The expression of genes that induce the transformation of meristems into the reproductive stage in oilseed rape is realized in conditions of low positive temperatures for a certain period of time. Such a flowering process is called the vernalization pathway. A four-factor field trial with 6 genotypes of head cabbage was set up at the Institute of Vegetable Crops in Smederevska Palanka, of which three parental genotypes were divergent by geographical origin: Scc, B and N, and three more F1 hybrids were selected by diallel crossing: Scc x B, Scc x N and B x N. In order to achieve a different vegetative stage, seedlings were sown at three sowing dates: August 15th, September 1st and September 15th. Transplanting was done on October 20th. The results of sowing head cabbage within the sowing period for oilseed rape were the induction of the flower mechanism, the absence of the head formation phenophase, and the realization of a stable seed yield. The experiment was performed in vivo in the control version and in the treatment with gibberellic acid - GA3. The influence of all four factors: season, genotype, sowing date and GA3 treatment showed statistical significance for the yield components as well as for the yield itself and seed quality. The three seasons in which the experiment was evaluated differed in temperature during overwintering: 2010/2011 was moderately cold, 2011/2012 was extremely cold, while 2012/2013 was warm. In the cold season, the seed yield was low, and reduced to the biological maintenance of the species, while the highest seed yield was achieved in the third - warm (2012/2013) season in the first sowing period. The experiment also confirmed the existence of an identical flower mechanism in the species Brassica napus L. and Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.

The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of year and seed hybrids on the most significant indicators of the seed quality of cucumber. Testing the quality of seeds of three different hybrids of cucumber: Centauro F1, Edona F1 and Solatio F1 was carried out during a five-year period (2018 - 2022). Analysis of germination energy, seed germination, abnormal seedlings and dead seeds cucumber showed highly significant differences (r

The aim of this study was to determine the grain protein content of wheat varieties grown under different application rates of effective microorganisms (EM) and nitrogen, and two sowing rates. Three-year research was conducted at the experimental filed of the Scientific Institute PKB Agroekonomik Padinska Skela, using four varieties of wheat (Ratarica, Pobeda, Nogal and Apache), two sowing densities of 400 and 500 seeds/m2 and T1 fertilization (150 kg/ha N); T2 (150 kg/ha N + one foliar treatment, T3 (100 kg/ha N + two foliar treatments), and T4 (50 kg/ha N + three foliar treatments). The preparation EM Aktiv 7 l/ha, a mixture of multiple selected microorganisms, was used for foliar treatment with EM. The average protein content was 13.95% and was statistically significantly dependent on the variety, fertilization, and their interaction p

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of seed priming on seed quality parameters (germination energy, germination, seedling length and vigor index) of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Pers.). The experiment was performed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. The research was conducted on the seeds of the sorghum variety NS Džin and sudangrass variety Srem. Distilled water and aqueous extracts of young willow branches (Salix matsudana) and mature banana fruits (Musa x paradisiaca) were used to prime the seeds. The seeds were primed for: 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. The results showed that priming sorghum and sudangrass seeds in aqueous extracts of young willow branches and mature banana fruits can have a positive effect on seed quality parameters: germination energy, germination, seedling length and vigor index. The greatest effect on germination energy and seed germination was achieved in sudangrass by using an aqueous extract of young willow branches. The increase was 9.30% and 9.20%, respectively. Priming sorghum seeds in aquatic extracts of mature banana fruits had the greatest effect on seedling length and vigor index. The increase was 36.86% and 40.33%, respectively. For all research parameters, priming for 3 h was the most effective. However, in addition to the positive effect, priming can also have a negative effect. The most significant reduction was found on sorghum seeds, when primed in an aqueous extract of mature banana fruit for 24 hours. Germination energy and germination were reduced by 7.14% and 9.30%, respectively.

The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the year and the seed lots on the most important indicators of cabbage seed quality. Quality testing of nine different seed lots of Potomac F1 cabbage was performed during three years (2019, 2020 and 2021). Analyses of variance showed a significant effect (p

For the last twenty years, in addition to breeding wheat, PKB Agroekonomik Institute has been working very intensively on breeding other real or bread grains. High-yielding, late winter rye variety PKB Zmaj has been obtained by the pedigree method by a simple crossing of genetically different parents from the collection of PKB Agroekonomik Institute: variety Rtanj and line PKB-R-105. This variety of winter rye combines genes responsible for very high yield potential, resistance to lodging, low temperatures and more significant diseases in the rye. Winter rye variety PKB Zmaj was registered by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia in 2018. With the use of optimal agricultural techniques, the variety PKB Zmaj has a high genetic potential for fertility and high adaptation to different climatic and soil conditions.

Alfalfa is the most important forage legume in our agroecological conditions for feeding cattle. In the area of Jablanica district, alfalfa occupies a considerable place in the total plant production. The restrictive factor in the establishment and short durability of alfalfa stand is the low pH of arable agricultural soil. Within the three-year field trial on Vertisol soil type (pH in KCl 4.9), from 2016 to 2018, alfalfa plot yield has been analyzed with different fertilization variants. The research results indicate that alfalfa provides a significantly higher yield on the plot where amelioration measures were applied, through the application of limestone and manure, with the addition of mineral fertilizer. A barely lower yield was achieved on the calcified and manured plot, while the lowest yield was on the control plot, where a generous amount of mineral fertilizer was added, which is a common practice of agricultural producers in the area of Jablanica district.

Oat is widely grown in Western Serbia and compared to other cereal crops is reputed to be better suited for production under marginal environments, including low fertility soils and cool wet climates. To determine the effect of cultivar and growing seasons on the yield and components of the oats yield two varieties were examined during three years, in the field experiment of the secondary agricultural-chemical school "Dr Đorđe Radić" in Kraljevo. Trials were arranged according to a randomized scheme in five replications. The following oat traits were analyzed: grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, test weight and plant height. The experiment was performed on extremely acidic pseudogley soil. The obtained results show a high effect of the years on grain yield and certain parameters of its quality. On average, the highest yield of oats 2 .879 t ha-1 was obtained in the variety Vranac. The results of these studies indicate a significant impact of the growing season on grain yield and quality of oats, grown on poor soils of the pseudogley type, which is often present in Western Serbia. Grain yield shows a tendency to increase in years with a higher total amount and better distribution of precipitation during the critical stages of oat plant development.

Triticale is a new type of real grain, which was created by the breeding and selection of a man. This species deserves more and more attention from both domestic producers and producers on a global scale because it encompassed all the positive properties of wheat and rye. The paper clearly presents the knowledge about the importance, nutritional value and application of triticale and the effect of its usage in a diet of monogastric animals. The variety of uses, appropriate chemical composition, acceptable and studied breeding technology, classifies triticale as an irreplaceable source of energy and protein needs of animals. Due to its multiple usages: for grain, fodder and as a raw material for biofuel, contributes to the economic sustainability of crop production. The needs of this plant at the level of agrotechnical investments are less than in other cereals, so triticale is increasingly presented in organic and sustainable agricultural production.

A total of six tomato seed populations, collected in the autumn of 2016 at different locations in Serbia (West (3), South (1), North (1) and East (1)), were enrolled in this study. Seeds of the tomato populations considered were produced in the organic growing system in the area of Zaovice (76 m a.s.l., chernozem), Stara Pazova, Northern Serbia (44˚ 47 '19.6" N, 20˚ 27' 56.2" E) in 2017. Analyses of the germination parameters of the tomato seed populations examined (namely the germination energy, total germination, abnormal seedlings and dead seeds of the tomato seeds considered) indicated significant (r < 0.01) differences according to the production year (A) and the tomato seed population (B). The impact interactions (r < 0.01) of these factors (A × B) proved significant only relative to dead seeds. A highly significant positive correlation was found between the germination energy and the total germination of the seeds considered (r = 0.8711, p < 0.001), as well as between the amounts of their abnormal seedlings and dead seeds (r = 0.92297, p < 0.001). The germination energy and the total germination of the tomato seeds considered were found to decrease with the increasing seed age, in contrast to the numbers of their abnormal seedlings and dead seeds which continued to increase with seed aging.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of biostimulants on the morphological characteristics of soybean seedlings. The testing was conducted in the laboratory of the Faculty of Biofarming in Bačka Topola. The experimental material included three soybean varieties ('Galina', 'Sava' and 'Rubin') selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The study lasted for two years, 2015-2016, and identical biostimulant treatments were applied in both years. In order to determine the effect of biostimulants on soybean seedling root, hypocotyl and weight, the following commercial biostimulants were applied: EM Aktiv, Terra Green Hobby, Slavol and Bioplant Flora. In addition to the single application of biostimulants, two combinations of Slavol + Bioplant Flora and Slavol + Bioplant Flora + Epin Extra + Slavol S were used as treatments. EM Aktiv showed the greatest effect on root growth. The root was on average 12% longer than the control. Slavol S had the greatest influence on seedling hypocotyl and weight. The increase was 8.24% and 5.15%, respectively, compared with the control.

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of applying effective microorganisms (EM) on the basic microbiological parameters of soil and soybean yield biological value. The research was conducted in the period 2016-2018. Factor A are the years 2016-2018, factor B are soybean genotypes Galina, Sava, Rubin, and factor C application of EM: variant 1 was control, variant 2 was EM in soil 20 lha-1 and foliar treatment in the stage of plant development from three to four trefoils and budding stage, 5 lha-1, variant 3 was NPK fertilizer (8:15:15), 300 kgha-1, and variant 4 was a combination of variant 2 and variant 3. During full flowering, the basic parameters of soil biogenicity were determined by the total number of microorganisms (TNB) and the number of azotobacter (AZT) and grain yield at the end of the growing period. The examined factors had a statistically significant influence on the examined parameters. Soil biogenicity parameters in variant 4 EM + NPK were statistically significantly (p

The effect of year on grain yield and certain yield components essential for wheat yield's quality depends on agro-ecological conditions of the growing area and applied agrotechnical measures. A two-year experiment was conducted at six locations: Kikinda, Novi Sad, Pančevo, Sremska Mitrovica, Kruševac and Požarevac, using the block system, in four replications. In this study, seven winter wheat commercial varieties obtained from several seed companies were evaluated. The highest total wheat grain yield was achieved by the variety NS 40 S (8.824 kg ha-1), followed by NS Renesansa (8.817 kg ha-1), i.e. PKB Imperija (8.343 kg ha-1), while the lowest grain yield of 7.564 kg ha-1 was achieved by the variety PKB Talas. The highest average 1000 grain weight was found at Sremska Mitrovica (35,12 g), followed by Požarevac (35,09 g), i.e. Pančevo (34,98 g), while the lowest 1000 grain weight of 34,25 g was evidenced at the Kruševac experimental site.

The yield components of pumpkin seeds and fruits were examined in Stara Pazova in period 2016-2017. Different pumpkin populations were enrolled in the study, grown at following locations in Serbia: Šabac, Šumadija and Negotin. Pumpkin originating in Šumadija was found to produce highest seed yield (0.738 t haι) and possess greatest average seed mass per fruit (110.7 g). Highest fruit yield (95.1 t haι) and greatest fruit mass (14.5 kg) were recorded in population from Šabac. A significant correlation (p ≤ 0.001) was found between fruit yield and fruit mass, as well as between seed yield and seed mass per fruit. Based on two-year experiment, following conclusions can be drawn: origin of population greatly affects all components of seed and fruit yield; high yields of seeds in Northern Serbia can be produced by cultivating population from Šumadija, whereas high yields of fruits can be produced by cultivating population from Šabac.

Barley grain is rich in mineral nutrients, but their bioavailability to humans depends on antinutrients that restrain bioavailability and promoters that promote bioavailability. The aim of this study was to examine composition of barley grain, including phytate and phenolics as antinutrients, carotenoids and glutathione as promoters and mineral elements, such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, Zn and Mn influenced by various non-standard foliar fertilizers (Zircon, Chitosan, Siliplant, Propikonazole), including some hormonal growth-stimulators (Epin Extra, Benzyladenine), as potential biofortification measure. Chitosan increased glutathione concentration in grain. Unfavorable meteorological conditions were partly mitigated by application of Benzyladenine and Siliplant, reflected through increased potential bioavailability of P, Mg, Ca and Fe. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31037]

The effect of genotype, seed category and year on yield components (number of spikelets per spike, grain number per spike, grain weight per spike and thousand grain weight) for three wheat genotypes were studied during a two-year research. Genotype PKB Lepoklasa and seed category pre-basic seed had the highest values for the largest number of the studied traits, while the genotype BG Merkur and the certified seed of the first generation had the lowest values. Higher values for the studied traits were found in 2010, compared to 2009. AMMI analysis established a significant effect of the interaction of factors and main components (PCA 1 and PCA 2) for all investigated traits except thousand grain weight. The genotype PKB Talas was the most stable, while the genotype PKB Lepoklasa was the least stable. Seed categories certified seed of the first generation and basic seed had similar reactions to the interaction between factors.

Background/Aim. Results of previous studies gave support to the idea that machines in power plants produce noise of different levels of loudness and frequency, and that it could cause deterioration of the hearing ability of workers. As a matter of fact, noiseinduced hearing loss is the most widespread occupational disease nowadays. As noise is a complex acoustic phenomenon, more factors have to be considered when studying it, such as frequency, intensity and the period of exposure. The aim of this study was to find if there are differences in the absolute threshold of hearing between workers in the factory production lines that are constantly exposed to the industrial noise of higher spectrum and those exposed to the noise of standard spectrum at different frequencies of sound. Methods. In the research plan, there were 308 workers employed in the production line of the Factory “Knjaz Miloš”, Aranđelovac. A total of 205 of them were working in the conditions of higher spectrum noise (4,000 Hz – 8,000 Hz) and 103 workers were exposed to standard noise spectrum (31.5 Hz – 2,000.0 Hz). The objective measures of noise (frequency and amplitude) were acquired by phonometer, and measures of absolute threshold of hearing for both ears were obtained by audiometer by exposure to nine sound frequency levels. Data were statistically analyzed by establishing the significance of differences between absolute thresholds of hearing for both groups and for all nine frequency levels. Results. It was found that the absolute threshold of hearing is significantly higher for the group exposed to highfrequency noise at the 4,000 Hz and 8,000 Hz levels of frequency. Conclusion. Reduction of hearing sensitivity is evident for those exposed to higher spectrum noise, which is particularly evident at the higher frequency levels. Employees are often unaware of its effects because they are the results of prolonged exposure. Therefore, working in those conditions requires preventive measures and regular testing of the hearing ability.

In this paper we presented the yield testing results of PKB winter triticale hybrids: PKB Vožd and PKB Kardinal, compared to standard cultivars: Favorit (Center for Small Grains, Kragujevac) and Odisej (Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad). Field experiments were held at Institute PKB Agroekonomik, Padinska Skela, during 2013 and 2014. Statistical significance was determined for factors year and cultivar. The highest yield had cultivar PKB Kardinal (9,437.33 kg ha-1), whereas cultivar Favorit achieved the lowest yield (6,379.67 kg ha-1), in both experimental years. According to our results, new triticale cultivars developed at Institute PKB Agroekonomik had significantly higher yield, compared to standard cultivars used.

The aim of this work was to examine variability and broad-sense heritability of grain morphometric traits of 30 selected genotypes of bread wheat and durum wheat, in regard to their significant impact on yield and traits of milling, baking and processing quality. Trials with selected wheat assortment were set during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 years at the three locations: Rimski Šančevi, Zemun Polje and Padinska Skela. Results of this investigation showed that the genotype was the most significant source of variation of grain length for bread and durum wheat with 91.1% and 46.3% of explained sum of squares, while the environment was the most important source of variation of grain width and grain thickness for bread wheat (44% and 41.2% of sum of squares) and durum wheat (42% and 44% of sum of squares). Broad-sense heritability was very high (> 90%) for grain length of bread and durum wheat, grain width of durum wheat and grain thickness of durum wheat. Broad-sense heritability was high for grain width and grain thickness of bread wheat, with the values of 83% and 88.8%, respectively. Considering the high obtained values of broad-sense heritability and dominance of the genetic component of variance of grain length, grain width and grain thickness of bread and durum wheat, the success of selection for increased values of these traits can be predicted. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31092]